Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area explained

The Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes over a dozen South American language families and isolates of the Mamoré–Guaporé region of eastern lowland Bolivia (the Llanos de Moxos and Chiquitania regions) and Brazil (Rondonia^[1] and Mato Grosso states).^[2]

Languages

Crevels and van der Voort (2008) propose a Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area in eastern lowland Bolivia (in Beni Department and Santa Cruz Department) and Rondonia and northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil. In Bolivia, many of the languages were historically spoken at the Jesuit Missions of Moxos and also the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos. Language families and branches in the linguistic area are as follows.

• Chapacuran languages
• Tacanan languages
• a few Panoan languages
• Nambikwaran languages
• the Arawakan languages Moxo, Bauré, Paunaka, and other related varieties

Tupian branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:

• Ramarama languages
• Puruborá language
• Mondé languages
• Tupari languages
• Arikem languages
• Guarayo languages (Tupi–Guarani group)
• some Guarani dialects (Tupi–Guarani group)

Macro-Jê branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:

• Jabutian languages
• Rikbaktsá language
• Chiquitano (sister branch of Macro-Jê)

Language isolates in the linguistic area are:

• Cayuvava
• Itonama
• Movima
• Chimane/Mosetén
• Canichana
• Yuracaré
• Leco
• Mure
• Aikanã
• Kanoê
• Kwazá
• Irantxe
• Arara

Linguistic features

Areal features include:^[3]

• a high incidence of prefixes
• evidentials
• directionals
• verbal number
• lack of nominal number
• lack of classifiers
• inclusive/exclusive distinction

Pieter Muysken et al. (2014) also performed a detailed statistical analysis of the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area.^[4]

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé language according to Jolkesky 2016:^[5]

Number	Gloss	Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé	Ignaciano	Trinitário	Paunáka	Paikonéka	Bauré
1.	abóbora	mokuβɨ-re	makure	mkure	mukubɨre	mokoβire	mokovis
2.	água	ɨne	une	une	ɨne	ina	ine
3.	algodão	kɔhɔ-re	kaha-re	kho-re	kuhu-e	kohoβu-re	kahawo-r
4.		kɨrike-re	kurike-re	kriç-re	kɨike	-	kirike-re
5.	animal doméstico	pero	-pera	-pero	peu	-	-per
6.	anta	samo	sama	samo	samu	i-somo	som
7.	arco-íris	ɔ	a-	o-	u-	-	-aʔ
8.	arraia	ihino	ihina	hino-mo	ihinu	ihino	sinu-mpe
9.	árvore	βoku	-	βku-çi	-	-oko	-wok(o)
10.	asa	-poβo	-paβa	-poβo	-pubu	-	-powo
11.	assar	-himo-	-a-hima-ka-	-o-hmo-ko-	-himu-k-	-	-himo- ‘queimar’
12.	avó	-oʦe	-aʦe	-oʦe	-use	-	-ose
13.	avô	-ɔʧɨko	-aʧuka	-oʧko	-uʧiku	-	-aʃiko
14.	bêbado	-kɔβɨ-	-kaβa-ʔa-	-koβo-o-	-kubɨ-u-	-	-kavi-
15.	beber, tomar	-er-o-	-er-a-	-er-o-	-e-	-	-er(o)-
16.		piʦe	pitse	pitse	pise ‘pássaro’	pite	pite
17.		kitu-re	situ-re	stu-re	kitu-e	sito-ri	-
18.		puʔe	puʔe	puʔe	pue	-	poʔe
19.	boca	-nukɨ	-nuku ‘bocado’	-nuku ‘bigode’	-nukɨ	-	-noki
20.	brasas	e-moni-ki	e-mani-ki	-moni	e-muni-ki	-	e-moni-si
21.	cana	kute-nɔ	akute-na	ʔkute-no	-	kote-na-se	kote-n
22.	cantar	-akɔ-	-	-	-aku-suni	-aka-	-ak-
23.	capivara	uʧɨ	uʧu	uʧu	uʧɨ	aʔ-oʧi	oʃ(i)
24.		koʧu-re	kaʧu-re	kʧu-re	-	-	koʃo-r
25.	carne	-eʧe	-eʧe	-eʧe	-eʧe	-	-eʃ
26.	casa	pe-nɔ	-pe-na (dep)	-pe-no (dep)	-	-	-pe-n ‘toca’
27.	céu	anɨ	anu-ma	anu-mo	anɨ-mu	ani	ani
28.	chifre	-hiʔɨ	-hiʔu	-hiʔu	-hiɨ	-hi	-hiʔ
29.	chorar	-ijɔ-	-ija-ʔ-a	-ijo-ʔ-o	-ju-	-ʧo-	-ja-
30.	comer	-ni-ko-	-ni-ka-	-ni-ko-	-ni-k-	-ni-ko-	-ni-(k)-
31.	cortar	-ʧu-ko-	-e-ʧuka-	-ʧukoʔo-	-	-	a-ʃok-
32.		moto-rɨ	mata-ru	mto-ru	-	moto-ri-pa ‘cupinzeiro’	moto-ri
33.		peri	peʔi	peʔi	pei	peri	peri
34.	dedo	-βoʔɨ-ki	-βau-ki	-βu-çi	-buɨ	-βoʔi-ne-si	-woʔi-si
35.	defecar	-sɔ-	-sa-ka-	-so-ko-	-	-	-sa-(p)-
36.	doente	-huma	-ka-huma	-ko-hma	-	-	-hom
37.	doer	-koti	-kati	-koti(-ʧo)	-kuti ‘doente’	-koti ‘doente’	-koti-c-
38.	dois	api-	api-	api-	-	-	api-n
39.	dormir	-imo-ko-	-ima-ka-	im-ko-	-imu-k-	-mo-k-o-	-imo-k-
40.	enguia	iti-re	iti-re	ʔti-re-pi	iti-e	oti-ra	iti-re
41.	entrar	-kiɔpo-	-siapa-	-siop-	bɨ-kupu-	-	-siap-
42.	esposa	-jeno	-jena	-jeno	-jenu	-	-jeno
43.	espremer	kopiti-ko-	-kapiti-ka-	-kopʧa-ko-	kupiti-k-	-	kopiti-e-k-
44.	esquerda	-sɔpa	-sapa	-sopa	-	-	-sap
45.	folha	-po-	-pa-ka-hi	-po-ko-hi	-pu-ne	-	-po-n
46.	formiga	koʦi-rɨ	kaʧi-ru	kʧi-ru	kusi-u	koʧi-ri	koʃi-ri
47.	fritar	-surɨ-	-suru-ka-	-suu-ko-	-	-	-sori-
48.	fruta	-ʔi	-ʔi	-ʔi	-i	-ʔi	-ʔi
49.	galho	-aβo	-t-aβa	-t-aβo(-hi)	-	-	-awo
50.	genro	-ʧina	-ʧina	-ʧina	-	-	ʃinaʔ
51.	grande	ʧo	i-ʧa-pe	ʔ-ʧo-pe	-	-	ʧo
52.	grilo	βiʦi	βiʧi	βiʧi	bisi	βiʧi	viʃi
53.	homem	hirɔ	a-haira	ʔ-hiro	-	-	hir(a)
54.	ir	-jono-	-jana-	-jono-	-jun-	-ʧono-	-jon(o)-
55.		kɔhiɨ-re	kahiu-re	khʸu-re	kuhibu-e	kohi-re	kahi-re
56.		huβi	huβi	huβi	e-hubi	-	hovi-r(e)
57.	lago	kɔkiɨ	kakiu-re	koçu-re	-	-	aki
58.	lavar	-kipɔ-	-sipa-ka-	-sip-ko-	kipu-ch-	-	-sipa
59.	levar	-ɔmo-	-ama-	-omo-	-um-	-	-amo-
60.	língua	-nene	-nene	-nene	-pe-nene	i-pe-ne	-pe-nene
61.		okɔrɔ	akara-ma	okro-mo	-	-	okara-nan
62.	lua	kohe	kahe	kohe	kuhe	kehe-re	kihe-r
63.	luz, iluminar	-mika-	-mika-ʔu	-mik-ʔu	-	-	-mika-
64.		ijo	ija	ijo	iju	iʧo-re	ijo-re
65.	madeira	jɔkɨ-ki	juku-ki	jku-çi	jɨkɨ-ke	ʧaki-se	jaki-se
66.	maduro	-jɔ-	-ja-ʔa-	-jo-ʔo-	-	-	-ja-k-
67.	mãe	-eno	-ena	-eno	-enu	-eno	-en(o)
68.	mama, teta	-ʧeni	-ʧene	-ʧene	-ʧene	-	-ʃeni
69.	mamar	(-ɔ)-hi-ko-	-ahi-ka-	-oh-ko-	-uhi-k-	-	-hi-k-
70.	mandioca	kɨha	kuhu	kuh-pa	kɨha-pi	-	kaha-p
71.	mão	-βoʔɨ	-βaʔu	-βoʔu ‘pulso’	-buɨ	-βoʔi	-wo-
72.	medo	-piko-	-pika-	-piko-	-i-pik-	-	-piko-
73.	milho	moke	a-maki	ʔ-moçi	a-muke	o-mose	mos
74.	morcego	βite	βite	βite	bite	βite-re	vite-r
75.	morrer	-epeno-	-epena-	-epeno-	-	-	-epen(o-)
76.	mosquito	aniʔɨ	aniʔu	ʔniʔu	anibɨ	oni	aniʔ
77.	mulher	eʦeno	esena	ʔseno	-senu	-iteno	eteno
78.	mutum	ukuʔi	ukuʔi	ʔkuʔi	-	-	wokoij
79.	nariz	-siri	-siri	-siri	-	-sere-ki	-siri-ki
80.	ninho	-moko	-maka-hi	-moko-hi	-muku-hi	-	ʃira-mok
81.	noite	joti	jati	joti	juti	-	joti-ʔe
82.	nuvem	ɨko	uka-hi	uko-hi	ɨku ‘chuva’	iko ‘chover’	-
83.	olho	-βɨki	-uki-	-uç-	-bɨke	-βiki-s(e)	-iki-se
84.	onça	iʧini	iʧini	ʔʧini	isini	iʧene	iʃini
85.	orelha	-ʧoka	-ʧaka-pe	-ʧoka	-ʧuka	-	-ʧok
86.	osso	-(n)ope	ij-ape	ʔj-ope-çi	e-upe	e-nope	e-nope
87.	ouvir	-samo-	-sama-	-samo-	-samu-	-	-samo-
88.	pai	-ija	-ija	-ija	-ia	-	iaʔ
89.	palmeira (bacuri)	koʧi	kaʧi	koʧ-no	-	koʧi	koʃ
90.	pato	pohi	u-pahi	ʔ-pohi	u-puhi	i-pohi	ʔ-pohi
91.		βonono	βanana	βnono	-	-	wonon
92.	peixe	himo	hima	himo	himu	ʔimo	himo
93.	pele	-(ʧ)uma	-uma-ma	-um-mo	-	i-tioma	-ʧoma
94.	pequeno	-ʧepi	-iʧepi-ʧu	-ʔ-ʧeʔ-ʧu	-ʧepi-tɨ	-	-t-iʃepi
95.	pescoço	-pike-(nɨ)	-pike-nu	-piçe-nu	-pike-nɨ	-	-pihe
96.	pessoa	oʧane	aʧane	ʔʧane	uʧane	oʧane ‘homem’	oʧane
97.	pimenta	ʧeti	i-ʧeti	ʔ-ʧeti	u-ʧeti	e-ʧeti	ʃeti
98.	piolho	-ine	-iɲe	-iɲe	-ine	-	-ine
99.	piranha	urɨmɔ	uruma	ʔrumo	ɨmu	orimo	orima
100.	porco	ʦimo-rɨ	tsimaru	ʦmoru	-	simori	simori
101.	pulmão	-haha	-haha	-haha	-	-	-hah
102.	queimado	-hɨ-	-i-hu-	-i-hu-	i-hɨ-e-	-	-him(o)-
103.	rabo	-ihi-ki	-ihi-ki	-ih-çi	-ihi	-	-ihi-s
104.	raposa	ʧɨje	ʧuje	ʧuje	-	ʧiʔe	ʃijeʔ
105.	rato	koʦo	kaʦa	koʦo	kusu	koso	kosio (Língua muxojeóne)
106.	responder	-kopo-	-hi-kapa-	-hi-kpo-	ha-kup-	-	-kopo-nia
107.		majuko	majuka ‘preá’	mjuko ‘coelho’	-	maʧoko ‘preá’	majak ‘preá’
108.	rosto	-mirɔ	-mira	-miro	-miu-iɨke	-miro	-mira
109.	saber	-ʧo-	-eʧa-	-eʧo- ‘lembrar’	-eʧu-na-	-	-ʧo-
110.	sangue	-iti	iti	iti	-iti	-	-iti
111.	sobrinho/a	-ʧe-(hi)	-ʧe-hi	-ʧe-ra	-	-	-ʃi-h
112.	sogra	-mose	-i-mase	-i-mse	-muse	-	-mos
113.	sogro	-moʧɨuko	-i-maʧuka	-i-mʧuko	-	-	-moʃok
114.	tartaruga	kipɨ	sipu	sipu	kipɨ	sipi	sip(o)
115.	terminar	-ito-	-ita-	-ito-	-	-	-eto-
116.	terra	moʦe	mate-hi	mote-hi	mute-hi	mose	mose
117.	tia	-aka	-aka ‘tia avó’	-	-	-	-aka
118.	tio	-kɨko	-e-kuka	-	-kɨku	-	-kik
119.	tomar banho	-koβo-	-kaβa-	-koβo-	-kub-	-	-kowo-
120.	trazer	-ɔpɔ-	-n-apa-na-		-upu-n-	-	-apa-
121.	três	mopo-	mapa-	mopo-na	-	-	mpo-na
122.		nire	i-nire	ʔ-nire	-	-	nir
123.	veado	kɔhɔβɔ	kahaβa	khoβo	kusubu	kohoβo	kahaw
124.	veado	mukɔ	muka	muko			moka
125.	velho	-ʧɔ, *-ʧo	i-ʧa-si	ʔ-ʧo-si	-ʧu-bui	e-ʧo	-
126.	veneno	mɔti	-mati	ʔ-moti	-	-	mati
127.	ver	-imoʔɔ-	-ima-ʔa-	-im-ʔo-	-mu-	-ʔimo-ʔa-	-
128.	vespa	hane	hane	hane	hane	-	hane
129.	voar	-ɔro-	-ara-	-oro-	-	-	-aro-

See also

• Linguistic areas of the Americas
• Chaco linguistic area
• Languages of Rondonia (Portuguese Wikipedia)
• Indigenous languages of South America

Further reading

• Crevels, M. & van der Voort, H. (2008). The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. In Muysken, P. (eds.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
• Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
• Maldi, Denise. 1991. O Complexo Cultural do Marico: Sociedades Indígenas dos Rios Branco, Colorado e Mequens, Afluentes do Médio Guaporé. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Antropologia, vol. 7(2), p. 209-269.
• Meireles, Denise Maldi. 1989. Guardiães da fronteira: Rio Guaporé, século XVIII. Petrópolis: Vozes. ISBN 85-326-0017-4.
• Meirelles, Denise Maldi & Meirelles, Apoena. 1984. Tribos extintas e migrações indígenas em Rondônia (Do século XVII até os primeiros decênios do século XX). Anuário de Divulgação Científica, v. 10, p. 134-45. Goiânia: Universidade Católica de Goiás.
• Nimuendajú, Curt. 1925. As tribus do alto Madeira. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 17: 137-172.
• Ramirez, Henri. 2006. As línguas indígenas do Alto Madeira: estatuto atual e bibliografia básica. Língua Viva, vol. 1, n. 1.
• Ramirez, Henri. 2010. Etnônimos e topônimos no Madeira (séculos XVI-XX): um sem-número de equívocos. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica, v. 2 n. 2, p. 179-224.
• Sampaio, W. & da Silva Sinha, V. (2011). Fieldwork data from languages in Rondônia. Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL).

External links

• Amazonian Languages of Rondônia and Bolivia collection, Leiden University
• Language diversity of the Guaporé region

Notes and References

1. Cronhamn, Sandra (2013). The spread of cultural vocabulary in Rondônia. B.A. honors thesis, Lund University.
2. van der Voort, Hein (2008). Interethnic contact in the Guaporé region and its linguistic consequences. Lund University, 2008-06-03.
3. Book: Crevels. Mily. van der Voort. Hein. From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics . 4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. Studies in Language Companion Series . 90. 2008. 151–179. 0165-7763. 10.1075/slcs.90.04cre. 978-90-272-3100-0 .
4. Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
5. Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016). Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 16(1), 7-37.