Mali caste explained

The Mali are an occupational caste found among the Hindus who traditionally worked as gardeners and florists. They also call themselves Phul Mali due to their occupation of growing flowers. The Mali are found throughout North India, East India as well as the Terai region of Nepal and Maharashtra.Iravati Karve, an anthropologist, showed how the Maratha caste was generated from Kunbis who simply started calling themselves "Maratha". She states that Maratha, Kunbi and Mali are the three main farming communities of Maharashtra – the difference being that the Marathas and Kunbis were "dry farmers" whereas the Mali farmed throughout the year.[1]

Mali of Northern india

In Rajasthan, caste based outfits of Mali caste, like 'Mahatama Phule Brigade', which caters to various needs of community associates them with Kushwaha caste. It is consented that Maurya, Kushwaha, Shakya, Saini are the different terms used to describe same community in various parts of North India.[2] Mali used to serve in the royal palaces as jharabdar. A man named Lakho was prominent jharabdar in the reign of Maharaja Mansingh[3] of Marwar.

Malis of Rajasthan launched a protest by blocking Jaipur-Agra Highway in 2023; they demanded that a survey should be conducted by state in order to find out socio-economic status of the community in various regions of Rajasthan. They also demanded 12 percent reservation in government jobs and educational institutions in state for themselves and their sister communities, the Shakya, Kushwaha, Maurya and Saini. In this protest, they were joined by members of aforementioned communities.[4]

Adoption of the surname Saini

The Mali community of Rajasthan state adopted the surname Saini during the 1930s when India was under British colonial rule.[5] [6]

Mali caste of Maharashtra

The Mali of Maharashtra are a caste of cultivators specializing in horticulture.[7] The caste is concentrated in five districts of Western Maharashtra and a district in the Vidarbha region.[8] They traditionally made their living by cultivating fruit, flowers and vegetables.[9] [10] There are many different sub-castes depending on what the sub-group cultivated, for example, the Phul mali were florists, the Jire mali grew jire or cumin, and halde mali cultivated Halad (turmeric) etc.[11] [12] In the 20th century, the mali have been the pioneers in using irrigation to grow cash crops such as sugar cane and in establishing farmer owned sugar mills.[13] This led later in the century of wide spread cultivation of sugarcane in Western Maharashtra by other communities as well as the establishment hundreds of sugar mills in Maharashtra and other regions of India.[14] [15]

Social activism & politics

The 19th century social reformer, Jyotirao Phule belonged to the Mali community. His work extended to many fields including eradication of untouchability and the caste system, and women's emancipation. He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were pioneers of education for women and Dalits in India. The couple was among the first native Indians to open a school for girls of India. He also founded a home for pregnant Hindu brahmin widows who were cast out by their families. In 1873, Phule, along with his followers, formed the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) to attain equal rights for people from lower castes. Other Mali such as Gyanoba Sasane and Narayan lokhande were leading members and financial supporters of the Samaj in its early years.[16] Lokhande has been called the father of trade Unionism in India.[17]

The Mali in Nepal

The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Mali as a subgroup within the broader social group of Madheshi Other Caste.[18] At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 14,995 people (0.1% of the population of Nepal) were Mali. The frequency of Malis by province was as follows:

The frequency of Malis was higher than national average (0.1%) in the following districts:[19]

Notables

References

NotesCitationsMedia

Notes and References

  1. Book: Anthropometric measurements of the Marathas. Deccan College Postgraduate Research Institute. 13, 14. Irawati Karmarkar Karve. 1948. These figures as they stand are obviously wrong. The Marathas had not doubled their numbers between 1901 and 1911 nor were the Kunbis reduced by almost three-fourths. Either the recorders had made wrong entries or what is more probable, "Kunbi" as a caste-category was no longer acceptable to cultivators who must have given up their old appellation, Kunbi, and taken up the caste name, Maratha. ... The agricultural community of the Maratha country is made up of Kunbis, Marathas and Malis. The first two are dry farmers depending solely on the monsoon rains for their crop, while the Malis work on irrigated lands working their fields all the year round on well-water or canals and growing fruit, vegetables, sugarcane and some varieties of cereals.
  2. Web site: Caught off guard by Mali quota stir before polls, Gehlot invokes Rahul to pitch for caste census. Indian express. 25 April 2023 . 6 May 2023. 30 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230430210020/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/mali-quota-affidavits-ashok-gehlot-rahul-gandhi-caste-census-8575779/. live.
  3. Book: Jain, J k . Mansingh ri khyat . Rajasthan oriental research institute . 1979 . 1979 . Jodhpur . 20 . Hindi.
  4. Web site: Mali community calls off quota agitation in Rajasthan after 11 days. Indian express. 2 May 2023 . 26 August 2023.
  5. Aggarwal, Partap C . 1966 . Problems of Cultural Integration A Muslim Sub-Caste of North India . Economic and Political Weekly . 1 . 4 . 159–161 . 4356925 . ...the Malis (ie gardners who call themselves Saini now)...
  6. "At the time of 1941 Census most of them got registered themselves as Saini (Sainik Kshatriya) Malis." pp 7, Census of India, 1961, Volume 14, Issue 5, Office of the Registrar General, India.
  7. Book: Gail Omvedt. Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India. registration. 18 June 1993. M.E. Sharpe. 978-0-7656-3176-3. 336.
  8. Book: Christophe Jaffrelot . Sanjay Kumar . Rajendra Vora. Rise of the Plebeians? The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies. 4 May 2012. Routledge. 978-1-136-51662-7. 217.
  9. Book: Dr. S. L. PATIL. EXPORT OF IMPORTANT FRUIT CROPS OF MAHARASHTRA Volume-I. July 2017 . Lulu.com. 978-1-365-92369-2. 5.
  10. Book: O'Hanlon, Rosalind . Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India. 22 August 2002. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-52308-0. 105.
  11. Book: Govind Sadashiv Ghurye. Caste and Race in India. registration. 1969. Popular Prakashan. 978-81-7154-205-5. 38.
  12. Book: Maxine Berntsen. The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra. 1 January 1988. SUNY Press. 978-0-88706-662-7. 343.
  13. Lalwani. Mala. Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective. The Journal of Development Studies. 2008. 44. 10. 1474–1505. 10.1080/00220380802265108 . 154425894 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140117005640/http://www.mu.ac.in/arts/social_science/eco/pdfs/vibhuti/wp21.pdf. 17 January 2014. dmy-all.
  14. Attwood, D.W., 2010. How I Learned To Do Incorrect Research. Economic and Political Weekly, pp.37-44.https://www.jstor.org/stable/25742069?read-now=1&seq=6#page_scan_tab_contents
  15. Book: Donald W. Attwood. D W Attwood. Raising Cane: The Political Economy Of Sugar In Western India. https://books.google.com/books?id=SFyvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11. 16 September 2019. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-00-030891-4. The Bombay Deccan: Cane & Gul production.
  16. Bhadru. G.. Contribution of Satyashodhak Samaj to the Low Caste Protest Movement in 19th Century . Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 63 . 2002 . 845–854 . 44158153 .
  17. Narayan Meghaji Lokhande: The Father of Trade Union Movement in India. Economic and Political Weekly. 32. 7. 327–329. 4405089. Pandit. Nalini. 1997.
  18. https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II
  19. Web site: 2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report . 11 April 2023 . 14 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf . dead .
  20. Web site: No one is made CM on the basis of caste. The Print. 26 December 2022 . 2 October 2023.
  21. Web site: No one is made CM on the basis of caste . Outlook . PTI . 27 December 2022 . 3 October 2023.

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