Maltase-glucoamylase explained

Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MGAM gene.^{[1] [2]}

Maltase-glucoamylase is an alpha-glucosidase digestive enzyme. It consists of two subunits with differing substrate specificity. Recombinant enzyme studies have shown that its N-terminal catalytic domain has highest activity against maltose, while the C-terminal domain has a broader substrate specificity and activity against glucose oligomers.^[3] In the small intestine, this enzyme works in synergy with sucrase-isomaltase and alpha-amylase to digest the full range of dietary starches.

Gene

The MGAM gene –– which is located on chromosome 7q34 ^[4] –– codes for the protein Maltase-Glucoamylase. An alternative name for Maltase-Glucoamylase is glucan 1,4-alpha-glycosidase.^[5]

Tissue distribution

Maltase-glucoamylase is a membrane-bound enzyme located in the intestinal walls. This lining of the intestine forms brush border in which food has to pass in order for the intestines to absorb the food.^[6]

Enzymatic mechanism

This enzyme is a part of a family of enzymes called glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31). This is due to the digestive mechanism of the enzyme. GH31 enzymes undergo what is known as the Koshland double displacement mechanism^[7] in which a glycosylation and deglycosylation step occurs, resulting in the retention of the overall configuration of the anomeric center.^[8]

Structure

N-terminal maltase

The N-terminal maltase-glucoamylase enzymatic unit is in turn composed of 5 specific protein domains. The first of the 5 protein domains consist of a P-type trefoil domain^[9] containing a cysteine rich domain. Second is an N-terminal beta-sandwich domain, identified via two antiparallel beta pleated sheets. The third and largest domain consists of a catalytic (beta/alpha) barrel type domain containing two inserted loops. The fourth and 5th domains are C-terminal domains, similar to the N-terminal beta-sandwich domain. The N-terminal Maltase-glucoamylase does not have the +2/+3 sugar binding active sites and so it cannot bind to larger substrates. The N-terminal domain shows its optimal enzymatic affinity for substrates maltose, maltotriose, maltotetrose, and maltopentose.

C-terminal glucase

The C-terminal glucase enzymatic unit contains extra binding sites, which allows for it to bind to larger substrates for catalytic digestion. It was originally understood that maltase-glucoamylase's crystalline structure was inherently similar throughout the N and C-termini. Further studies have found that the C-terminus is composed of 21 more amino acid residues than the N-terminus, which account for its difference in function. Sucrase-Isomaltase –– located on chromosome 3q26–– has a similar crystalline structure to maltase-glucoamylase and work in tandem in the human small intestine. They have been derived from a common ancestor, as they both come from the same GH31 family. As a result of having similar properties, both of these enzymes work together in the small intestine in order to convert consumed starch into glucose for metabolic energy. The difference between these two enzymes is that maltase-glucoamylase has a specific activity at the 1-4 linkage of sugar, where at SI has a specific activity at the 1-6 linkage.

See also

• Alpha-glucosidase
• Maltase

Further reading

• Nichols BL, Avery S, Sen P, Swallow DM, Hahn D, Sterchi E . The maltase-glucoamylase gene: common ancestry to sucrase-isomaltase with complementary starch digestion activities . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 100 . 3 . 1432–7 . February 2003 . 12547908 . 298790 . 10.1073/pnas.0237170100 . 2003PNAS..100.1432N . free .
• Takeshita F, Ishii KJ, Kobiyama K, Kojima Y, Coban C, Sasaki S, Ishii N, Klinman DM, Okuda K, Akira S, Suzuki K . 6 . TRAF4 acts as a silencer in TLR-mediated signaling through the association with TRAF6 and TRIF . European Journal of Immunology . 35 . 8 . 2477–85 . August 2005 . 16052631 . 10.1002/eji.200526151 . 560536 .
• Danielsen EM . Tyrosine sulfation, a post-translational modification of microvillar enzymes in the small intestinal enterocyte . The EMBO Journal . 6 . 10 . 2891–6 . October 1987 . 3121301 . 553723 . 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02592.x .
• Korpela MP, Paetau A, Löfberg MI, Timonen MH, Lamminen AE, Kiuru-Enari SM . A novel mutation of the GAA gene in a Finnish late-onset Pompe disease patient: clinical phenotype and follow-up with enzyme replacement therapy . Muscle & Nerve . 40 . 1 . 143–8 . July 2009 . 19472353 . 10.1002/mus.21291 . 20120101 .
• Sim L, Quezada-Calvillo R, Sterchi EE, Nichols BL, Rose DR . Human intestinal maltase-glucoamylase: crystal structure of the N-terminal catalytic subunit and basis of inhibition and substrate specificity . Journal of Molecular Biology . 375 . 3 . 782–92 . January 2008 . 18036614 . 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.069 .
• Naim HY, Sterchi EE, Lentze MJ . Structure, biosynthesis, and glycosylation of human small intestinal maltase-glucoamylase . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 263 . 36 . 19709–17 . December 1988 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)77693-5 . 3143729 . free .
• Ao Z, Quezada-Calvillo R, Sim L, Nichols BL, Rose DR, Sterchi EE, Hamaker BR . Evidence of native starch degradation with human small intestinal maltase-glucoamylase (recombinant) . FEBS Letters . 581 . 13 . 2381–8 . May 2007 . 17485087 . 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.035 . 23891882 . free .
• Tuğrul S, Kutlu T, Pekin O, Bağlam E, Kiyak H, Oral O . Clinical, endocrine, and metabolic effects of acarbose, a alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, in overweight and nonoverweight patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome . Fertility and Sterility . 90 . 4 . 1144–8 . October 2008 . 18377903 . 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1326 . free .

External links

• PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal

Notes and References

1. Web site: Entrez Gene: maltase-glucoamylase (alpha-glucosidase).
2. Nichols BL, Eldering J, Avery S, Hahn D, Quaroni A, Sterchi E . Human small intestinal maltase-glucoamylase cDNA cloning. Homology to sucrase-isomaltase . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 273 . 5 . 3076–81 . January 1998 . 9446624 . 10.1074/jbc.273.5.3076 . free .
3. Quezada-Calvillo R, Sim L, Ao Z, Hamaker BR, Quaroni A, Brayer GD, Sterchi EE, Robayo-Torres CC, Rose DR, Nichols BL . 6 . Luminal starch substrate "brake" on maltase-glucoamylase activity is located within the glucoamylase subunit . The Journal of Nutrition . 138 . 4 . 685–92 . April 2008 . 18356321 . 10.1093/jn/138.4.685 . free .
4. Nichols BL, Avery S, Sen P, Swallow DM, Hahn D, Sterchi E . The maltase-glucoamylase gene: common ancestry to sucrase-isomaltase with complementary starch digestion activities . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 100 . 3 . 1432–7 . February 2003 . 12547908 . 10.1073/pnas.0237170100 . 298790 . 2003PNAS..100.1432N . free .
5. Ao Z, Quezada-Calvillo R, Sim L, Nichols BL, Rose DR, Sterchi EE, Hamaker BR . Evidence of native starch degradation with human small intestinal maltase-glucoamylase (recombinant) . FEBS Letters . 581 . 13 . 2381–8 . May 2007 . 17485087 . 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.035 . free .
6. Sim L, Quezada-Calvillo R, Sterchi EE, Nichols BL, Rose DR . Human intestinal maltase-glucoamylase: crystal structure of the N-terminal catalytic subunit and basis of inhibition and substrate specificity . Journal of Molecular Biology . 375 . 3 . 782–92 . January 2008 . 18036614 . 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.069 .
7. Web site: Glycoside hydrolases . CAZypedia . 2021-04-30 . en-CA.
8. Frandsen TP, Svensson B . Plant alpha-glucosidases of the glycoside hydrolase family 31. Molecular properties, substrate specificity, reaction mechanism, and comparison with family members of different origin . Plant Molecular Biology . 37 . 1 . 1–13 . May 1998 . 9620260 . 10.1023/A:1005925819741 . 42054886 .
9. Otto B, Wright N . Trefoil peptides. Coming up clover . Current Biology . 4 . 9 . 835–8 . September 1994 . 7820556 . 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00186-X . 1994CBio....4..835O . 11245174 .