| Mackinac Center for Public Policy | |
| Type: | 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization |
| Tax Id: | 38-2701547 |
| Headquarters: | 140 West Main Street, P.O. Box 568Midland, Michigan 48640 |
| Leader Title: | President |
| Leader Name: | Joseph G. Lehman |
| Leader Title2: | Chairman |
| Leader Name2: | Rodney M. Lockwood Jr.[1] |
| Budget: | Revenue: ~$11,500,000 Expenses: ~$11,500,000 (FYE December 2022)[2] |
The Mackinac Center for Public Policy in Midland, Michigan, is the largest U.S. state-based free market think tank in the United States.[3] [4] The Mackinac Center conducts policy research and educational programs. The Center sponsors MichiganVotes.org, an online legislative voting record database which provides a non-partisan summary of every bill and vote in the Michigan legislature.[5] Mackinac Center scholars generally recommend free market policies such as lower taxes, reduced regulatory authority for state agencies, right-to-work laws, school choice, and enhanced protection of individual property rights;[6] [7] they avoid socially conservative issues such as reproductive or marriage rights.
Joseph Overton (1960–2003), a senior vice president of the Mackinac Center, stated the political strategy that later became known as the Overton window. Overton said that politically unpopular, unacceptable policies must be changed into politically acceptable policies before they can be enacted into law.[8] [9] The Center was ranked among the top 5 percent of almost 1,900 think tanks in the United States by the 2018 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report.[10] [11]
The organization was founded in 1987. In a 2011 interview, founder Joe Olson said that the Center was first conceived in a Lansing, Michigan bar at a meeting between Olson, fellow insurance company executive Tom Hoeg, Richard McLellan and then-Senator John Engler. Olson said the founders wanted an organization that would focus on research, writing, speaking, issuing press releases and looking at public policy from a free-market point of view.[12]
The Center began operations with no office or full-time staff. It formally opened offices in Midland in 1988 with its first president, Lawrence W. Reed, an economist, writer, and speaker who had chaired the economics department at Northwood University. The Lansing-based Cornerstone Foundation provided early direction and some funding. The Center's first annual budget under Reed was $80,000. In 1999, the Mackinac Center moved from rented offices to its current headquarters after having raised $2.4 million to renovate a former Woolworth's department store on Midland's Main Street.[13]
Reed served as president from the Center's founding until September 2008, when he assumed the title President Emeritus and also became the president of the Foundation for Economic Education. Former Chief Operating Officer Joseph G. Lehman was named the Mackinac Center's president on September 1, 2008.[14]
The Mackinac Center is classified as a 501(c)(3) organization under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code.[15] The Mackinac Center is a member of the State Policy Network,[16] an umbrella organization of free market and libertarian think tanks operating at the state level. In November 2006 The New York Times published a two-part series about state-based free-market think tanks that described how the Mackinac Center trained think-tank executives from 42 countries and nearly every US state. The New York Times also reported that, "When the Mackinac Center was founded in 1987, there were just three other free market state-level policy institutes. Now there are 48, in 42 states."[17]
The Mackinac Center published a 20-point plan for state fiscal reform, with Governor John Engler fully or partially implementing 16 of those recommendations during his first term in office. In 1994, Governor Engler acknowledged the influence of the Mackinac Center by stating, "When the Mackinac Center speaks, we listen."[18] [19]
When asked by Detroit's Metro Times in 1996, the Center's President Lawrence Reed said: "Our funding sources are primarily foundations ... with the rest coming from corporations and individuals," but that "... revealing our contributors would be a tremendous diversion..."[20]
In 2001, Mackinac Center was described as "the leading advocate for a universal education tax credit" by a Wall Street Journal editorial.[21]
In 2002, the Michigan Education Association (MEA) sued the Mackinac Center over the Center's use of a supportive quote by the MEA's President in fundraising material. In 2004, the Michigan Court of Appeals threw out the lawsuit.[22]
In 2014, the organization released a mobile app, VoteSpotter.[23] [24] [25] The app allows users to track votes by elected officials in the United States. It was originally an extension of the organization's MichiganVotes.org website but has since expanded to include other states.
The Mackinac Center in 2018 led several conservative groups urging teachers to leave unions with a national campaign called "My Pay, My Say".[26]
In 2019, a satellite office was opened in Lansing, Michigan.
The Mackinac Center fought in court against the Biden administration's efforts to cancel some student loan payments and extend pandemic-related pauses on loans.[27]
The concept of the "Overton window" was first introduced by Joseph Overton, former senior vice president of Mackinac Center for Public Policy, in the 1990s. After his untimely death in a plane crash in 2003, his colleague Joseph Lehman formalized and named the idea in a presentation aimed at educating fellow think-tank members about the power of consistent and persistent advocacy.[28] The "Overton window" refers to the range of ideas which are considered culturally and politically fringe to mainstream, and when a subject matter moves along this spectrum it is considered to have changed its status along the "Overton window". The Mackinac Center defines the Overton Window as:
...a model for understanding how ideas in society change over time and influence politics. The core concept is that politicians are limited in what policy ideas they can support — they generally only pursue policies that are widely accepted throughout society as legitimate policy options. These policies lie inside the Overton Window. Other policy ideas exist, but politicians risk losing popular support if they champion these ideas. These policies lie outside the Overton Window.[29]
The Mackinac Center Legal Foundation is a non-profit, pro-bono organization associated with the Mackinac Center for Public Policy focusing on advancing liberty and free markets.[30] [31]
Their key areas of focus include:
In 2020, the Mackinac Center Legal Foundation initiated a lawsuit against Governor Gretchen Whitmer, which ultimately led to the Michigan Supreme Court issuing a unanimous decision. The court declared that Governor Whitmer's attempt to extend a state of emergency beyond April 30, 2020, without legislative approval was illegal. Additionally, in a 4-3 decision, the Court ruled that the Emergency Powers of Governor Act of 1945, which Governor Whitmer had cited as the basis for maintaining unilateral control for an indefinite period, is unconstitutional. Consequently, all executive orders issued after April 30 are currently considered null and void.[33] [34] [35] [36]
In 2002 the Michigan Education Center sued Mackinac Center for quoting Michigan Education Association President Luigi Battaglieri in a fundraising letter.[37]
On September 27, 2001, Luigi Battaglieri, President of the Michigan Education Association, expressed admiration for the Mackinac Center, stating, "...quite frankly, I admire what they [the Mackinac Center] have done over the last couple of years entering into the field as they have and being pretty much the sole provider of research to the community, to the public, to our members, to legislators..." The Mackinac Center cited this quote in a letter addressed to its supporters and potential backers, highlighting the acknowledgment of its effectiveness, even from individuals who typically hold opposing views to the Center.[38] [39]
The MEA argued that commercial speech case law required the Mackinac Center to obtain permission for using the quotation. However, the Court concluded that the quotation in the fundraising letter "falls squarely within the protection of the First Amendment for discourse on matters of public interest."[40]
In January 2022, the Mackinac Center Legal Foundation filed a lawsuit against the Michigan Education Association (MEA) and its insurance affiliate, the Michigan Education Special Services Association (MESSA). The lawsuit was filed under the federal False Claims Act, maintaining that these labor unions improperly sought and received $12.5 million in COVID-19 relief money through the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP).[41]
The Paycheck Protection Program, which was intended to provide relief to small businesses, was not designed for 501(c)(5) nonprofits like the MEA or 501(c)(9) nonprofits like MESSA. Despite this, both organizations applied for and received funding through the PPP in April 2020, with the MEA receiving $6.4 million and MESSA receiving $6.1 million. In December 2020, the MEA and MESSA reportedly returned the funds.[42]
The Mackinac Center Legal Foundation filed the lawsuit on the grounds that the actions of the MEA and MESSA deprived other businesses of relief funds during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fourteen months after the lawsuit was filed, the case was settled in favor of the Mackinac Center. As part of the settlement, the MEA and MESSA agreed to pay $200,000 in reimbursements and fines. Additionally, the two union organizations agreed to pay the Mackinac Center $77,000 for its role in uncovering the alleged wrongdoing.[43]
Michigan Capitol Confidential is a nonprofit news service published by the Mackinac Center and funded through voluntary support.[44] It provides news and analysis of Michigan-specific issues, including state and local government policies, education, and economics. The publication aims to provide in-depth and unbiased reporting to inform the public and promote transparency in government. Michigan Capitol Confidential is known for its independent and nonpartisan approach to journalism, and it has gained recognition for its contributions to public discourse in Michigan.[45] [46]
MichiganVotes is a project whose primary objective is to facilitate access to information regarding historical and ongoing legislative actions. Its users have the capability to search for bills by their respective numbers, categories, or keywords. This platform is designed by Mackinac Center with the aim to enable individuals to stay informed about various legislations and to ensure that their elected officials are held responsible for their actions.[47]
The Mackinac Center prefers the term "free market" over "conservative",[17] because it does not address social issues such as abortion, censorship, and gambling. The Center writes that its ideology is most accurately characterized as flowing from the "classical liberal tradition" of Milton Friedman and others: "socially tolerant, economically sophisticated, desiring little government intervention in either their personal or economic affairs."[48]
The Mackinac Center was involved in the effort to pass a right-to-work law in Michigan and has supported efforts in other states to expand right to work laws and workers' rights to not pay dues to a union they do not support. The Center also launched the website MyPayMySay.com to alert union members to their rights.[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]
In addition to policy studies, the Center publishes a number of periodicals including Michigan Education Report, Michigan Privatization Report, Michigan Science, Michigan Capitol Confidential, Impact, Michigan Education Digest and Michigan Context and Performance Report Card.[55] [56] [57]
Current members of the Mackinac Center's board of directors include:[58]
Former members of the organization's board include: