Malian Armed Forces Explained

Malian Armed Forces
Native Name:	French: Forces Armées Maliennes
Founded:	^[1] ^[2] ^[3]
Branches:	Malian Army Malian Air Force Malian Gendarmerie Republican Guard National Police (French: Sûreté Nationale)
Headquarters:	Bamako
Commander-In-Chief:	Assimi Goïta
Minister:	Sadio Camara
Minister Title:	Minister of Defence
Commander:	Oumar Diarra
Commander Title:	Chief of General Staff
Conscription:	Compulsory military service^[4]
Active:	40,000 plus 4,800 paramilitary forces
Amount:	$200-300 million ($5 million procurement) (FY03)
Percent Gdp:	3% (FY01)
Foreign Suppliers:	^[5] ^[6]
Ranks:	Military ranks of Mali

The Malian Armed Forces (French: links=no|Forces Armées Maliennes) consists of the Army (French: Armée de Terre|links=no), Republic of Mali Air Force (French: Force Aérienne de la République du Mali|links=no), and National Guard.^[7] They number some 7,000 and are under the control of the Minister of Armed Forces and Veterans. The Library of Congress as of January 2005 stated that "[t]he military is underpaid, poorly equipped, and in need of rationalization. Its organisation has suffered from the incorporation of Tuareg irregular forces into the regular military following a 1992 agreement between the government and Tuareg rebel forces."^[8]

In 2009, the IISS Military Balance listed 7,350 soldiers in the Army, 400 in the Air Force, and 50 in the Navy.^[9] The Gendarmerie and local police forces (under the Ministry of Interior and Security) maintain internal security. The IISS listed paramilitary total force as 4,800 personnel: 1,800 in the Gendarmerie (8 companies), 2,000 in the Republican Guard, and 1,000 police officers. A few Malians receive military training in the United States, France, and Germany.

Military expenditures total about 13% of the national budget. Mali is an active contributor to peacekeeping forces in West and Central Africa; the Library of Congress said that in 2004 Mali was participating in United Nations operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC, 28 personnel including 27 observers), Liberia (UNMIL, 252 personnel, including 4 observers), and Sierra Leone (3 observers).

History

The Malian armed forces were initially formed by Malian conscript and volunteer veterans of the French Armed Forces. In the months preceding the formation of the Malian armed forces, the French Armed Forces withdrew from their bases in Mali.Among the last bases to be closed were those at Kati, on 8 June 1961, Tessalit (base aérienne secondaire), on 8 July 1961, Gao (base aérienne 163 de Gao), on 2 August 1961, and Air Base 162 at Bamako (base aérienne 162 de Bamako), on 5 September 1961.

"On 1 October 1960, the Malian army was created and solemnly installed through a speech by Chief of Staff Captain Sekou Traore. On 12 October the same year, the population of Bamako attended for the first time an army parade under the command of Captain Tiemoko Konate. Organizationally, says Sega Sissoko, is the only battalion of Ségou and includes units scattered across the territory. A memo from the Chief of Staff ordered a realignment of the battalion. Following on, a command and services detachment in Bamako was created, and the engineer company in Ségou, the first Saharan motorized company of Gao, the Saharan Motor Company of Kidal, the Arouane nomad group, nomadic group of Timetrine (in the commune of Timtaghène), the 1st Reconnaissance Company and Nioro 2nd Reconnaissance Company Tessalit. As of 16 January 1961, Mali's army totaled 1232 men."

In the sixties and seventies, Mali's army and air force relied primarily on the Soviet Union for materiel and training.

On 19 November 1968, a group of young Malian officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member military junta, with Lieutenant Moussa Traoré as president. The military leaders attempted to pursue economic reforms, but for several years faced debilitating internal political struggles and the disastrous Sahelian drought. A new constitution, approved in 1974, created a one-party state and was designed to move Mali toward civilian rule. The military leaders remained in power.^[10]

Single-party presidential and legislative elections were held in June 1979, and General Moussa Traoré received 99% of the votes. His efforts at consolidating the single-party government were challenged in 1980 by student-led anti-government demonstrations, which were brutally put down, and by three coup attempts. The Traore government ruled throughout the 1970s and 1980s. On 26 March 1991, after four days of intense anti-government rioting, a group of 17 military officers, led by subsequent President Amadou Toumani Touré, arrested President Traoré and suspended the constitution. They formed a civilian-heavy provisional ruling body, and initiated a process that led to democratic elections.

The Tuareg rebellion began in 1990 when Tuareg separatists attacked government buildings around Gao. The armed forces' reprisals led to a full-blown rebellion in which the absence of opportunities for Tuareg in the army was a major complaint. The conflict died down after Alpha Konaré formed a new government and made reparations in 1992. Also, Mali created a new self-governing region, the Kidal Region, and provided for greater Tuareg integration into Malian society. In 1994, Tuareg, reputed to have been trained and armed by Libya, attacked Gao, which again led to major Malian Army reprisals and to the creation of the Ghanda Koi Songhai militia to combat the Tuareg. Mali effectively fell into civil war.

As of June 2008, service commanders were Colonel Boubacar Togola (Armée de Terre), Colonel Waly Sissoko (Armée de l'Air), Lieutenant-Colonel Daouda Sogoba (Garde Nationale) et du Colonel Adama Dembélé (Gendarmerie Nationale).^[11]

The Malian army largely collapsed during the war against Tuareg separatists and Islamist rebels in early 2012. In a span of less than fourth months at the start of 2012, the Malian army was defeated by the rebels who seized more than 60% of the former Malian territory, taking all camps and position of the army, capturing and killing hundreds of Malian soldiers, while hundred others deserted or defected.^[12]

Following the rebel advance, a group of soldiers from the Kati camp near Bamako staged a coup on 22 March 2012 which overthrew Malian president Amadou Toumani Touré. After the junta seized power, they successfully repelled a counter coup on 30 April by loyalists from the red berets elite units.^[13]

The Malian military was rebuilt by French forces, and is now capable of conducting counter terrorism operations. In February 2020, the army stated that up to 200 Malian troops arrived in Kidal, a Northern city. This was the first time the army was deployed in this area because of the Tuareg Separatists rebels that chased out the army since 2014.^[14]

Since the 2020 coup, the military received equipment from Turkish forces.^[6]

Army

Manpower is provided by two-year selective conscription. Mali apparently has six military regions, according to Jane's World Armies. The 1st Military Region and 13th Combined Arms Regiment may be in Gao.^[15] The 3rd Military Region appears to be at Kati.^[16] The 4th Military Region is at Kayes^[17] and the 5th Military Region is at Timbuktu.^[18]

The 512 Regiment was reported within the 5th Military Region in 2004.^[19] In 2010 Agence France-Presse reported that French training would be given to the 62nd Motorized Infantry Regiment of the 6th Military Region, based at Sévaré.^[20] The same story said that the regiment consisted of three Rapid Intervention Companies (CIR) and AFP said it was "considered the elite...of the Malian army."

Mali is one of four Saharan states which created a Joint Military Staff Committee in 2010, to be based at Tamanrasset in southern Algeria. Algeria, Mauritania, Niger, and Mali were to take part.^[21]

The 134e Escadron de Reconnaissance (reconnaissance squadron) was to be trained to operate the French ACMAT Bastion APC by the EUTM Mali.^[22]

The Army controls the small navy (approx. 130 sailors and 3 river patrol boats).

List of Malian generals
Nº	Rank	Name	Corps of origin	Date of nomination
1st republic 1960 – 1968
01	Général de Brigade	Abdoulaye SOUMARÉ (deceased)		29 December 1960
2nd republic, 1968 – 1991
02	Général d'Armée			1974/79
03	Général de Division	Amadou Baba Diarra (deceased)	Armour	1981/84
04	Général de Division	Filifing SISSOKO (deceased)		1982/84
05	Général de Division	Sékou LY (deceased)	Armour	1984/86
06	Général de Brigade	Bougary SANGARÉ (deceased)		1985/89
07	Général de Brigade	Abdoulaye OUOLOGUEM (deceased)		1985/89
08	Général de Brigade	Amara DANFAGA (deceased)		1985/90
09	Général de Brigade	Sory Ibrahim SILLA (deceased)		1987/90
10	Général de Brigade	Mamadou COULIBALY		1987/91
3rd republic, Alpha Oumar Konaré, 1991 – 2002
11	Général d'Armée			20 January 1995
12	Général de Division	Bourama Siré TRAORÉ		1997/99
13	Général de Division	Cheick O. DIARRA (deceased)		1997/99
14	Général de Division	Kafougouna KONÉ		1997/99
15	Général de Division	Tiécoura DOUMBIA		1997/99
16	Général de Brigade	Mamadou DOUCOURÉ		1997/99
17	Général de Brigade	Abdoul Karim DIOP		1997/99
18	Général de Brigade	Siriman KEITA (deceased)		1999/2000
3rd republic, Amadou Toumani Touré, 2002 – 2010
19	Général de Brigade	Seydou TRAORÉ		2005
20	Général de Brigade	Salif TRAORÉ		2006
21	Général de Brigade	Sadio GASSAMA		1 January 2007
22	Général de Brigade	Toumani SISSOKO		1 January 2007
23	Général de Brigade	Pangassy SANGARÉ		1 January 2007
24	Général de Brigade	Tiefolo TOGOLA		1 January 2007
25	Général de Brigade	Brahima COULIBALY		1 January 2007
26	Général de Brigade	Lassana KONÉ		1 January 2007
27	Général de Division	Youssouf BAMBA		1 January 2007
28	Général de Division			1 January 2007
29	Général de Brigade	Naïny TOURÉ		1 January 2007
30	Général de Division	Gabriel POUDIOUGOU		12 June 2008
31	Général de Brigade	Mahamane TOURÉ		1 October 2010
32	Général de Brigade	Mamadou DIALLO		1 October 2010
33	Général de Brigade	Kalifa KEITA		1 October 2010
34	Général de Brigade	Bégrélé SIORO		1 October 2010
35	Général de Brigade	Mamadou TOGOLA		1 October 2010
36	Général de Brigade	Siaka SANGARÉ		1 October 2010
37	Général de Brigade	Samballa DIALLO		1 October 2010
38	Général de Brigade	Sirakoro SANGARÉ		1 October 2010
39	Général de Brigade	Djibril SANGARÉ	DCSSA	1 October 2010
40	Général de Brigade	Mohamed COULIBALY	DCSSA	1 October 2010
41	Général de Brigade	Kani DIABATÉ	DCSSA	1 October 2010
42	Général de Brigade	Minkoro KANÉ		1 October 2010
43	Général de Brigade	Youssouf GOÏTA		1 October 2010
44	Général de Brigade	Yakouba SIDIBÉ		1 October 2010
45	Général de Brigade	Ismaïla CISSÉ		1 October 2010
46	Général de Brigade	Lamine DIABIRA		1 October 2010
47	Général de Brigade	Cheick Fanta M. MAIGA	Administration	1 October 2010
48	Général de Brigade	Hamet SIDIBÉ		1 October 2010
49	Général de Brigade	Hamidou SISSOKO		1 October 2010
50	Général de Brigade	Idrissa DJILLA		1 October 2010
51	Général de Brigade	Sékou Hamed NIAMBÉlÉ	DTTA (transmission)	1 October 2010
52	Général de Brigade	Mady MACALOU	DCSSA	1 October 2010
53	Général de Brigade	Fanta KONIPO (décédé)	DCSSA	1 October 2010
54	Général de Brigade	Amadou Baba TOURÉ (décéssed)		1 October 2010
55	Général de Brigade	Waly SISSOKO		1 January 2012
56	Général de Brigade	Soumana KOUYATE		1 January 2012
57	Général de Brigade	Mady Boubou KAMISSOKO		1 January 2012
58	Général de Brigade	Mamadou Lamine BALLO		1 January 2012
59	Général de Brigade	Antoine Ibrahima NIENTAO	DCSSA	1 January 2012

Sources: Mali Actu 17 February 2012: Liste des généraux du Mali sous ATT : À quoi servaient-ils ? Quel sera leur sort ? and Le Monde-Duniya du 12 avril 2012: Les Generaux du MALI

Equipment

The goal of this list is to comprehensively catalogue Mali's current and past inventory of (armoured fighting) vehicles and heavy weaponry.^[23] Historically a major recipient of Soviet military aid, frequent arms deliveries in the 1970s and 1980s turned Mali into one of the strongest militaries in western Africa, operating advanced equipment such as dedicated tank destroyers, S-125 SAM systems and MiG-21bis jet fighters.

Equipment currently in service with the Malian Army!Name!Image!Origin!In service!Notes

Tanks
T-54			N/A	(Rarely used operationally).
PT-76 Mod. 1952			N/A	(Rarely used operationally).
		China	N/A	(In operational condition but not in active use).
Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs)
BRDM-2			N/A
Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs)
			N/A	(In operational condition but not in active use).
Armoured Personnel Carriers
BTR-152			N/A
			N/A	(At least one operates without a turret).
BTR-70			N/A
VN2C		China	N/A
Fahd		Egypt	N/A
Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles
Typhoon 4x4			N/A
			N/A
			N/A	(Armed with a HMG).
Tornado 6x6			N/A
Shrek One			N/A
OTT PUMA M36-15			N/A	(Armed with a 12.7mm DShK).
Paramount Maurader			N/A
Casspir			N/A
			N/A	(Armed with a 12.7mm DShK).
RG-31 Nyala			N/A	(Used by the Gendarmerie).
VP11		China	N/A
Infantry Mobility Vehicles (IMVs)
			N/A	(Armed with a 12.7mm M2 HMG).
ACMAT Bastion			N/A
ACMAT Bastion			N/A	(Ambulance).
URO VAMTAC			N/A
Stark Motors Storm			N/A
Kia KLTV			N/A	(Armed with a 7.62mm PKM LMG).
VN-4		China	N/A
			N/A
			N/A	(Not yet seen).
All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs)
Lynx CS/VP11		China	N/A
Utility Vehicles
ACMAT ALTV			N/A
ACMAT ALTV Ambulance			N/A
MasstecH T4			N/A
Kia KM420			N/A
			N/A
Kia KM450 Ambulance			N/A
		China	N/A
Toyota Land Cruiser			N/A
Toyota Land Cruiser Ambulance			N/A
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado			N/A
Toyota Land Cruiser GXR			N/A
			N/A
Nissan Frontera			N/A
Mitsubishi L200			N/A
Land Rover Defender			N/A
Land Rover Defender			N/A	(Ambulance).
Towed Artillery
100mm MT-12 'Rapira'			N/A
122mm D-30			N/A
Multiple Rocket Launchers (MRLs)
107mm Type-63		China	N/A
122mm 9P122 'Grad-P'			N/A
122mm BM-21 'Grad'			N/A
Mortars
60mm M57			N/A
82mm 82-BM-37			N/A
120mm PM-43			N/A
(Self-propelled) Anti-Aircraft Guns
12.7mm DShK			N/A
			N/A
14.5mm QJG-02		China	N/A
23mm ZSU-23-4 'Shilka'			N/A	(Rarely used operationally).
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Hawker Q800X			N/A
Trucks
			N/A
ACMAT VLRA 6x6			N/A
Berliet GBC-180			N/A
Renault T430			N/A
Renault Kerax			N/A
Renault Kerax Wrecker			N/A
SNVI M120		Algeria	N/A
SNVI M230			N/A
SNVI M350			N/A
Iveco 330.30 ANW			N/A
Iveco Eurocargo			N/A
DAF 2800 6x4			N/A
			N/A
			N/A
			N/A
			N/A
Mercedes-Benz Actros			N/A
Mercedes-Benz Atego			N/A
Magirus Eckhauber			N/A	(3. Generation).
Unimog 1300			N/A
Unimog 1300			N/A	(Ambulance).
			N/A
GAZ-3308 'Sadko'			N/A
Dongfeng EQ1092F		China	N/A
Dongfeng EQ140-1C			N/A
			N/A
FAW CA1122J			N/A
Howo Sinotruk 4x4			N/A
Howo Sinotruk 6x6			N/A
Hongyan Genlyon			N/A
Jiefang J5			N/A
Sachman SX2190			N/A
Engineering Vehicles
Caterpillar bulldozer		United States	N/A
M-Boot			N/A

Equipment formerly in service

Equipment formerly in service!Name!Image!Origin!In Stock!Notes

Tanks
T-34/85			N/A
FT-17			N/A
Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs)
BTR-40			N/A
9P133			N/A	(Some repurposed as fire-support vehicles armed with ZU-23s).
Towed Artillery
76mm ZiS-3			N/A
85mm D-44			N/A
Multiple Rocket Launchers (MRLs)
132mm BM-13			N/A
Anti-Aircraft Guns
			N/A
37mm M-1939			N/A
Surface-To-Air Missile Systems (SAMs)
S-125			N/A
Radars
P-12/18 'Spoon Rest'			N/A
P-15 'Flat Face A'			N/A
SNR-125 'Low Blow'			N/A	(for S-125), (Not yet seen).
Utility Vehicles
			N/A
			N/A
			N/A
Beijing BJ212		China	N/A
VW Iltis			N/A
VW T3			N/A
Land Rover Series III			N/A
Trucks
GAZ-66			N/A
			N/A
ZiL-157			N/A
MAZ-537			N/A
Ural-4320 Crane			N/A
Mercedes-Benz SK			N/A
Mercedes-Benz 1113			N/A	(Double Cabin).
MAN Hauber			N/A
Magirus Eckhauber			N/A
Unimog Ambulance			N/A	(Ambulance).
Renault R340			N/A
Unknown Truck		N/A	N/A
Engineering Vehicles
GSP-55			N/A
PTS			N/A
Hanomag Dozer			N/A
Grader		United States	N/A
Unknown Loader		N/A	N/A
Unknown Roller		N/A	N/A

Training establishments

The Malian armed forces have at least two significant training establishments:

• Joint Military School at Koulikoro
• Alioune Blondin Beye Peacekeeping Training School at Bamako

The Alioune Bloundin Beye school is the tactical-level component of a trio of three ECOWAS peacekeeping training schools: the Alioune Bloundin Beye school (EMPABB), the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre in Accra, Ghana (operational level), and the Nigerian National Defence College (strategic level).^[24] The school has trained over 6900 students since its opening and is currently supported financially and technically by seven countries and as well as the ECOWAS.^[25]

Air Force

See main article: Armée de l'Air du Mali. The Mali Air Force (Armée de l'air du Mali) was founded in 1961 with French supplied military aid. This included MH.1521 Broussard utility monoplane followed by two C-47 transports until Soviet aid starting in 1962 with four Antonov AN-2 Colt biplane transports and four Mi-4 light helicopters.^[26] It used to operate MiG jets but is currently equipped with cargo aircraft, light attack aircraft and helicopters.

Further reading

• 'Insurgency, disarmament, and insecurity in Northern Mali 1990–2004,' in Nicolas Florquin and Eric G. Berman (eds.) Armed and Aimless Armed Groups, Guns, and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region, Small Arms Survey,, May 2005
• Mahamadou Nimaga, 'Mali', in Alan Bryden, Boubacar N'Diaye, 'Security Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities,' DCAF/Lit Verlag, 2011.
• Jared Rudacille, "Security Sector Reform's Utility in Conflict Prevention," Monograph written as part of a degree requirement at the US School of Advanced Military Studies, November 2013. (Includes case study of US aid to security sector reform in Mali, 2004–2012.)

External links

• Soldiers training during the Northern Mali conflict
• http://www.jamana.org/lesechos/articles/2005/septembre/ec1_actu15_0905.html – two new Malian generals, total eight
• https://web.archive.org/web/20101224193445/http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/12/09BAMAKO815.html – "Closing ceremony of JCET training for Malian army"

Notes and References

1. http://www.primature.gov.ml/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6066:cinquantenaire-du-20-janvier&catid=5 DISCOURS DE AMADOU TOUMANI TOURE, PRESIDENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE, : CINQUANTENAIRE DU 20 JANVIER
2. http://www.primature.gov.ml/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3626%3A49eme-anniversaire-du-20-janvier&catid=5&Itemid=100037 49EME ANNIVERSAIRE DU 20 JANVIER
3. http://www.primature.gov.ml/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1580:fete-de-larmee--bientot-un-demi-siecle-dexistence&catid=29&Itemid=100110 Fete de l'armee: Beintot un demi siecle.
4. Financial Times, World Desk Reference Mali Defense
5. Web site: Trade Registers . Armstrade.sipri.org . 2019-01-06 . 14 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php . dead .
6. Web site: Mali Gets Warplanes From Russia, Drones From Turkey. The Defense Post. 2023-03-15. 31 July 2023. 31 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230731053048/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/03/16/mali-warplanes-russia-drones-turkey/. live.
7. Web site: The World Factbook. United States Federal Government. Central Intelligence Agency. 12 January 2017. 20 January 2017. 30 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/. live.
8. Library of Congress, Country Profile, January 2005
9. IISS Military Balance 2009 p.310
10. Herbert Howe, Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States, Lynne Rienner, 2005, p.277
11. http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=32145 État-major général des armées : Le colonel Gabriel Poudiougou promu Général de brigade
12. News: Dixon. Robyn. Robyn Dixon (journalist). Labous. Jane. 4 April 2012. Gains of Mali's Tuareg rebels appear permanent, analysts say. Los Angeles Times. Johannesburg and London. 10 February 2022. 10 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220210061205/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-apr-04-la-fg-mali-tuaregs-20120404-story.html. live.
13. News: Mali counter-coup fails . The Daily Telegraph . Mike . Pflanz . 1 May 2012 . 4 April 2018 . 5 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090458/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9238385/Mali-counter-coup-fails.html . live .
14. News: Mali troops return to key northern city after six-year absence. 2020-02-13. Reuters. 2020-02-14. en. 14 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200214055553/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-security-idUSKBN2072K0. live.
15. Web site: State Department . 24 May 2019 . 24 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190524234010/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/34329.pdf . live .
16. http://www.malikounda.com/nouvelle_voir.php?idNouvelle=20217{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
17. Web site: Mali | Africa Center for Strategic Studies . 9 March 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100228075627/http://africacenter.org/community/acss-chapters/mali/ . 28 February 2010 . dead .
18. [United States European Command]
19. Web site: Special Operations Command Europe Trains African Soldiers | EUCOM, Stronger Together . 24 December 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927125017/http://www.eucom.mil/english/FullStory.asp?article=Special-Operations-Command-Europe-Trains-African . 27 September 2011 . dead .
20. Ennaharonline.com, French troops for anti-terrorist training in Mali, 13 April 2010.
21. News: Saharan states to open joint military headquarters . 21 April 2010 . BBC . 22 April 2010 . 23 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100423121056/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8633851.stm . live . . See also http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/231198 – 09ALGIERS0048, on Tamanrassat committee
22. Web site: Mali: training in the use of the armored vehicle "Bastion". 22 February 2016. difesaonline.it. 5 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010550/http://en.difesaonline.it/news-forze-armate/missioni/mali-addestramento-allutilizzo-del-veicolo-blindato-bastion. 6 January 2019. live. dmy-all.
23. Web site: Oryx . Sons of Bamako - Malian Armed Forces Fighting Vehicles . 2023-03-21 . Oryx . 8 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221008205214/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/sons-of-bamako-malian-armed-forces.html . live .
24. http://www.ambafrance-gh.org/spip.php?article115 . Retrieved September 2011
25. http://www.empbamako.org/ Retrieved February 2015
26. World Aircraft Information Files. Brightstar Publishing, London. Files 337, Sheet 04.