Magnitsky Act Explained

Magnitsky Act
Fullname:Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012
Nickname:Magnitsky Act
Enacted By:112th
Introducedin:House
Introducedbill:"Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal Act of 2012"
Introducedby:Dave Camp (R-MI)
Introduceddate:July 19, 2012
Committees:House Ways and Means
Passedbody1:House
Passeddate1:November 16, 2012
Passedvote1:365–43
Passedbody2:Senate
Passeddate2:December 6, 2012
Passedvote2:92–4
Signedpresident:Barack Obama
Signeddate:December 14, 2012

The Magnitsky Act, formally known as the Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012, is a bipartisan bill passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in December 2012, intending to punish Russian officials responsible for the death of Russian tax lawyer Sergei Magnitsky in a Moscow prison in 2009 and also to grant permanent normal trade relations status to Russia.

The Global Magnitsky Act of 2016 within the NDAA 2017 authorizes the U.S. government to sanction those foreign government officials worldwide that are human rights offenders, freeze their assets, and ban them from entering the U.S.[1]

Background

In 2009, Russian tax lawyer Sergei Magnitsky died in a Moscow prison after investigating a $230 million fraud involving Russian tax officials. Magnitsky was accused of committing the fraud himself by Russian officials and detained.[2] While in prison, Magnitsky developed gall stones, pancreatitis and calculous cholecystitis and was not given medical treatment for months. After almost a year of imprisonment, he was beaten to death while in custody.[3] [4] [5]

Magnitsky's friend Bill Browder, a prominent American-born businessman who worked extensively in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, publicized the case and lobbied American officials to pass legislation sanctioning Russian individuals involved in corruption. Browder brought the case to Senators Benjamin Cardin and John McCain, who proposed legislation.[6]

Law

In June 2012, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs reported to the House a bill called the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (H.R. 4405).[7] The main intention of the law was to punish Russian officials who were thought to be responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitsky by prohibiting their entrance to the United States and their use of its banking system. The legislation was taken up by a Senate panel the next week, sponsored by Senator Ben Cardin, and cited in a broader review of the mounting tensions in the international relationship.[8] [9] Browder later wrote that the Magnitsky Act found quick bipartisan support because the corruption exposed by Magnitsky was blatant beyond dispute, and "[t]here wasn't a pro-Russian-torture-and-murder lobby to oppose it."[10] p. 329

The Obama administration fought the bill until Congress signaled the 2012 Jackson–Vanik bill would not be repealed unless the Magnitsky Act passed. In November 2012, provisions of the Magnitsky bill were attached to a House bill (H.R. 6156) normalizing trade with Russia (i.e., repealing the Jackson–Vanik amendment) and Moldova.[11] On December 6, 2012, the U.S. Senate passed the House version of the law, 92–4.[12] The law was signed by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2012.[13] [14] [15] [16]

Individuals affected

In April 2013, the Obama administration made public a list of 18 individuals affected by the Act. The people included on the list were:[17] [18] [19] [20]

Other foreign individuals who have been sanctioned include:

January 2017 blacklisting

On January 9, 2017, under the Magnitsky Act, the United States Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control updated its Specially Designated Nationals List and blacklisted Aleksandr I. Bastrykin, Andrei K. Lugovoi, Dmitri V. Kovtun, Stanislav Gordievsky, and Gennady Plaksin, which froze any of their assets held by American financial institutions or transactions with those institutions and banned their traveling to the United States.[44] [45]

Actions by the Russian government

In response to the adoption of the Magnitsky Act, the Russian government denied Americans adoption of Russian children, issued its own list of American officials prohibited from entering Russia, and posthumously convicted Magnitsky.[46] The Russian government reportedly lobbied against the legislation acting through a public relations company led by Kenneth Duberstein.[47] Later, a Russian lawyer, Natalia Veselnitskaya was hired to lobby against the Magnitsky Act in the US. She set up a meeting with Donald Trump's son, Donald Trump Jr., purportedly to discuss the matter.[48] [49]

Ban on U.S. adoption of Russian children

See main article: Dima Yakovlev Law. On December 19, 2012, the State Duma voted 400 to 4 to ban the international adoption of Russian children into the United States. The bill was unofficially named after Dmitri Yakovlev (Chase Harrison), a Russian toddler who died of heat stroke in 2008 when his adoptive American father forgot he was in the back seat of his SUV.[50] [51] The next year, 2013, two more laws were proposed: one was to prevent US citizens from working with political NGOs in Russia, and a second law, eventually abandoned, prevented any foreigner from speaking on state television if they discredited the state.[52]

Banning some U.S. officials from Russia

See main article: Guantanamo List. On April 13, 2013, Russia released a list banning 18 Americans from entering Russia for alleged human rights violations, in a response to the Magnitsky list.[53] The Russian lawmakers also banned several U.S. officials involved in the prosecution and trial of Russian arms smuggler Viktor Bout and drug smuggler Konstantin Yaroshenko, the latter still serving prison time in the United States.[54] [55]

Reception

Australian expatriate jurist Geoffrey Robertson, who had been representing some of the Magnitsky campaigners, described the Act as "one of the most important new developments in human rights." He added that it provides "a way of getting at the Auschwitz train drivers, the apparatchiks, the people who make a little bit of money from human rights abuses and generally keep under the radar."[56]

State Duma deputy Yevgeny Fedorov argued that the real purpose of the Magnitsky bill was to manipulate key figures in big business and government, with the aim of pro-American policy in the Russian Federation.[57]

In 2018, the British parliament passed a so-called ‘Magnitsky amendment’ to the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act to give the government the power to impose sanctions on people who commit gross human rights violations.[58]

Bill Van Auken of the World Socialist Web Site condemned the United States for what he described as invoking human rights as a cover for realpolitik in the Magnitsky Act, stating that Washington DC officials had supported "far greater crimes, [such] as when Boris Yeltsin in 1993 ordered the bombardment of the Russian White House, the seat of the country’s parliament, killing 62 people".[59] [60]

The controversial 2016 Russian documentary The Magnitsky Act – Behind the Scenes presents a falsified[61] view of Magnitsky, asserting that "Magnitsky was not beaten while in police custody, and that he did not make any specific allegations against individuals in his testimony to Russian authorities". In its review of the controversial documentary, The Guardian includes views of those sceptical of the documentary such as Petras Auštrevičius, Lithuanian member of the European Parliament who also serves on the Foreign Affairs Committee, who said the push to screen the film was one of several moves by the Russian authorities to weaken western confidence in its policy line and secure a review of European Union sanctions against Russia later that year.[62]

In a July 2017 interview on CNN's Fareed Zakaria GPS, Bill Browder discussed the Magnitsky Act and topics such as the reasons why Putin is directly threatened by it, the money given by the Russian government to more than 10,000 Russian human-rights abusers, the June 2016 Trump Tower meeting, and the power and influence of Russian money in Washington, D.C. at the time.[63]

Liberal Russian dissidents Vladimir V. Kara-Murza and Boris Nemtsov both approved of the act, calling it "pro-Russian."[64] [65]

2017 oversight

President Donald Trump gave a memorandum to Congress on the implementation of the Act on April 21, 2017.[66]

In May 2017, US authorities settled a case against Prevezon Holding, one of the companies used for laundering the money exfiltrated from Russia as result of the fraud discovered by Sergey Magnitsky. The settlement dismissed the case, and the real-estate company agreed to pay a $5.8 million fine.[67] [68] Also in May 2017, an investigation was started on the £6.6m allegedly transferred from the fraud scheme into a banking firm in the UK.[69]

On September 8, 2017, President Trump, in a memorandum, delegated authority to alter the financial sanctions in this act to the Secretary of the Treasury, and the issue of visas to the Secretary of State.[70]

Global Magnitsky Act

Passage

In 2016, Congress enacted the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, which allows the U.S. government to sanction foreign government officials implicated in human rights abuses anywhere in the world.[71]

Initially introduced as separate legislation by Senator Benjamin Cardin (D-MD) in the Senate[72] and Representative Chris Smith (R-NJ) in the House,[73] the Global Magnitsky Act was ultimately incorporated as Title XII, Subtitle F (sections 1261 through 1265) of the omnibus National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (NDAA FY 2017), which became law on December 23, 2016.[74]

Legal framework

The legal framework for the Global Magnitsky Sanctions consists of the following executive order, multiple public laws (statutes), and regulations:[75]

Sanctions imposed through EO 13818

Effective 21 December 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump issued Executive Order 13818, the first implementation of the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, under which the U.S. government imposed sanctions against 13 individuals described as "human rights abusers, kleptocrats, and corrupt actors."[76] [77] The decision was announced by US Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin.[76] President Trump said that he was "declaring a national emergency with respect to serious human-rights abuse and corruption around the world."[78] The sanctioned individuals included Yahya Jammeh, former president of The Gambia, and Roberto Jose Rivas Reyes, president of Nicaragua's Supreme Electoral Council.[79] An additional 39 affiliated companies and individuals were also sanctioned by the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).

Dan Gertler

According to The Economist, Dan Gertler, an "Israeli mining billionaire" and longtime close friend of Joseph Kabila, who was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) for decades, was also listed in President Trump's EO Annex and placed on the OFAC financial sanctions list.[80] All of Gertler's assets that were under U.S. jurisdiction were blocked. According to a February 2018 article in The Economist, the sanctions statement said that Gertler had "amassed his fortune through hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of opaque and corrupt mining and oil deals" in the DRC.[81] Included in the Executive Order is the list of designated entities "affiliated with" Gertler:[82]

2018

In June 2018, Félix Bautista, a member of the Senate of the Dominican Republic and five companies owned or controlled by him were sanctioned by the U.S. Department of Treasury under the Global Magnitsky Act due to his involvement in significant corruption. Bautista has reportedly engaged in bribery in relation to his position as a Senator, and is alleged to have engaged in corruption in Haiti, where he used his connections to win public works contracts to help rebuild Haiti following several natural disasters, including one case where his company was paid over $10 million for work not completed.[83]

In July 2018, three Nicaraguans were added to the OFAC sanctions list. Nicaraguan National Police Commissioner Francisco Javier Diaz Madriz (Diaz) and Secretary of the Mayor's Office of Managua Fidel Antonio Moreno Briones (Moreno) were sanctioned for being responsible for, or the leaders of entities involved in, serious human rights abuse in Nicaragua. Additionally, OFAC designated Jose Francisco Lopez Centeno (Lopez), the Vice President of ALBA de Nicaragua (ALBANISA) and President of Petronic, for engaging in corrupt activities.[84]

In August 2018, the Treasury Department sanctioned top Turkish government officials, Turkish Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül and Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu, who were involved in the detention of American pastor Andrew Brunson.[85] Daniel Glaser, the former Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing under President Barack Obama, said: "It’s certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a NATO ally. "I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody, so I think it falls within the scope of the Global Magnitsky Act."[86]

In November 2018, the Treasury Department announced the imposition of Global Magnitsky Act sanctions against 17 Saudi Arabian officials who "targeted and brutally killed" Saudi dissident journalist Jamal Khashoggi, who lived and worked in the United States.[87]

2020

On July 9, 2020, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned a Chinese government entity (the Xinjiang Public Security Bureau) and four current or former government officials for serious rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR).[88] The sanctions were imposed on the basis of serious human rights abuses which reportedly included mass arbitrary detention and severe physical abuse, among other serious abuses targeting Uyghurs (the Turkic Muslim population indigenous to Xinjiang) and other ethnic minorities in the region.

The four sanctioned individuals were:

On July 31, 2020, the OFAC further sanctioned Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), Sun Jinlong, a former Political Commissar of the XPCC, and Peng Jiarui, the Deputy Party Secretary and Commander of the XPCC, for their connection to similar human rights abuses against the ethnic minorities in XUAR.[89]

The XPCC is a paramilitary organization in the XUAR subordinate to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), created to enhance internal control over the region. XPCC was used by XUAR CCP Secretary Chen Quanguo, who was subject to similar sanctions on July 9, 2020, to implement a comprehensive surveillance, detention, and indoctrination program targeting Uyghurs and other ethnic minority groups. The sanction generally prohibits all transactions by U.S. persons or taking place within the United States involving any property or interests in property of the sanctioned entities. The sanctions are listed by the OFAC as part of "an ongoing effort to deter human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region."

2021

Filipos Woldeyohannes, Chief of staff of the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), was sanctioned under the Magnitsky Act on August 23, 2021, for his command responsibility as head of the EDF, involved in war crimes and sexual violence in the Tigray War.

In Paraguay, Kassem Mohamad Hijazi, Khalil Ahmad Hijazi and Liz Paola Doldan, despachantes (dispatchers) operating in the tri-border area of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, and whose money laundering operation was estimated to have amassed hundreds of millions of dollars, were also sanctioned by the act.[90]

Sanctions imposed through EO 13936

On August 7, 2020, the U.S. Department of Treasury sanctioned 11 individuals "for undermining Hong Kong's autonomy and restricting the freedom of expression or assembly of the citizens of Hong Kong."[91]

These sanctions were made pursuant to Executive Order (E.O.) 13936, which was issued on July 14, 2020, by President Trump to declare a national emergency with respect to the situation in Hong Kong, where actions by China "fundamentally undermine Hong Kong's autonomy and democratic processes."[91]

The sanctioned individuals are:

Calls for additional sanctions

In September 2017, a group of NGOs and anti-corruption organizations identified 15 international cases where alleged crimes were committed. Individuals from countries, including Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mexico, Panama, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam, were nominated for sanctions.[92]

In December 2017, Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain stated that,

The Trump Administration has failed to take up cases presented regarding serious human rights abuses committed by Bahraini government officials. Ultimately, there were no individuals or entities from any Arab League member state designated in the Global Magnitsky Act’s first list of designees, despite the submission of eligible cases.[93]
In August 2018, Senator Marco Rubio and a bipartisan group of 16 other members of Congress urged the United States to impose sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act against Chinese officials responsible for human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority in Xinjiang.[94] In December 2019, the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act was passed in the House of Representatives, which calls for the imposition of sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act.[95] The 2019 annual report of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China called for Congress to consider sanctions against Chinese officials under the Global Magnitsky Act for crimes against humanity.[96] [97]

On April 7, 2020, Rep. Chris Smith, called on Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to form a task force "to identify and investigate" Chinese government officials for their role in allegedly silencing doctors and journalists who have spoken out about China's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, Smith suggested that the U.S. apply the Global Magnitsky Act to target specific Chinese officials involved in going after whistleblowers, without punishing the country as a whole.[98]

On December 15, 2021, 18 United States senators co-signed a letter to U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen, asking them to sanction the NSO Group under the Magnitsky Act, due to the Israeli firm's controversy regarding its Pegasus smartphone spyware product.[99]

Similar laws in other jurisdictions

See main article: Magnitsky legislation.

Canadian Magnitsky Law

Short Title:Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (Sergei Magnitsky Law)
Long Title:An Act to provide for the taking of restrictive measures in respect of foreign nationals responsible for gross violations of internationally recognized human rights and to make related amendments to the Special Economic Measures Act and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
Quote:S.C. 2017, c. 21
Territorial Extent:Canada
Date Assented:October 18, 2017
Amends:Special Economic Measures Act and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
Status:current

In March 2015, the parliament of Canada passed an initial motion towards passing such a law.[100] Canada's Sergei Magnitsky Law, officially the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act, received royal assent and was passed into law on October 18, 2017.[101] The Act is regulated by the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Regulations.[102]

On November 29, 2018, Canada amended the Regulations to include 17 foreign nationals from Saudi Arabia, who were accused of being responsible for or complicit in gross violations of internationally recognized human rights, particularly the torture and extrajudicial killing of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi.

In Europe

In March 2019, the European Parliament passed a resolution 447–70 in favor of passing a Magnitsky Act for the European Union.[103] In her September 2020 State of the European Union address, Ursula von der Leyen stated that one of the European Commission's goals was passing a European Magnitsky Act.[104] The EU Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime was enacted in 2020.

On 6 July 2020, United Kingdom’s Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab announced the first sanctions under a law similar to the Global Magnitsky Act, where 47 individuals came under travel restrictions and asset freezes. The regulations were meant to give the government a power to impose sanctions on those involved in the worst human rights abuses around the world.[105]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Putin hinted he wanted Trump to give him access to one man — and it reveals his greatest weakness . Business Insider . Alexandra Ma . July 17, 2018 . July 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180718005726/http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-putin-bill-browder-magnitsky-act-press-conference-2018-7 . July 18, 2018 . live .
  2. News: Eckel . Mike . U.S. Settles Magnitsky-Linked Money Laundering Case On Eve Of Trial . . May 13, 2017 . March 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135922/https://www.rferl.org/a/magnitsky-prevezon-u-s-settlement-6-million/28483793.html . March 10, 2018 . live .
  3. News: Q&A: The Magnitsky affair. BBC News. July 11, 2013. March 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180228105032/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20626960. February 28, 2018. live.
  4. News: Russia puts dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky on trial. Perth Now. Agence France-Presse. December 27, 2012. January 1, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130101123649/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077.
  5. News: Bill Browder's Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee. The Atlantic. Rosie. Gray. July 25, 2017. July 31, 2017. ... they put him in an isolation cell, chained him to a bed, and eight riot guards came in and beat him with rubber batons. That night he was found dead on the cell floor.. https://archive.today/20170726042452/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/bill-browders-testimony-to-the-senate-judiciary-committee/534864/. July 26, 2017. live.
  6. News: Trindle. Jamila. The Magnitsky Flip-Flop. Foreign Policy. May 15, 2014. March 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135815/https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/15/the-magnitsky-flip-flop/. March 10, 2018. live.
  7. News: Russia Human Rights Legislation Passes Foreign Affairs Committee. United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs. June 7, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130110194137/http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401. January 10, 2013.
  8. News: Baker, Peter. Peter Baker (author). Syria Crisis and Putin's Return Chill U.S. Ties With Russia. March 10, 2018. The New York Times. June 13, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021328/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/europe/putins-return-brings-rapid-chill-to-us-russia-ties.html. March 11, 2018. live.
  9. News: Belton . Catherine . Catherine Belton . Dyer . Geoff . 'Magnitsky law' makes progress in Senate . . June 26, 2012 . December 18, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170910024135/https://www.ft.com/content/e2bcc8b6-bfac-11e1-8bf2-00144feabdc0 . September 10, 2017 . live .
  10. [Bill Browder|Browder, Bill]
  11. News: House Passes Russia Trade Bill With Eye on Rights Abuses. November 17, 2012. The New York Times. November 16, 2012. Peters, Jeremy W.. https://web.archive.org/web/20121117084831/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/americas/house-votes-to-increase-trade-with-russia.html. November 17, 2012. live.
  12. News: Russia fumes as U.S. Senate passes Magnitsky law aimed at human rights. December 6, 2012. December 11, 2012. The Washington Post. Kathy. Lally. Will. Englund. https://web.archive.org/web/20180201214824/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/us-passes-magnitsky-bill-aimed-at-russia/2012/12/06/262a5bba-3fd5-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html. February 1, 2018. live.
  13. Web site: Statement by the Press Secretary on H.R. 6156 . ObamaWhiteHouse.archives.gov . December 14, 2012 . March 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170716072712/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/12/14/statement-press-secretary-hr-6156 . July 16, 2017 . . . live .
  14. News: Obama signs Magnitsky Act linked with Jackson–Vanik Amendment termination. Interfax. December 14, 2012. December 26, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20140223105742/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=383015. February 23, 2014. live.
  15. News: Obama Signs Magnitsky Bill. Moscow Times. March 10, 2018. December 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801193201/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/obama-signs-magnitsky-bill-20207. August 1, 2017. live.
  16. Web site: Obama signs Russia rights law despite Putin fury . https://web.archive.org/web/20121218222752/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141. Stephen . Collinson. . December 14, 2012 . December 18, 2012.
  17. Web site: Magnitsky Sanctions Listings. United States Department of the Treasury. April 12, 2013. March 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180311141341/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20130412.aspx. March 11, 2018. live.
  18. News: Factbox: Who's who on the U.S. Magnitsky list. https://web.archive.org/web/20130416061627/https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html. Yahoo! News. April 12, 2013. April 16, 2013. Reuters.
  19. News: Magnitsky List release: severe blow on Moscow-US ties. April 12, 2013. Voice of Russia. https://web.archive.org/web/20130617090515/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/. June 17, 2013.
  20. News: Chechnya moves to silence Oyub Titiev, a courageous critic. The Economist. January 17, 2018. January 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180118014829/https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21734932-after-chechen-human-rights-defender-predicted-state-would-plant-drugs-him-police-claim. January 18, 2018. live.
  21. News: Khashoggi case: Report links suspects to Saudi prince . . 18 October 2018 . 20 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011536/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/khashoggi-case-report-links-suspects-to-saudi-prince . 20 October 2018 . live .
  22. Web site: Frost . Natasha . 2018-11-15 . The 17 Saudis sanctioned by the US in Khashoggi's murder . 2024-06-10 . Quartz . en.
  23. Web site: 2024-06-07 . Treasury Targets Additional Individuals Involved in the Sergei Magnitsky Case and Gross Violations of Human Rights in Russia . 2024-06-11 . U.S. Department of the Treasury . en.
  24. Web site: January 17, 2024 . Imposing Sanctions on Former Guatemalan Official for Corruption . U.S. Department of State.
  25. Web site: Sanctions List Search . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211201412/https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=40809 . Feb 11, 2023 . live .
  26. Web site: August 17, 2018 . Treasury Sanctions Commanders and Units of the Burmese Security Forces for Serious Human Rights Abuses . U.S. Department of the Treasury.
  27. Web site: Treasury Sanctions Chinese Entity and Officials Pursuant to Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act | U.S. Department of the Treasury . July 9, 2020 . July 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200709192814/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1055 . live .
  28. Web site: U.S. imposes sanctions on Lebanese president's son-in-law . Reuters . 6 November 2020 .
  29. News: EE.UU. impone fuertes sanciones a Horacio Cartes y Hugo Velázquez . U.S. imposes strong sanctions on Horacio Cartes and Hugo Velázquez . ABC Color . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . es.
  30. News: EEUU impone sanciones financieras a Horacio Cartes y Hugo Velázquez . US imposes financial sanctions on Horacio Cartes and Hugo Velázquez . Última Hora . 26 January 2023 . 26 January 2023 . es.
  31. Web site: Sanctions List Search . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608232532/https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=40811 . 8 June 2023 . live .
  32. Web site: Treasury Sanctions Former Ugandan Inspector General of Police for Role in Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corruption. March 19, 2024 .
  33. News: U.S. imposes sanctions on Cambodian PM's associates over alleged corruption. Reuters. December 10, 2019. Reuters.com. May 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200319070242/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-usa-idUSKBN1YE0CF. March 19, 2020. live. Thul. Prak Chan.
  34. Web site: Global Magnitsky Designation | Office of Foreign Assets Control .
  35. Web site: U.S. Department of State . Global Magnitsky Program Designations for Corruption and Serious Human Rights Abuse . 18 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191218085759/https://www.state.gov/global-magnitsky-program-designations-for-corruption-and-serious-human-rights-abuse/ . December 18, 2019 . live .
  36. Web site: 2019-07-18 . US sanctions four Iraqis for rights abuses, corruption . 2024-06-11 . France 24 . en.
  37. Web site: Sanctions List Search . 8 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608231118/https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=40787 . 8 June 2023 . live .
  38. Web site: August 19, 2021 . Treasury Sanctions Senior Cuban Officials in Response to Violence Against Peaceful Demonstrators . U.S. Department of the Treasury.
  39. Web site: Sanctions List Search . 8 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608225632/https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=40806 . 8 June 2023 . live .
  40. Web site: December 10, 2019 . Treasury Sanctions Individuals for Roles in Atrocities and Other Abuses . U.S. Department of the Treasury.
  41. Web site: Sanctions List Search . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211200213/https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=40800 . Feb 11, 2023 . live .
  42. Web site: July 18, 2019 . Treasury Sanctions Persons Associated with Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corrupt Actors in Iraq . U.S. Department of the Treasury.
  43. Web site: December 9, 2020. Treasury Sanctions Corrupt Actors in Africa and Asia. 2020-12-09. U.S. Department of the Treasury.
  44. News: Landler. Mark. Mark Landler. January 9, 2017. U.S. to Blacklist 5 Russians, a Close Putin Aide Among Them. The New York Times. live. January 9, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170110142301/http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/us/politics/russian-sanctions-obama-administration.html. January 10, 2017.
  45. Web site: January 9, 2017. Magnitsky-related Designations; Counter Terrorism Designations; Office of Foreign Assets Control: Specially Designated Nationals List Update. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023627/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20170109.aspx. January 10, 2017. January 9, 2017. United States Department of the Treasury.
  46. News: Dead Russian lawyer Magnitsky found guilty. Associated Press. Jim. Heintz. July 11, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130714160622/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty. July 14, 2013.
  47. Web site: Абаринов. Владимир. Противозаконное задержание. Graniru.org. March 11, 2018. ru. August 3, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20180311201833/https://graniru.org/opinion/abarinov/m.199413.html. March 11, 2018. live.
  48. News: Sullivan. Andy. Mohammed. Arshad. Trump Jr. emails suggest he welcomed Russian help against Clinton. March 11, 2018. Reuters. July 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180609140658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-emails/trump-jr-emails-suggest-he-welcomed-russian-help-against-clinton-idUSKBN19W1VW. June 9, 2018. live.
  49. News: Watkins. Ali. U.S. officials probing Russian lobbyist who met Trump team. March 11, 2018. Politico. July 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180311202820/https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/14/russia-lobbyist-rinat-akhmetshin-us-investigation-240562. March 11, 2018. live.
  50. News: Russia Vote Favors Ban on Adoptions by Americans. David M.. Herszenhorn. December 19, 2012. December 20, 2012. The New York Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20121219225136/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/world/europe/russia-votes-to-ban-all-adoptions-by-americans.html. December 19, 2012. live.
  51. News: Jackman, Tom. Toddler's tragic death in Herndon, in overheated car, continues as political issue in Russia four years later. The Washington Post. December 12, 2012. December 20, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121215030325/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-state-of-nova/post/toddlers-tragic-death-in-herndon-in-overheated-car-continues-as-political-issue-in-russia-four-years-later/2012/12/12/c6a6c9c6-43e4-11e2-9648-a2c323a991d6_blog.html. December 15, 2012. live.
  52. News: J.Y. . Russian politics: The Kremlin's new Anti-Americanism . . January 30, 2013 . April 14, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203144436/http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/01/russian-politics?fsrc=scn%2Ftw%2Fte%2Fbl%2Fthekremlinsnewantiamericanism . December 3, 2013 . live .
  53. Web site: Russia bans 18 Americans after similar US move. 2021-04-22. AP NEWS. April 13, 2013 .
  54. News: Englund, Will . Russia retaliates against U.S., bans American officials . . April 13, 2013 . April 14, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130414043202/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russia-bans-american-officials-in-retaliatory-move/2013/04/13/9de797ae-a429-11e2-9c03-6952ff305f35_story.html . April 14, 2013 . live .
  55. News: Loiko . Sergei L. . 18 Americans barred from Russia in tit-for-tat sanctions . . April 13, 2013 . April 14, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130627133125/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/13/world/la-fg-wn-18-americans-barred-from-russia-in-titfortat-sanctions-20130413 . June 27, 2013 . live .
  56. Web site: International human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson speaks on fate of Assange. Australian Human Rights Commission. March 11, 2018. December 18, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20180311202402/https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/international-human-rights-lawyer-geoffrey-robertson-speaks-fate-assange. March 11, 2018. dead.
  57. News: Фёдоров. Евгений. Список Магнитского – манипуляция. March 11, 2018. Russia.ru. November 29, 2012. ru. https://web.archive.org/web/20180311202406/http://tv.russia.ru/video/diskurs_13815/. March 11, 2018. dead.
  58. Web site: Magnistky legislation House of Commons Library. live. June 16, 2020. June 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200616125630/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8374/.
  59. Web site: Van Auken. Bill. Moscow calls Obama's human rights bluff. World Socialist Web Site. March 11, 2018. April 16, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022555/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/04/16/pers-a16.html. March 12, 2018. live.
  60. News: Yeltsin crushes revolt. Hearst. David. Steele. Jonathan. October 5, 1993. The Guardian. February 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180215143552/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst. February 15, 2018. live.
  61. Web site: Lies of Nekrasov-Piraya anti-Magnitsky "Documentary" .
  62. News: Eckel. Mike. June 10, 2016. Controversial film on Sergei Magnitsky's death set for US screening. The Guardian. August 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180725021237/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/10/controversial-film-russia-lawyers-sergei-magnitsky-death-screening. July 25, 2018. live.
  63. News: Zakaria. Fareed. Browder. Bill. The Magnitsky Act and the Russia investigation. March 11, 2018. CNN. July 16, 2017. video. https://web.archive.org/web/20180725002218/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEStb5DedNA. July 25, 2018. live.
  64. News: The Kremlin revives a Soviet-style law against dissent. 2018-05-18. The Washington Post. Kara-Murza. Vladimir. August 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180731201027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2018/05/18/the-kremlin-revives-a-soviet-style-law-against-dissent/. July 31, 2018. live.
  65. Web site: A Russian Patriot and His Country, Part I. National Review. April 9, 2017. August 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20191217031825/https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/04/russian-patriot-and-his-country-part-i-vladimir-kara-murza/. December 17, 2019. live.
  66. News: Trump pledges crackdown on rights abusers in Russia and beyond. David M.. Herszenhorn. Politico. April 21, 2017. April 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170423070437/http://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-crackdown-on-rights-abusers-in-russia/. April 23, 2017. live.
  67. News: Scannell. Kara. US strikes $5.8m deal on Russia money-laundering case. March 11, 2018. Financial Times. May 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140335/https://www.ft.com/content/31fd3496-3669-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3. June 12, 2018. live.
  68. Web site: Son of Senior Russian Government Official to Pay US$5.9 Million to the US Treasury in the First Money Laundering Action Linked to Magnitsky Case. LawAndOrderInRussia.org. May 13, 2017. May 13, 2017. press release. https://web.archive.org/web/20170910125554/http://lawandorderinrussia.org/2017/son-of-senior-russian-government-official-to-pay-us-5-9-million-to-the-us-treasury-in-the-first-money-laundering-action-linked-to-magnitsky-case/. September 10, 2017. live.
  69. News: Police probe UK links to Magnitsky money. Vardy. Emma. May 20, 2017. BBC News. May 20, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170520013230/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39964545. May 20, 2017. live.
  70. Web site: Presidential Memorandum for the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury. March 11, 2018. September 8, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120202253/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-secretary-state-secretary-treasury/. January 20, 2021. National Archives. White House. live.
  71. Web site: The US Global Magnitsky Act: Questions and Answers. Human Rights Watch. November 27, 2017. September 13, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180117064801/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/us-global-magnitsky-act. January 17, 2018. live.
  72. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/284/related-bills S.284 - Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act. 114th Congress (2015-2016)
  73. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/624 H.R.624 - Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, 114th Congress (2015-2016)
  74. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/2943 S.2943 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017
  75. Web site: LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE GLOBAL MAGNITSKY SANCTIONS, Global Magnitsky Sanctions. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. 4 August 2021.
  76. https://www.state.gov/background-briefing-on-the-rollout-of-the-global-magnitsky-sanctions/ Background Briefing on the Rollout of the Global Magnitsky Sanctions
  77. Web site: Executive Order Blocking the Property of Persons Involved in Serious Human Rights Abuse or Corruption. Trump. Donald. 21 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120202448/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-blocking-property-persons-involved-serious-human-rights-abuse-corruption/. January 20, 2021. National Archives. White House. live.
  78. News: Donald Trump has shown a surprising enthusiasm for sanctions - Financial carpet-bombing . The Economist . 28 November 2019 . 5 December 2019 . Washington, DC . https://web.archive.org/web/20191205230622/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2019/11/28/donald-trump-has-shown-a-surprising-enthusiasm-for-sanctions . December 5, 2019 . live .
  79. United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe. United States Department of the Treasury. January 12, 2018. December 21, 2017. press release. https://web.archive.org/web/20180110030934/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0243. January 10, 2018. live.
  80. Web site: Issuance of Global Magnitsky Executive Order; Global Magnitsky Designations. 21 December 2017. United States Department of the Treasury and Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFCA). 12 February 2018. Treasury.gov. https://web.archive.org/web/20171221152628/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20171221.aspx. December 21, 2017. dead.
  81. News: Mining firms are dismayed by a new Congolese mining law: But they have more to lose if President Joseph Kabila falls from power . The Economist . 10 February 2018 . 12 February 2018 . Cape Town, South Africa . https://web.archive.org/web/20180420201613/https://www.economist.com/news/business/21736595-they-have-more-lose-if-president-joseph-kabila-falls-power-mining-firms-are-dismayed . April 20, 2018 . live .
  82. Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act Annual Report. 28 December 2018. 5 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191205231740/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/12/28/2018-28311/global-magnitsky-human-rights-accountability-act-annual-report. Federal Register. December 5, 2019. live.
  83. Treasury Sanctions Two Individuals and Five Entities Under Global Magnitsky Act . . June 13, 2018 . June 13, 2019 . press release . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613062551/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0411 . June 13, 2018 . live . Bautista has been publicly accused of money laundering and embezzlement.
  84. Treasury Sanctions Three Nicaraguan Individuals for Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corrupt Acts. July 5, 2018. U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua. July 6, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180706191518/https://ni.usembassy.gov/treasury-sanctions-three-nicaraguan-individuals-for-serious-human-rights-abuse-and-corrupt-acts/. July 6, 2018. live.
  85. News: US sanctions Turkey over Pastor Brunson detention . The National . August 1, 2018 . August 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180801211131/https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/us-sanctions-turkey-over-pastor-brunson-detention-1.756238 . August 1, 2018 . live .
  86. News: US sanctions Turkish officials over detained pastor . Politico . August 1, 2018 . August 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180803114029/https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-administration-to-sanction-turkish-officials-over-imprisonment-of-american-pastor-andrew-brunson/ . August 3, 2018 . live .
  87. Treasury Sanctions 17 Individuals for Their Roles in the Killing of Jamal Khashoggi . United States Department of the Treasury . 15 November 2018 . December 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191224073010/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm547 . December 24, 2019 . live .
  88. Web site: US Department of Treasury Press Release . US Government . July 9, 2020 . July 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200709160652/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1055 . live .
  89. Web site: PRESS RELEASES Treasury Sanctions Chinese Entity and Officials Pursuant to Global Magnitsky Human Rights Executive Order . An Official Website of the U.S. Government . U.S. Department of the Treasury . August 1, 2020.
  90. Web site: US sanctions Paraguay individuals and entities accused of corruption. August 27, 2021 .
  91. Web site: Press Release on August 7, 2020 . An Official Website of the United States Government . U.S. Department of Treasury . August 9, 2020.
  92. Web site: NGOs Identify Human Rights Abusers, Corrupt Actors for Sanctions Under U.S. Bill. Human Rights First. November 27, 2017. September 13, 2017. press release. https://web.archive.org/web/20171015023603/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/ngos-identify-human-rights-abusers-corrupt-actors-sanctions-under-us-bill. October 15, 2017. live.
  93. "Trump Administration Selectively Implements Global Magnitsky Human Rights and Accountability Act ". Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB). December 22, 2017.
  94. News: Group of U.S. lawmakers urges China sanctions over Xinjiang abuses. Reuters. 29 August 2018. December 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181125202825/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-rights/group-of-us-lawmakers-urges-china-sanctions-over-xinjiang-abuses-idUSKCN1LE2MK. November 25, 2018. live.
  95. News: U.S. House Passes Xinjiang Bill, Prompting Threat From China. Flatley. Daniel. December 4, 2019. Bloomberg News. December 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191204124523/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-03/u-s-house-ramps-up-china-tensions-with-uighur-human-rights-bill. December 4, 2019. live.
  96. News: U.S. commission says China may be guilty of "crimes against humanity". Allen-Ebrahimian. Bethany. January 8, 2020. Axios. January 10, 2020. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200108162544/https://www.axios.com/us-commission-says-china-may-be-guilty-crimes-against-humanity-31058b21-c92e-45b3-b18a-590c950ce34c.html. January 8, 2020.
  97. News: China's Actions in Xinjiang May Amount to 'Crimes Against Humanity,' Says US Rights Report. Lipes. Joshua. January 8, 2020. Radio Free Asia. January 10, 2020. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200110144608/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/cecc-01072020190715.html. January 10, 2020.
  98. Web site: GOP rep eyes 'Magnitsky' law to punish Chinese officials on coronavirus cover-up, urges Pompeo probe. Ronn. Blitzer. April 7, 2020. Fox News. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407202541/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/gop-rep-magnitsky-china-pompeo. April 7, 2020. live.
  99. Web site: Srivastava . Mehul . The secret Uganda deal that has brought NSO to the brink of collapse . December 21, 2021 . 31 December 2021.
  100. News: Clark. Campbell. All parties signal support for Magnitsky law to sanction Russian officials. March 11, 2018. The Globe and Mail. March 25, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20190225141127/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/all-parties-signal-support-for-magnitsky-law-to-sanction-russian-officials/article23617841/. February 25, 2019. live.
  101. Web site: Senate Public Bill 42nd Parliament, 1st Session . LEGISinfo . Parliament of Canada . July 1, 2020 . July 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703122843/https://www.parl.ca/LEGISInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=8232682&Language=E . live .
  102. "Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act." Canada's International Relations. Ottawa: Government of Canada. October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  103. News: Brzozowski . Alexandra . EU ministers break ground on European 'Magnitsky Act' . 16 September 2020 . . 10 December 2019.
  104. News: Emmott . Robin . Be courageous in diplomacy, EU chief says, proposing new sanctions . 16 September 2020 . Reuters . 16 September 2020 . en.
  105. News: Britain's new toughness on human rights abusers is a welcome change. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200713034015/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/britains-new-toughness-on-human-rights-abusers-is-a-welcome-change/2020/07/12/3eab212e-c1ff-11ea-9fdd-b7ac6b051dc8_story.html. July 13, 2020. 12 July 2020. The Washington Post.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Magnitsky Act".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.