| Icon Width: | 80px |
| Icon Alt: | Syriac Orthodox Church Under the Holy See of Antioch and All East |
| Jacobite Syrian Church | |
| Imagewidth: | 300px |
| Abbreviation: | JSC |
| Scripture: | Peshitta Vishudhagrandham (Malayalam Translation) |
| Polity: | Episcopal polity |
| Leader Title: | Patriarch of Antioch |
| Leader Title2: | Catholicos of India |
| Leader Name2: | Baselios Thomas I Catholicos Maphrian of the Syriac Orthodox Church |
| Leader Title3: | Malankara Metropolitan |
| Leader Name3: | Joseph Mor Gregorios |
| Division Type: | Affiliation |
| Division: | Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch |
| Division Type1: | Communion |
| Division1: | Oriental orthodox Church |
| Area: | India and Nasarani Malayali Diaspora |
| Language: | Malayalam, English, Hindi, Syriac, Tamil, Kannada |
| Liturgy: | West Syriac Rite Divine Liturgy of Saint James |
| Main Classification: | Oriental Orthodox Church |
| Orientation: | Early Christianity Eastern Christianity Syriac Christianity |
| Theology: | Miaphysitism |
| Headquarters: | Patriarch Ignatius Zaka I Iwas Centre (Patriarchal Centre) Puthencruz Kochi India |
| Founded Date: | 52 AD by tradition[1] [2] 1665 (Introduction of Oriental Orthodoxy in India) 1876 (as Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church) 2002 (as Catholicate of India)[3] [4] |
| Branched From: | Saint Thomas Christians Malankara Church |
| Separations: | Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (1912)[5] |
| Members: | 480,0000 in Kerala[6] |
| Website Title1: | Official News Portal |
| Website1: | J.S.C. |
The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church,[7] [8] [9] [10] or [11] the Syriac Orthodox Church in India,[12] [13] is a Maphrianate of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch based in Kerala, India and part of the Oriental Orthodox Church. It recognizes the Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and All the East as supreme head of the church. It functions autonomously within the church as an archdiocese, administered by the Malankara Metropolitan, Gregorios Joseph, and comes under the authority of the Catholicos of India, Baselios Thomas I. Following schism with the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, it is currently the only church in Malankara that is under the administrative supervision of Syriac Orthodox Church. The church employs the West Syriac Rite Liturgy of Saint James.[14] [15] [16]
In the aftermath of the Council of Chalcedon, Emperor Justinian I who supported the Chalcedonians, exiled Patriarch Severus of Antioch to Egypt, for refusing to accept the council, and professing Miaphysitism. The Syriac Orthodox Church is the church of Antioch that continued to accept Severus as patriarch until his death and died in 538 AD. During this turbulent time for the church, Jacob Baradaeus was consecrated as bishop with the support of Empress Theodora and he led and revived the church.[17] The term "Jacobite" was originally used as a derogatory word for Miaphysites from the church of Antioch, but were later embraced by the church.
Puthencruz is the headquarters of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church in India. It is registered as a society under the Societies Act of the Government of India. Its headquarters are named after Ignatius Zakka I. The property was bought and built under the leadership of Baselios Thomas I after the church faced difficulties in continuing its operations in Muvattupuzha after Baselios Paulose II's death.
See main article: Saint Thomas Christian Churches and Malankara Church. It is believed that Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar were placed under the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Antioch since AD 325 as per Canon 6 of the Council of Nicaea.[18] [19] They received episcopal support from Syriac bishops, who traveled to Kerala in merchant ships along the spice route, while the local administrative leader of the Saint Thomas Christians held the rank of archdeacon, which was a hereditary office held by the Pakalomattam family. In the 6th century, the churches outside of the Roman Empire(in Persia towards the East), were arranged under the catholicos of Seleucia, who after conflicts with the patriarch (leading to the Council of Capharthutha), joined the Church of the East, causing a further split in the Malankara Church.[20] In the 16th century, the overtures of the Portuguese Padroado to bring the Saint Thomas Christians into the Latin Church of the Catholic Church led to the first of several rifts in the community due to Portuguese colonialists, and the establishment of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. Since then, further splits have occurred, and the Saint Thomas Christians are now divided into several factions.
Saint Thomas Christians were administratively under the single native dynastic leadership of an archdeacon (a native ecclesiastical head with spiritual and temporal powers, deriving from the Greek term arkhidiākonos) and were in communion with the church in the Middle East from at least 496 AD. The indigenous Church of Malabar/Malankara followed the faith and traditions handed over by the apostle St. Thomas. In the 16th century, the Portuguese Jesuits deliberately attempted to annex the native Christians to the Catholic Church, and in 1599 they succeeded through the Synod of Diamper. Resentment against these forceful measures caused the majority of the community under Archdeacon Thomas to swear an oath never to submit to the Portuguese, known as the Coonan Cross Oath, in 1653.
Meanwhile, the Dutch East India Company defeated the Portuguese and gained supremacy over the spice trade in Malabar in 1663. The Malankara church used this opportunity to escape from Catholic persecution with the company's help. At the church's request, the Dutch brought Gregorius Abdul Jaleel of Jerusalem, a bishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church, aboard their trading vessel in 1665. The Malankara Church consolidated under Archdeacon Thoma welcomed Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, who regularized the canonical ordination of Thoma as a bishop. The Malankara Church gradually adopted West Syriac liturgy and practices.
As part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, the church uses the West Syriac liturgy and is part of the Oriental Orthodox Communion. It has dioceses in most parts of India as well as in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Western Europe, the Persian Gulf, Australia, and New Zealand. In 2003 it was estimated that the church had 1,000,000 (including Knanaya) members globally.[21]
The highest rank in the ecclesiastical hierarchy is the patriarch of Antioch, head of the Syriac Orthodox Church, who became the first among equals of the Diocese of the East as stated by the Council of Nicaea (Canon 6). The second among equals is the maphrian, also known as the catholicos of India, and is the head of the Jacobite Syrian Church in India, and first among the Syriac Orthodox bishops in India. There are also archbishops, and bishops.
There are three ranks of priesthood in the Syriac Orthodox Church:
The Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church of India established by Thomas the Apostle believes in apostolic succession within the hierarchy of the Syriac Orthodox Church, within the Oriental Orthodox communion. The Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, as a part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, rejects the Council of Chalcedon along with the rest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches.[22]
The church believes in the faith as proclaimed by the three Ecumenical Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus. It is under the Holy See of Antioch, established by Saint Peter, which was confirmed as a patriarchate in the Council of Nicaea, along with the Holy See of Alexandria, and the Holy See of Rome.
The Syriac Orthodox Church respects the relics of Saint Mary, and the saints. The most notable of these relics, are the Holy Girdle of the Theotokos and the relics of the Thomas the Apostle. The Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church kept some of these relics and celebrates them on occasions.[23] The church of India also has relics from other saints including St. George the Martyr, St. Cyricus the Martyr, as well as other saints.
See also: Liturgy of Saint James, Malankara Rite and West Syriac Rite.
The liturgical service is called Holy Qurbono in the Syriac language. The Liturgy of Saint James is celebrated on Sundays and special occasions. The Holy Eucharist consists of Gospel reading, Bible readings, prayers, and songs. Apart from certain readings, prayers are sung in the form of chants and melodies. Hundreds of melodies remain preserved in the book known as Beth Gazo.[24]
The official Bible of the church is the Peshitta or its Malayalam translation, Vishudhagrandham(വിശുദ്ധ ഗ്രന്ഥം) translated by Fr. Kurien Kaniamparambil.
The Jacobite Syrian Christians pray from the Shehimo during canonical hours in accordance with Psalm 119. In 1910, Reverend Konattu Mathen Malpan translated the prayer book of the Syrian orthodox church into Malayalam, known as Pampakuda Namaskaram, with permission from Ignatius Abded Aloho II.[25] [26] It is the common prayer book of Syrian Orthodox Christians in India.
The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church officially accepted Miaphysitism per pictorial evidence in St. Mary's Knanaya Church of Kottayam, Piravom Church, and Mulanthuruthy Church since the first millennium.[27]
The Nasrani Cross (Persian cross) is used by Syrian Christians of India, which spread in the early fourth century.[28]
The JSC and MOSC regularly engage in disputes over the former's staunch allegiance to the Syriac Orthodox Church. The latter proclaims the general agreement of territorial jurisdictions integral to the Orthodox churches around the world and alleges that the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate illegally interferes in the temporal matters of the Malankara Church. The JSC lost many of its prominent churches to the Malankara Orthodox after the Supreme Court of India's verdict, despite having absolute majority in many of those churches.[29] After the long struggle for talks on churches that were dismissed by Malankara Orthodox, the Jacobite Syrian Church decided to end their sacramental relationship with them in 2022.[30]
According to the Agreement of Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I and Pope John Paul II, the Catholic Church and Syriac Orthodox Church have a relationship between sacraments of penance, Eucharist and anointing of the sick for a grave spiritual need.[31] [32]
The Mar Thoma Syrian Church also known as Malankara Mar Thoma, or Reformed Syrian church of Malabar and Jacobite Syrian Church attend prayer meetings and marriage ceremonies together. They continue their synods in recognition of theological acceptance and Holy Communion from their understanding. The Holy Myron was given by Ignatius Elias II in 1842. The Mar Thoma church does not use the ecclesiastical title of Ignatius and Baselios to honor the Syriac Orthodox Church.[33]
See main article: Maphrian and List of maphrians. By the fourth century, the bishops of Antioch, Alexandria and Rome became the heads of the regional churches, and were known as patriarchs In the seventh century, the Syriac Orthodox Christians who lived outside the Roman Empire began using the title for its maphrian, for their head. This office ranked right below the Patriarch of Antioch in Syriac Orthodox church hierarchy, until it was abolished in 1860 and reinstated in 1964 in India.
See main article: Catholicos of India. The Maphrian of India(Catholicos) is an ecclesiastical office of the Syriac Orthodox Church and the local head of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church. He is the head of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, which is a part of the Syriac Orthodox Church. The jurisdiction of Catholicos is limited to India so to avoid disambiguation and avoid legal issues. The Syriac Orthodox Church uses the title Catholicos of India, distinct from Catholicos of the East.[34]
The following saints from Malankara are included in the 5th Diptych(Canon of the Church Fathers):
