Mae Jemison Explained

Mae Jemison
Birth Name:Mae Carol Jemison
Birth Date:17 October 1956
Birth Place:Decatur, Alabama, U.S.
Education:Stanford University (BA, BS)
Cornell University (MD)
Type:NASA astronaut
Time:7d 22h 30m
Selection:NASA Group 12 (1987)
Mission:STS-47
Retirement:March 1993

Mae Carol Jemison (born October 17, 1956) is an American engineer, physician, and former NASA astronaut. She became the first African-American woman to travel into space when she served as a mission specialist aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992. Jemison joined NASA's astronaut corps in 1987 and was selected to serve for the STS-47 mission, during which the Endeavour orbited the Earth for nearly eight days on September 12–20, 1992.

Born in Alabama and raised in Chicago, Jemison graduated from Stanford University with degrees in chemical engineering as well as African and African-American studies. She then earned her medical degree from Cornell University. Jemison was a doctor for the Peace Corps in Liberia and Sierra Leone from 1983 until 1985 and worked as a general practitioner. In pursuit of becoming an astronaut, she applied to NASA.

Jemison left NASA in 1993 and founded a technology research company. She later formed a non-profit educational foundation and through the foundation is the principal of the 100 Year Starship project funded by DARPA. Jemison also wrote several books for children and appeared on television several times, including in a 1993 episode of . She holds several honorary doctorates and has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame and the International Space Hall of Fame.

Early life and education

Mae Carol Jemison was born in Decatur, Alabama, on October 17, 1956,[1] [2] the youngest of three children of Charlie Jemison and Dorothy Jemison .[3] Her father was a maintenance supervisor for a charity organization, and her mother worked most of her career as an elementary school teacher of English and math at the Ludwig van Beethoven Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois.[4] [5] The family first lived in Woodlawn and later the Morgan Park neighborhoods.[6] Jemison knew from a young age that she wanted to study science and someday go into space.[7] The television show Star Trek and, in particular, African-American actress Nichelle Nichols' portrayal of Lieutenant Uhura further stoked her interest in space.[8] [9] [10]

Jemison enjoyed studying nature and human physiology, using her observations to learn more about science. Although her mother encouraged her curiosity[8] and both her parents were supportive of her interest in science, she did not always see the same support from her teachers.[11] When Jemison told a kindergarten teacher she wanted to be a scientist when she grew up, the teacher assumed she meant she wanted to be a nurse. Seeing a lack of female astronauts during the Apollo missions also frustrated Jemison. She later recalled, "everybody was thrilled about space, but I remember being irritated that there were no women astronauts."

Jemison began studying ballet at the age of 8 or 9 and entered high school at 12 years old, where she joined the cheerleading team and the Modern Dance Club.[12] [13] Jemison had a great love for dance from a young age. She learned several styles of dance, including African and Japanese, as well as ballet, jazz, and modern dance. As a child, Jemison had aspirations of becoming a professional dancer.[14] At the age of 14, she auditioned for the leading role of Maria in West Side Story. She did not get the leading role but was selected as a background dancer.[15]

After graduating from Chicago's Morgan Park High School in 1973,[16] Jemison entered Stanford University at the age of 16. Although she was young to be leaving home for college, Jemison later said it did not faze her because she was "naive and stubborn enough". There were very few other African-American students in Jemison's classes and she continued to experience discrimination from her teachers.[17] In an interview with The Des Moines Register in 2008, Jemison said that it was difficult to go to Stanford at 16 but that her youthful arrogance may have helped her;[18] she asserted that some arrogance is necessary for women and minorities to be successful in a white male dominated society.

At Stanford, Jemison served as head of the Black Students Union. She also choreographed a musical and dance production called Out of the Shadows.[19] During her senior year in college, she struggled with the choice between going to medical school or pursuing a career as a professional dancer after graduation;[20] she graduated from Stanford in 1977, receiving a B.S. degree in chemical engineering. and B.A. degree in African and African-American studies.[21] While at Stanford, she also pursued studies related to her childhood interest in space and first considered applying to NASA.[22]

Medical career

Jemison attended Cornell Medical School and during her training, traveled to Cuba, to conduct a study funded by American Medical Student Association and to Thailand, where she worked at a Cambodian refugee camp.[23] She also worked for Flying Doctors stationed in East Africa. During her years at Cornell, Jemison continued to study dance by enrolling in classes at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. After graduating with an M.D. degree in 1981, she interned at Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center in 1982, and worked as a general practitioner for Ross–Loos Medical Group.

Jemison joined the staff of the Peace Corps in 1983 and served as a medical officer until 1985. She was responsible for the health of Peace Corps volunteers serving in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Jemison supervised the Peace Corps' pharmacy, laboratory, medical staff as well as providing medical care, writing self-care manuals, and developing and implementing guidelines for health and safety issues. She also worked with the Centers for Disease Control helping with research for various vaccines.[24]

NASA career

Upon returning to the United States after serving in the Peace Corps, Jemison settled in Los Angeles, California. In Los Angeles, she entered into private practice and took graduate-level engineering courses. Inspired by the flights of Sally Ride and Guion Bluford in 1983, Jemison applied to the astronaut program in October 1985. After NASA postponed selection of new candidates after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, Jemison reapplied in 1987. She was chosen out of roughly 2,000 applicants for 15 slots in NASA Astronaut Group 12, the first selected after Challenger. The Associated Press covered her as the "first black woman astronaut" in 1987.[25] CBS featured Jemison as one of the country's "most eligible singles" on Best Catches, a television special hosted by Phylicia Rashad and Robb Weller in 1989.[26]

Jemison's work with NASA before her shuttle launch included launch support activities at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida and verification of Shuttle computer software in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL).[27] On September 28, 1989, she was selected to join the STS-47 crew as Mission Specialist 4 and was also designated Science Mission Specialist, a new astronaut role being tested by NASA to focus on scientific experiments.[28]

STS-47

See main article: STS-47. Jemison flew her only space mission from September 12 to 20, 1992, as one of the seven-member crew aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour,[4] [29] on mission STS-47, a cooperative mission between the United States and Japan, as well as the 50th shuttle mission.[30] Jemison logged 190 hours, 30 minutes, 23 seconds in space and orbited the earth 127 times.[31] [32] The crew was split into two shifts with Jemison assigned to the Blue Shift. Throughout the eight-day mission, she began communications on her shift with the salute "Hailing frequencies open", a quote from Star Trek.[33] Jemison took a poster from the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater along with her on the flight.[34] She also took a West African statuette and a photo of pioneering aviator Bessie Coleman, the first African American with an international pilot license.[35]

STS-47 carried the Spacelab Japan module, a cooperative mission between the United States and Japan that included 43 Japanese and United States life science and materials processing experiments. Jemison and Japanese astronaut Mamoru Mohri were trained to use the Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise (AFTE),[36] a technique developed by Patricia S. Cowings that uses biofeedback and autogenic training to help patients monitor and control their physiology as a possible treatment for motion sickness, anxiety and stress-related disorders.[37] [38] Aboard the Spacelab Japan module, Jemison tested NASA's Fluid Therapy System, a set of procedures and equipment to produce water for injection, developed by Sterimatics Corporation. She then used IV bags and a mixing method, developed by Baxter Healthcare, to use the water from the previous step to produce saline solution in space.[39] Jemison was also a co-investigator of two bone cell research experiments. Another experiment she participated in was to induce female frogs to ovulate, fertilize the eggs, and then see how tadpoles developed in zero gravity.[40]

Resignation from NASA

Jemison resigned from NASA in March 1993 to start a company.[41] NASA training manager and author Homer Hickam, who had trained Jemison for her flight, later expressed some regret that she had departed.

Post-NASA career

Jemison served on the board of directors of the World Sickle Cell Foundation from 1990 to 1992. In 1993, she founded The Jemison Group Inc., a consulting firm which considers the sociocultural impact of technological advancements and design.[42] Jemison also founded the Dorothy Jemison Foundation for Excellence and named the foundation in honor of her mother.[43] One of the projects of the foundation is The Earth We Share, a science camp for students aged 12 to 16. Founded in 1994,[44] camps have been held at Dartmouth College, Colorado School of Mines, Choate Rosemary Hall and other sites in the United States, as well as internationally in South Africa, Tunisia, and Switzerland.[45] The Dorothy Jemison Foundation also sponsors other events and programs, including the Shaping the World essay competition, Listening to the Future (a survey program that targets obtaining opinions from students), Earth Online (an online chatroom that allows students to safely communicate and discuss ideas on space and science), and the Reality Leads Fantasy Gala.[46]

Jemison was a professor of environmental studies at Dartmouth College from 1995 to 2002 where she directed the Jemison Institute for Advancing Technology in Developing Countries.[47] In 1999, she also became an Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University.[48] Jemison continues to advocate strongly in favor of science education and getting minority students interested in science.[49] She is a member of various scientific organizations, such as the American Medical Association, the American Chemical Society, the Association of Space Explorers and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[50]

In 1999, Jemison founded BioSentient Corp and obtained the license to commercialize AFTE, the technique she and Mohri tested on themselves during STS-47.

In 2012, Jemison made the winning bid for the DARPA 100 Year Starship project through the Dorothy Jemison Foundation for Excellence. The Dorothy Jemison Foundation for Excellence was awarded a $500,000 grant for further work. The new organization maintained the organizational name 100 Year Starship. Jemison is the current principal of the 100 Year Starship.[51]

In 2018, she collaborated with Bayer Crop Science and National 4-H Council for the initiative named Science Matters which was aimed at encouraging young children to understand and pursue agricultural sciences.[52] [53]

Books

Jemison's first book, Find Where the Wind Goes (2001), is a memoir of her life written for children.[54] She describes her childhood, her time at Stanford, in the Peace Corps and as an astronaut.[55] School Library Journal found the stories about her earlier life to be the most appealing. Book Report found that the autobiography gave a realistic view into her interactions with her professors, whose treatment of her was not based on her intelligence but on stereotypes of woman of color.[56]

Her A True Book series of four children's books published in 2013 is co-authored with Dana Meachen Rau.[57] Each book in the series has a "Find the Truth" challenge, true or false questions answers to which are revealed at the end of the story. School Library Journal found the series to be "properly tantalizing surveys" of the Solar System but criticized the inclusion of a few outdated theories in physics and astronomy.[58]

Public profile

LeVar Burton learned that Jemison was an avid Star Trek fan and asked her if she would be interested in being on the show. In 1993, Jemison appeared as Lieutenant Palmer in "Second Chances", an episode of the science fiction television series , becoming the first real-life astronaut to appear on Star Trek.[59] [60]

From 1999 to 2005, Jemison was appointed an Andrew Dickson White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University.[61] [62]

Jemison is an active public speaker who appears before private and public groups promoting science and technology. "Having been an astronaut gives me a platform," says Jemison, "but I'd blow it if I just talked about the Shuttle." Jemison uses her platform to speak out on the gap in the quality of health-care between the United States and the Third World, saying that "Martin Luther King [Jr.]... didn't just have a dream, he got things done."[63] Jemison has also appeared as host and technical consultant of the science series World of Wonder which aired on the Discovery Channel from 1994 to 1998.[64] [65]

In 2006, Jemison participated in African American Lives, a PBS television miniseries hosted by Henry Louis Gates Jr., that traces the family history of eight famous African Americans using historical research and genetic techniques.[66] Jemison found to her surprise that she is 13% East Asian in her genetic makeup. She also learned that some of her paternal ancestors were slaves at a plantation in Talladega County, Alabama.[67]

Jemison participated in the Red Dress Heart Truth fashion show, wearing Lyn Devon, during the 2007 New York Fashion Week to help raise money to fight heart disease.[68] In May of the same year, she was the graduation commencement speaker and only the 11th person in the 52-year history of Harvey Mudd College to be awarded an honorary D.Eng. degree.[69]

On February 17, 2008, Jemison was the featured speaker for the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Alpha Kappa Alpha, the first sorority established by African-American college women. Jemison paid tribute to Alpha Kappa Alpha by carrying the sorority's banner with her on her shuttle flight. Her space suit is a part of the sorority's national traveling Centennial Exhibit. Jemison is an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha.[70]

Jemison participated with First Lady Michelle Obama in a forum for promising girls in the Washington, D.C. public schools in March 2009.[71]

In 2014, Jemison also appeared at Wayne State University for their annual Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Tribute Luncheon.[72] In 2016, she partnered with Bayer Corporation to promote and advance science literacy in schools, emphasizing hands-on experimentation.[73]

She took part in the Michigan State University's lecture series, "Slavery to Freedom: An American Odyssey", in February 2017.[74] In May 2017, Jemison gave the commencement speech at Rice University.[75] She discussed the 100 Year Plan, science and education and other topics at Western Michigan University also in May 2017.[76]

In 2017, LEGO released the "Women of NASA" set, with minifigures of Jemison, Margaret Hamilton, Sally Ride, and Nancy Grace Roman.[77] [78] The Google Doodle on March 8, 2019 (International Women's Day) featured a quote from Jemison: "Never be limited by other people's limited imaginations."[79]

Personal life

Jemison built a dance studio in her home and has choreographed and produced several shows of modern jazz and African dance.[80]

In the spring of 1996, Jemison filed a complaint against a Texas police officer, accusing him of police brutality during a traffic stop that ended in her arrest. She was pulled over by Nassau Bay police officer Henry Hughes for allegedly making an illegal U-turn and arrested after Hughes learned of an outstanding warrant on Jemison for a speeding ticket.[81] In the process of arresting her, the officer twisted her wrist and forced her to the ground, as well as having her walk barefooted from the patrol car into the police station.[82] In her complaint, Jemison said the officer physically and emotionally mistreated her.[83] Jemison's attorney said she believed she had already paid the speeding ticket years ago. She spent several hours in jail and was treated at an area hospital after release for deep bruises and a head injury.[84] The Nassau Bay officer was suspended with pay pending an investigation,[85] but the police investigation cleared him of wrongdoing. She filed a lawsuit against the city of Nassau Bay and the officer.

Honors and awards

Institutions

Honorary doctorates

Filmography

Publications

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

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  65. Book: Uhl. Xina M.. Mae Jemison: First Female African American Astronaut. Alagna. Magdalena. 2019. Rosen Publishing. 978-1-7253-4049-7. 86. en.
  66. News: 'African American Lives' traces roots around the world. Ryan. Suzanne C.. January 31, 2006. San Francisco Chronicle. October 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20090203174619/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F01%2F31%2FDDGQ2GVQUL1.DTL. February 3, 2009. live.
  67. Web site: African American Lives – Profiles: Mae Jemison. 2006. Thirteen (PBS). May 24, 2019.
  68. Web site: Celeb models wear red for charity as NY fashion week opens 8 days of previews. Canada.com. February 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20160105023234/http://www.canada.com/topics/entertainment/story.html?id=5ccc7fdf-4a85-4afc-824d-ef40591b11c3&k=60036. January 5, 2016. dead.
  69. Web site: HMC Honors Grads at 49th Commencement. hmc.edu. Harvey Mudd College. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232841/https://www.hmc.edu/old-news/commencement2007.php. March 3, 2016. live. December 26, 2016.
  70. Web site: Former astronaut urges audience to learn science. Trischitta. Linda. February 18, 2008. Sun-Sentinel.com. en-US. May 10, 2019.
  71. News: First lady tells students to aim their goals high. Superville. Darlene. March 19, 2009. San Diego Tribune. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912014407/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-michelle-obama-031909-2009mar19-story.html. September 12, 2017. live. en-US.
  72. News: Former NASA astronaut Mae Jemison to deliver keynote during Wayne State's annual Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Tribute. January 13, 2014. Wayne State University. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012349/https://wayne.edu/newsroom/release/2014/01/13/former-nasa-astronaut-mae-jemison-to-deliver-keynote-during-wayne-states-annual-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-tribute-5175. September 12, 2017. live. en.
  73. News: Stop Taking All the Fun Out of Science, Astronaut Mae Jemison Pleads. Stevens. Heidi. October 4, 2015. The Anniston Star. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912101941/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13708260/the_anniston_star/. September 12, 2017. live. 34. Newspapers.com.
  74. News: First Black Female Astronaut a Speaker. Dozier. Vickki. February 1, 2017. Lansing State Journal. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055607/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13708067/lansing_state_journal/. September 12, 2017. live. A3. Newspapers.com.
  75. Web site: Former Astronaut Mae Jemison to speak at Rice's 2017 Commencement. Almond. B.J.. Rice University. Rice University News & Media. https://web.archive.org/web/20170502221052/http://news.rice.edu/2016/12/19/former-astronaut-mae-jemison-to-speak-at-rices-2017-commencement/. May 2, 2017. live. May 15, 2017.
  76. News: Blaze a Path to Alpha Centauri. Fitzpatrick. Andy. March 25, 2017. Battle Creek Enquirer. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055902/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13707863/battle_creek_enquirer/. September 12, 2017. live. A3. Newspapers.com.
  77. News: Women of NASA Lego toy set now on sale for $24.99. Science. June 22, 2017. Business Insider. https://web.archive.org/web/20171101183328/http://www.businessinsider.com/lego-female-scientists-engineers-nasa-kit-2017-11. November 1, 2017. live. November 1, 2017.
  78. News: Women Of NASA To Be Immortalized – In Lego Form. Kennedy. Merrit. March 1, 2017. NPR. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170910134907/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/01/517968169/women-of-nasa-to-be-immortalized-in-lego-form. September 10, 2017. live. en.
  79. Web site: On International Women's Day, Google Celebrates NASA Pioneer Mae Jemison. Sloat. Sarah. March 8, 2019. Inverse. March 17, 2019. Jemison, famously the first African-American woman to go to space, is quoted from a talk she gave in 2009 at the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students. Her full statement reads: Never be limited by other people's limited imaginations... If you adopt their attitudes, then the possibility won't exist because you'll have already shut it out... You can hear other people's wisdom, but you've got to re-evaluate the world for yourself..
  80. News: Mae Jemison's Aha! Moment. Oprah.com. May 25, 2019. en-us.
  81. News: Astronaut's Arrest Leads to Officer's Suspension. March 1, 1996. The Galveston Daily News. September 11, 2017. 8. Newspapers.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012038/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13705400/the_galveston_daily_news/. September 12, 2017. live.
  82. Book: Russell-Brown, Katheryn. --> The Color of Crime. 2009. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-7617-9. 64. en.
  83. Web site: Ex-astronaut Jemison Accuses Cop Of Brutality. Gary Borg. Chicago Tribune. March 1, 1996. December 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151222174922/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-03-01/news/9603010227_1_mae-jemison-warrant-internal-affairs-division. December 22, 2015. live.
  84. News: Lawsuit: Ex-astronaut Roughed-Up, Handcuffed. April 22, 1997. The Galveston Daily News. September 11, 2017. 5. Newspapers.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055359/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13710140/the_galveston_daily_news/. September 12, 2017. live.
  85. March 18, 1996. Former Astronaut Mae Jemison Arrested in Texas; Files Complaint Against White Police Officer. Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 89. 18. 8.
  86. Book: Distinguished African Americans in Aviation and Space Science. Gubert. Betty Kaplan. Sawyer. Miriam. Fannin. Caroline M.. 2002. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-1-57356-246-1. 176. en.
  87. Web site: Jemison. Mae. Fast Facts. Honorary Member. Gamma Sigma Sigma National Service Sorority, Inc.. February 2, 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140204032801/http://www.gammasigmasigma.org/facts/Facts/2. February 4, 2014.
  88. Book: Oakes, Elizabeth H.. Encyclopedia of World Scientists. 2007. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-1882-6. 372. en.
  89. Web site: Mae C. Jemison. The Montgomery Fellows. December 28, 2016. Dartmouth College. en. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171112140545/http://montgomery.dartmouth.edu/mae-c-jemison. November 12, 2017. live.
  90. News: The 50 Most Beautiful People in the World. 39. 17. May 3, 1993. People.com. September 11, 2017. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012624/http://people.com/archive/the-50-most-beautiful-people-in-the-world-vol-39-no-17/. September 12, 2017. live.
  91. Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. .
  92. Web site: Mae Jemison. Texas Women's Hall of Fame. Texas Woman's University. en. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011712/https://www.twu.edu/twhf/honorees/mae-jemison/. September 12, 2017. live.
  93. Web site: NOW's First Annual Intrepid Awards Gala: Dr. Mae C. Jemison. July 10, 2003. National Organization for Women. https://web.archive.org/web/20140318062145/http://www.now.org/organization/gala/2003/jemison.html. March 18, 2014. dead.
  94. Web site: Mae Carol Jemison. International Space Hall of Fame. New Mexico Museum of Space History. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170615152051/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=151. June 15, 2017. live.
  95. News: X-Prize Group Founder to Speak at Induction. El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. October 17, 2004. 59. Newspapers.com.
  96. News: The Rachel Carson Award Honorees. February 23, 2016. Audubon. September 11, 2017. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20160910072136/http://www.audubon.org/about/rachel-carson-award-honorees. September 10, 2016. live.
  97. News: Aldrin Foundation Raises Money for Space Education. Leonard. Suzy Fleming. July 16, 2017. Pensacola News Journal. September 11, 2017. A2. Newspapers.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012247/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13707795/pensacola_news_journal/. September 12, 2017. live.
  98. News: Honorary Chancellor Named at 2019 Founders Day Convocation. Jemison. Mae. March 15, 2019. Florida Southern News Center. March 18, 2019.
  99. Web site: Doctor Mae C. Jemison to Receive 2021 Sylvanus Thayer Award . West Point Association of Graduates. October 7, 2021 .
  100. Web site: Mae Jemison School / Homepage. Prairie Hills School District. en. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011931/https://www.phsd144.net/maejemison. September 12, 2017. live.
  101. Web site: About Our School / The BDJ Way: School History. Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Academy. en. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912020052/http://www.baltimorecityschools.org/domain/9737. September 12, 2017. dead.
  102. News: Green. Erica L.. June 11, 2013. City school board approves three new charters. The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore. February 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000045/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/education/bs-md-ci-charter-school-vote-20130611-story.html . February 21, 2019 . live.
  103. News: Jemison High School, McNair Junior High construction soon to be underway. Bonvillian. Crystal. January 27, 2015. AL.com. September 11, 2017. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055129/http://www.al.com/news/huntsville/index.ssf/2015/01/huntsville_boe_jan_27.html. September 12, 2017. live.
  104. News: Commencements; Remember Ethics, Graduates Are Told. May 31, 2000. The New York Times. May 10, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
  105. News: Jessee. Willa. Kids join moms in graduation line. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The Sentinel. May 23, 2005. February 2, 2007. https://archive.today/20120729020556/http://www.cumberlink.com/articles/2005/05/23/news/news05.txt. July 29, 2012. live.
  106. Web site: Worthy of note: Honors, awards, appointments, etc.. Summer 2006. Dartmouth Medicine. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719183130/http://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/summer06/html/vs_worthy_of_note.php. July 19, 2011.
  107. Web site: Honorary degrees bestowed upon distinguished guests. May 19, 2007. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035940/http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=2159. July 20, 2011.
  108. Fall 2017. Class Notes. DePaul Magazine. 1. 412020. 37.
  109. Web site: DePaul to Welcome Array of Luminaries at 2008 Commencements. June 13, 2008. DePaul University. May 10, 2019.
  110. Web site: Entrepreneur and Astronaut Mae Jemison To Receive Honorary Degree at Rensselaer. May 1, 2007. RPI News. en. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20150910202203/http://news.rpi.edu/luwakkey/2114. September 10, 2015. live.
  111. Web site: 2019-05-08 . COH to Award Honorary Doctorate to Dr. Mae C. Jemison . 2023-02-17 . Department of Africana Studies University of Arizona . en.
  112. Web site: Laudatio - Motivatio Mae Jemison . 2023-02-17 . www.kuleuven.be . nl.
  113. Web site: Keaggy . Diane Toroian . 2022-03-25 . Astronaut Mae Jemison to deliver Commencement address at Washington University in St. Louis - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis . 2023-02-17 . The Source . en-US.
  114. Web site: Mae Jemison awarded Clarkson University honorary degree . 2023-02-17 . NNY360 . May 22, 2022 . en.
  115. Web site: 4 September 2023 . University College Dublin Conferring Ceremony . 4 September 2023 . ucd.ie.
  116. Web site: Susan B. Anthony Slept Here. Films Media Group. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912101909/https://films.com/title/6017. September 12, 2017. live.
  117. News: Star Trek Trip Lasts 30 Years. October 7, 1996. Marshfield News-Herald. Associated Press. September 11, 2017. 1. Newspapers.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912060035/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13710094/marshfield_newsherald/. September 12, 2017. live.
  118. News: Real-life Wiseguys. Kogan. Rick. March 9, 1993. Chicago Tribune. September 11, 2017. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012156/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-03-09/features/9303190278_1_crime-new-explorers-prison-term. September 12, 2017. live.
  119. News: We Owe It All to Captain Kirk. May 21, 2006. Sunday Mercury. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011745/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-146025795.html. September 12, 2017. dead.
  120. Web site: Mae Jemison. African American Lives. PBS.org. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055222/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aalives/2006/profile_jemison.html. September 12, 2017. live.
  121. Web site: No Gravity. 10:15 Productions. en-US. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012040/http://1015productions.fr/en/portfolio_page/no-gravity/. September 12, 2017. live.
  122. News: Talk Shows. July 20, 2016. Courier-Post. September 11, 2017. D6. Newspapers.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912060017/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13708165/courierpost/. September 12, 2017. live.
  123. Web site: Disney Channel March 2023 Highlights. Disney ABC Press. February 17, 2023.
  124. Book: Library Resource Finder: Table of Contents for: Sisterhood is forever : the women's anth. October 15, 2015. 978-0743466271. Morgan. Robin. 2003. Washington Square Press . registration.

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