List of Chengjiang Biota species by phylum explained

This is a list of fossils found at Maotianshan Shales, whose most famous assemblage of organisms are referred to as the Chengjiang biota.[1]

The Maotianshan Shales are a series of Early Cambrian sedimentary deposits in the Chiungchussu Formation,[2] famous for their Konservat Lagerstätten, deposits known for the exceptional preservation of fossilized organisms or traces. The Maotianshan Shales form one of some forty Cambrian fossil locations worldwide exhibiting exquisite preservation of rarely preserved, non-mineralized soft tissue, comparable to the fossils of the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada.

=Ecdysozoa=

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Acosmia
  • A. maotiania
  • 9 nearly complete specimens
A small ecdysozoan worm that was originally thought to have been a priapulid worm.
Laojieella
  • L. thecata
  • One complete and one incomplete specimen
An ecdysozoan worm considered close to the priapulids, it has a spiny proboscis, an elliptical theca on the posterior part of the trunk, and a caudal appendage.

Scalidophora

Palaeoscolecidomorpha

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Cricocosmia
  • C. jinningensis
A genus of palaeoscolecid worm. Fossils have been found with smaller worms seemingly attached to them.
Mafangscolex
  • M. sinensis
  • M. yunnanensis
Maotianshania
  • M. cylindrica
An extinct palaeoscolecid worm closely related to Cricocosmia.
Tabelliscolex
  • T. chengjiangensis
  • T. hexagonus
  • T. maanshanensis
A genus of palaeoscolecid worm
Tylotites
  • T. petiolaris

Priapulida

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Corynetis
  • C. brevis
  • C. fortis
An archaeopriapulid worm known from the biota.
Eximipriapulus
  • E. globocaudatus
A carnivorous priapulid-like worm that has been found living in the discarded shells of hyoliths.
Paraselkirkia
  • P. sinica
An archaeopriapulid worm that resembles another worm, Selkirkia, from the Burgess shale
Paratubiluchus
  • P. bicaudatus
Palaeopriapulites
  • P. parvus
Selkirkia
  • S. elongata
A burrowing archaeopriapulid worm also known from the burgess shale.
Sicyophorus
  • S. rarus
A genus of archaeopriapulid worm.
Xiaoheiqingella
  • X. peculiaris
A priapulid worm thought to belong to the crown group.

Panarthropoda

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Antennacanthopodia
  • A. gracilis
  • Known from two specimens, making the species very rare in the Chengjiang.
An unarmoured lobopodian, apparently closely related to Onychophora. The long, paired, cirriform structures at the end of the body could have been sensory, or perhaps represent viscera not externally present in life.
Cardiodictyon
  • C. catenulum
A highly elongate armoured lobopodian, with saddle-shaped sclerites and a lightly sclerotized head.
Diania
  • D. cactiformis
A heavily armoured lobopodian.
Lenisambulatrix
  • L. humboldti
  • A single specimen.
A simple, unarmoured lobopodian.
Onychodictyon
  • O. ferox
  • O. gracilis
  • Several complete specimens.
An enigmatic genus of lobopodian, potentially related to either the Luolishaniidae or to Tardigrada. Not always monophyletic.
Paucipodia
  • P. inermis
  • Known from well-preserved body fossils.
A large unarmoured lobopodian, commonly found in association with mass death-beds of legless worms and Eldonia. Thought to have been a scavenger.
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Luolishania
  • L. longicruris
Type genus of Luolishaniidae. The species Miraluolishania haikouensis is considered a juvenile synonym of Luolishania.
Facivermis
  • F. yunnanicus
Derived Luolishaniid lobopodian with five setiferous sieving appednages, and lacking any walking limbs. Sometimes discovered living in constructed tubes, buried into the sediment.
Hallucigenia
  • H. fortis
A hallucigeniid lobopodian with a bulbous sclerotized head and two pairs of small feeding appendages, borne on a short neck.
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Megadictyon
  • M. haikouensis
  • Posterior-most section of the trunk is unknown.
A poorly known siberiid.
Jianshanopodia
  • J. decorata
  • Known from multiple large individuals, all from a singular exposure of the Chengjiang.
A giant siberiid lobopodian related to Megadictyon.

Radiodonta are a group of highly successful panarthropods. The Chengjiang Fauna includes a large number of Radiodont species, primarily from the clade Amplectobeluidae. While hurdiids are poorly known from the formation and surrounding region, several specimens attributable to the family have been discovered, but remain unnamed.

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Cambroraster
  • C. sp.
  • Head sclerites.
A large nektobenthic hurdiid, first known from the Burgess Shale
Houcaris
  • H. saron
  • H. consimilis
  • Isolated appendages.
Previously described as "Anomalocaris" saron.
Innovatiocaris
  • I. maotianshanensis
  • I. multispiniformis
  • I. sp.
  • Complete fossil and isolated appendages
Previously assigned to the Anomalocaris genus, and one of the most completely known radiodonts.
Laminacaris
  • L. chimera
  • Giant isolated appendages, up to nearly 30 centimetres long.
A giant radiodont combining features from different clades.
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Amplectobelua
  • A. trispinata
  • Dozens of isolated appendages, and at least one complete body of a juvenile.
A large Amplectobeluid radiodont with long tail furcae. The frontal appendages formed a distinctive claw-like shape.
Lyrarapax
  • L. trilobus
  • L. unguispinus
  • Known from appendages and complete body fossils, including neural anatomy.
Small Amplectobeluid radiodont. Some specimens of this genus represent some of the smallest known radiodonts.
Ramskoeldia
  • R. platyacantha
  • R. consimilis?
  • Known from appendages, often associated with GLS plates, sclerites, and swimming flaps.
Large Amplectobeluid radiodonts, with crushing gnathobases. The species R. consimilis may belong to Houcaris instead.[3]
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Anomalocaris
  • A. cf. canadensis
  • Isolated appendages.
Lenisicaris
  • L. lupata
  • Isolated appendages.
A second species is included in the genus, Lenisicaris pennsylvanica, from the Kinzers Formation.
Shucaris
  • S. ankylosskelos
  • Isolated appendages.
  • oral cone
  • partial body
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Chuandianella
  • C. ovata
  • Several body fossils and carapaces
An enigmatc bivalved arthropod originally considered close to Waptia. It was then discovered that it lacked mandibles and therefore does not belong to Hymenocarina, the Waptiidae family, and even the larger mandibulata clade.
Combinivalvula
  • C. chengjiangensis
An enigmatic bivalved arthropod.
Cucumericrus
  • C. decorata
Multiple fragmentary specimens.An enigmatic arthropod that has been tentatively classified as a possible radiodont, although a position closely related to Erratus as the most primitive deuteropod is more likely.
Cyathocephalus
  • C. bispinosus
Dianchia
  • D. mirabilis
Diplopyge
  • D. forcipatus
  • D. minutus
Dongshanocaris
  • D. foliiformis
A small arthropod that is currently "too poorly preserved to verify their identity as a valid taxa".
Erratus
  • E. sperare
  • Several carapaces
  • Eyes and other body parts
A bivalved arthropod currently placed as the most basal deuteropod, that shows the origins of lungs and legs in early arthropods.
Ercaia
  • E. miniscula
An arthropod that has been speculated to be an early crustacean.
Forfexicaris
  • F. valida
A small bivalved arthropod that somewhat resembles ostracods, but also has large, upward facing appendages with spines.
Glossocaris
  • G. occulatus
Isoxys
  • I. auritus
  • I. curvirostratus
  • I. paradoxus
A basal nektonic arthropod that possessed a bivalved carapace, and large circular eyes, related to Surusicaris from the Burgess Shale.
Jianshania
  • J. furcatus
A small, somewhat enigmatic arthropod known from the biota
Kunmingocaris
  • K. bispinosus
Kylinxia
  • K. zhangi
  • Almost complete fossil
  • Isolated frontal appendages
An early arthropod that may show the "missing link" between early stem-arthropods, and more advanced true arthropods. It possessed frontal appendages similar to radiodonts.
Mafangia
  • M. subscalaria
Mafangocaris
  • M. multinodus
Occacaris
  • O. oviformis
A predatory arthropod that had spiked frontal appendages similar to those of the megacheirans, and was previously thought to have belonged to that grouping
Ovalicephalis
  • O. mirabilis
Parapaleomerus
  • P. sinensis
An arachnomorph arthropod of the group strabopida. Unlike the other members of strabopida, Parapaleomerus lacks dorsal eyes and only possesses ten trunk tergites. The telson has been described as trapezoidal in shape.
Pisinnocaris
  • P. subconigera
Pseudoiulia
  • P. cambriensis
A poorly known arthropod that, in 2013, was suggested to be a member of the family Kootenichelidae, alongside Kootenichela and Worthenella.
Pterotum
  • P. triacanthus
Rhombicalvaria
  • R. acanthi
Sunella
  • S. grandis
Syrrhaptis
  • S. intes
Tanglangia
  • T. caudata
Tauricornicaris
  • T. latizonae
  • T. oxygonae
A giant arthropod once misidentified as radiodont.
Trigoides
  • T. aclis
Wutingella
  • W. bindosa
Yiliangocaris
  • Y. ellipticus
Yunnanocaris
  • Y. megista
Zhenghecaris
  • Z. shankouensis
  • Sclerites
Large-sized arthropod carapace, originally described as bivalved arthropod close to Thylacocephala, later reinterpreted as hurdiid radiodont close to Cambroraster, its classification is still discussed.
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Branchiocaris
  • B. yunnanensis
  • Several isolated carapaces
Also known in the Burgess Shale by B. pretiosa, B. yunnanensis is only known from isolated carapaces, although it is thought that this may be because in this species the carapace covered the entire body. It also has two morphotypes.
Canadaspis
  • C. laevigata
A hymenocarine arthropod, also known from the Burgess Shale by C. perfecta, although some authors believe that both species should be separated into different genera. They were mainly benthic animals.
Clypecaris
  • C. pteroidea
  • C. serrata
A hymenocarine arthropod. The species in the genus are primarily distinguished by the presence of a serrated edge on the front of the carapace of C. serrata. C. serrata is noted for the modification of an anterior pair of limbs into spined grasping appendages, indicating a predatory lifestyle.
Ercaicunia
  • E. multinodosa
A hymenocarine arthropod that had a bivalved carapace which covered about a third of its total body-length, and had up to six serrations on its forward edge. The head had a pair of large uniramous antennae, as well as a smaller pair of secondary antennae, and a pair of mandibles and maxillae.
Erjiecaris
  • E. minusculo
A small euarthropod, and unlike other hymenocarines, it possibly had eyes directly on top of its carapace. It was most likely a nektobenthic animal.
Pectocaris
  • P. spatiosa
  • P. eurypetala
  • P. inopinata
A bivalved arthropod of the hymenocarina grouping. The species P. spatiosa is regarded as a filter feeder, using the setae on the endites of their limbs to filter out matter from the water column
Synophalos
  • S. xynos
A hymenocarine notable for fossils showing a bizarre chain of multiple individuals. Although the purpose for this behavior is unknown, it may have served a reproductive, migratory, or defensive purpose, with the authors of the describing paper of this genus considering migration as its most likely function.
Tuzoia
  • T. sinensis
  • several carapaces and soft body parts
A large hymenocarine that possessed a semicircular bivalved carapace, and was one of the largest arthropods from the Cambrian
JugatacarisA. agillis
  • several carapaces and soft body parts
A hymenocarine arthropod. The carapace of the animal was around 28 to 37 millimetres (1.1 to 1.5 in) in length, with a pronounced ridge at the top of the carapace separating the two valves, which formed a fin-like structure raised above the carapace. The head had a pair of stalked eyes, as well as a dumbbell shaped medial eye between them. The head also bore a pair of mandibles as well as at least one and possibly two pairs of antennules.
XiazhuangocarisX. chenggongensis
  • a single specimen (NIGP 172765), which only preserves the carapace and trunk regions
A hymenocarine with no known head fossils. The material known show that the carapace had a pronounced pair of notches at its front, as well as a posterior notch at its rear. The body had at least 13 tergite-pleurite rings, which terminate in a pair of rounded caudal rami, which are fringed with setae.
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Chengjiangocaris
  • C. longiformis
  • C. kunmingensis
A Fuxianhuiid arthropod with numerous appendages. It is one of the most complete arthropods from the lower Cambrian.
Fuxianhuia
  • F. protensa
A large arthropod named after Fuxian Lake. Some adult specimens are found closely associated with numerous juveniles, indicating a level of parental care.
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Comptaluta
  • C. inflata
  • C. kailiensis
Indiana
  • I. sp.
Jiucunella
  • J. paulula
Kunmingella
  • K. angustacostata
  • K. douvillei
  • K. guanshanensis
Kunyangella
  • K. cheni
Liangshanella
  • L. liangshanensis
Malongella
  • M. bituerculata
Parakunmingella
  • P. malongensis
Spinokunmingella
  • S. typica
Tsunyiella
  • T. daindongensis
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Alalcomenaeus
  • A. cambricus
A small arthropod related to Leanchoilia, also known from the Burgess Shale.
Leanchoilia
  • D. asiatica
  • L. illecebrosa
One of the several species of Leanchoilia, it has known juvenile specimens and the labrum morphology known.
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Fortiforceps
  • F. foliosa
Sklerolibyon
  • S. maomima
Jianfengia
  • J. multisegmentalis
Parapeytoia
  • P. yunnanensis
A jianfengiid once misidentified as a radiodont
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Acanthomeridion
  • A. serratum
Multiple Specimens.
Almenia
  • A. spinosa
Cindarella
  • C. eucalla
Kuamaia
  • K. lata
  • K. muricata
Panlongia
  • P. spinosa
  • P. tetranudosa
Pygmaclypeatus
  • P. daiensis
Retifacies
  • R. abnormalis
Saperion
  • S. glumaceum
Sidneyia
  • S. minor
Sinoburius
  • S. lunaris
Skioldia
  • S. aldna
Squamacula
  • S. clypeata
Urokodia
  • U. aequalis
An arthropod that had segmentation which resembled that of a millipede, as well as head and tail shields with thorny spikes. Recently, it was recovered as the most basal artiopod.
Xandarella
  • X. spectaculum
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Misszhouia
  • M. longicaudata
Naraoia
  • N. spinosa
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Eoredlichia
  • E. intermedia
Kuanyangia
  • K. pustulosa
Palaeolenus
  • E. miniscula
Tsunyidiscus
  • T. aclis
Wutingapsis
  • W. tingi
Yunnanocephalus
  • Y. yunnanensis

= Spiralia =

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Amiskwia
  • A. sinica
Inquicus
  • I. fellatus
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Ankalodous
  • A. ercainella
Eognathacantha
  • E. ercainella
Protosagitta
  • P. spinosa

Annelida

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Orthrozanclus
  • O. elongata
Wiwaxia
  • W. papillo
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Ambrolinevitus
  • A. maximus
  • A. platypluteus
  • A. ventricosus
Burithes
  • B. yunnanensis
Glossolithes
  • G. magnus
Linevitus
  • L. billingsi
  • L. flabellaris
  • L. opimus
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Diandongia
  • D. pista
Heliomedusa
  • H. orienta
Lingulella
  • L. orienta
Lingulellotreta
  • L. malongensis
Longtancunella
  • L. chengjiangensis

= Deuterostomia =

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Cathaymyrus
  • C. diadexus
  • C. haikouensis
Haikouichthys
  • H. ercaicunensis
Myllokunmingia
  • M. fengjiaoa
Zhongjianichthys
  • Z. rostratus
Zhongxiniscus
  • Z. intermedius
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Beidazoon
  • B. venustum
Didazoon
  • D. haoae
Pomatrum
  • P. ventralis
Vetulicola
  • V. cuneata
  • V. gantoucunensis
  • V. rectangulata
Yuyuanozoon
  • Y. magnificissimi

Cambroernida

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Phlogites
  • P. brevis
  • P. longus
Senior synonym of Cheungkongella ancestralis.
Rotadiscus
  • R. grandis
Stellostomites
  • S. eumorphus
Senior synonym of Eldonia eumorpha.
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Dianchicystis
  • D. jianshanensis
Vetulocystis
  • V. catenata
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Cambrobranchus
  • C. pelagobenthos
Galeaplumosus
  • G. abilus
Shankouclava
  • S. anningense
  • S. shankouense
  • Y. simplex
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Maotianoascus
  • M. octanarius
Sinoascus
  • S. paillatus
Stromatoveris
  • S. psygmoglena
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Allantospongia
  • A. mica
Choia
  • C. xiaolantianensis
Choiaella
  • C. radiata
Hazelia
  • H.
Leptomitella
  • L. confusa
  • L. conica
  • L. metta
Leptomitus
  • L. teretiusculus
Paraleptomitella
  • Paraleptomitella dictyodroma
  • Paraleptomitella globula
Quadrolaminiella
  • Quadrolaminiella crassa
  • Quadrolaminiella diagonalis
Saetaspongia
  • S. densa
Sinfoflabrum
  • S. antiquum
Triticispongia
  • T. diagonata
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Archisaccophyllia
  • A. kunmingensis
Nailiana
  • N. elegans
Priscapennamarina
  • P. angusta
Xianguangia
  • X. sinica

Enigmatic

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Allonnia
  • A. phrixothrix
Anthrotum
  • A. robustus
Batofasciculus
  • B. ramificans
Cambrotentacus
  • C. sanwuia
Conicula
  • C. straita
Daihua
  • D. sanqiong
Dinomischus
  • D. venustus
Discoides
  • D. abnormalis
Hippotrum
  • H. spinatus
Jiucunia
  • J. petalina
Maanshania
  • M. crusticeps
Macrocephalus
  • M. elongates
Petalilium
  • P. latus
Possible synonym of Nectocaris pteryx
Parvulonoda
  • P. dubia
Phacatrum
  • P. tubifer
Phasangula
  • P. striata
Pristitoites
  • P. bifarius
Rhipitrus
  • R. calvifer

Kingdom Protista (algae)

GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Fuxianospira
  • F. gyrata
Megaspirellus
  • M. houi
Sinocylindra
  • S. yunnanensis

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Chengjiang Maotianshan Shales. www.fossilmuseum.net. 10 September 2015. 9 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210309190115/http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Chengjiang.htm. live.
  2. Book: Lipps, J. H. . Origin and early evolution of the Metazoa . Signor, P. W . 1992 . 978-0-306-44067-0.
  3. McCall . Christian R. A. . A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada . Journal of Paleontology . September 2023 . 97 . 5 . 1009–1024 . 10.1017/jpa.2023.63 . en . 0022-3360.