Macedonians in Albania explained

Group:Macedonians in Albania
Maqedonasit në Shqipëri
Македонци во Албанија
Makedonci vo Albanija
Population:2,281 (2023 census)[1] [2]
Popplace:Municipalities: Kukës, Dibër, Bulqizë, Librazhd, Pogradec, Pustec, Devoll, Korçë
Rels:Macedonian Orthodoxy and Islam
Langs:Macedonian and Albanian
Related-C:Macedonians

The Macedonians in Albania (Albanian: Maqedonasit në Shqipëri; Macedonian: Македонци во Албанија|Makedonci vo Albanija) are an officially recognized ethnic minority.[3] [4] According to the data from the census held in 2023, there are 2,281 ethnic Macedonians in Albania.[5] [6] According to the 2011 census, 5,512 ethnic Macedonians lived in Albania. In the 1989 census, 4,697 people had declared themselves Macedonian.[7]

The condition of the Macedonian population living in the Prespa area is described in positive terms, and particular praise is given since all the villages of the area are allowed schooling in their mother tongue.[8] Macedonian organizations allege that the government undercounts their number and that they are politically under-represented, arguing there are no Macedonians in the Albanian parliament,[9] until Vasil Sterjovski was elected in 2019 representing the Macedonian Party.[10] Past Helsinki reports stated, "Albania recognizes [...] a Macedonian minority, but only in the Southern regions. Those who identify as Macedonians [...] outside these minority regions are denied the minority rights granted in the south, including minority classes at state schools."[11]

In some circumstances, ethnic identity can be fluid among Albania's Slavophonic population, who may identify as Macedonian or Bulgarian, depending on the circumstances.[12] Albanian Slavs are targeted by "Bulgarian cross-border nationalism" and, as an EU member, Bulgaria offers more benefits to this minority than Macedonia does.[13]

History

In the middle of the 19th century, the national affiliation of the Orthodox Slavs of Macedonia became the locus of a contest between Greeks and Bulgarians, who intensified their national educational activity in the region, along with Serbia. According to Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 Edition, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Slavs constituted the majority of the population in Macedonia. Per Britannica itself, the bulk of the Slavs was regarded by almost all independent authorities as "Bulgarians". The partition of the Ottoman lands of the region of Macedonia between Balkan nation-states after the conclusion of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918) left the area divided. The areas of Gollobordë and Mala Prespa were included in Albania. The Albanians referred to Slavic Macedonians in Albania as Bulgarians (estimated as 27,000 by the Macedonian National Committee in Sofia in the 1930s).[14] The new Albanian state did not attempt to assimilate this minority. On January 9, 1932, the Bulgarian and Albanian delegations signed in Sofia a protocol regarding the recognition of the ethnic Bulgarian minority in Albania.[15] Yugoslavia was suspicious of the recognition of a Bulgarian minority in Macedonia and was concerned this would hinder its policy of forced Serbianisation in Serbian Macedonia. It had already blocked the ratification of such protocol with Greece.[16] Due to pressure from Yugoslavia, this protocol was also never ratified.[17] However, in 1942 the Albanian-Italian census in today's western parts of North Macedonia, then part of the Albanian Kingdom, and today most eastern parts of Albania, was conducted for the ethnic composition of its Slavic population, that 31% from registered were Bulgarians and 8% were recorded as Serbs.[18]

On the other hand, in 1934 the Comintern gave its support to the idea that the Macedonian Slavs constituted a separate nationality.[19] Prior to the Second World War, this view on the Macedonian issue had no practical importance. During the war, these ideas were supported by the pro-Yugoslav Macedonian communist partisans. After the Red Army entered the Balkans, new communist regimes came into power in the area. In this way, their policy on the Macedonian Question was to support the development of a distinct ethnic Macedonian identity. As a result, the Slavic minority in Albania was recognized in 1945 as Macedonian.[20] The former Prime Minister Aleksander Meksi openly admitted the presence of ethnic Bulgarians near the Lake Prespa in 1993.[21] After the fall of communism, in 1998, many Macedonians from Mala Prespa and Golo Brdo illegally crossed to the Republic of Macedonia.[22] The then foreign minister of Albania Paskal Milo, has stated on the Slav minority issue: "After World War II, we know this minority as Macedonian. I’d rather not elaborate on why we chose this way, but the Communist regime made this decision and it’s difficult for us now to change that."[23] At the request of Bulgarian MEPs,[24] the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs brought up the issue of people with Bulgarian ethnicity that are located in the Prespa, Gollobordë and Gora regions.[25] Following pressure from Bulgarian MEPs and petition from the local Bulgarian community, in 2017 the Albanian parliament recognized a Bulgarian minority in Albania.[26] Its presence is supported by field researchers from Bulgaria, but is disputed by ethnic Macedonian activists there.[27] [28] According to Edmond Temelko, former mayor of the Pustec Municipality, "[...] Bulgaria uses heavy economic situation of Macedonians in Albania to offer them Bulgarian citizenship, passports and employment opportunity".[29] According to the data from the census held in 2023, the number of Bulgarians was three times more than that of Macedonians, and that caused protests from the Macedonian side.[30]

Population

External estimates on the population of Macedonians in Albania include 10,000,[31] whereas Macedonian sources have claimed 120,000 to 350,000 Macedonians in Albania.[32] [33] Despite high levels of emigration the official number of people registering as Macedonians in Albania has more than doubled over the last 60 years, according to Albanian census data.

Year Macedonian population % change
1950 –
1955 +47.0%
1960 +26.8%
1979 −3.3%
1989 +14.7%
2011 +17.4%
2023 -58.4%
In 2000, Albania conducted a census which did not record ethnic affiliation and as such during that time resulted in various estimates for the Slavic population of Albania that could not be checked and rectified. The then Macedonian immigration minister Martin Trenevski estimated in 2000 that the Macedonian minority in Albania numbered 300,000. After conducting personal visits to areas of Macedonian settlement in Albania, diplomat Geert Ahrens considered these numbers "grossly exaggerated", as did other Macedonian interlocutors.

In March 2009, the Commission for Minority Issues of the Foreign Ministry of Albania announced the results of its study about the national minorities in the country. According to the study, there are 4,148 Macedonians (0.14% of the total population) living in the country. The ethnic Macedonian organisations of Albania announced they will complain at Albanian institutions and international organisations.[34] [35]

Some believed the Albanian government had stated that it would jail anyone who did not participate in the census of 2011 or refused to declare their ethnicity.[36]

The complication of counting the Macedonian minority in Albania is due to most Macedonian speakers being from a Muslim background with tendencies of not identifying as Macedonians, as even in Macedonia, Muslim Macedonian speakers are not in instances counted as Macedonians but as Torbeši or Gorani.[37] As such Ahrens states that the overall estimate of the Slavic population of Albania ranges between 10,000 and 20,000 people.[38] The 2023 census recorded 2,281 Macedonians.

Geographic distribution

Macedonians in Albania traditionally live in Pustec Municipality (Macedonian: Мала Преспа/[[Mala Prespa]]), Gollobordë (Macedonian: Голо Брдо/Golo Brdo), Dibër District (Macedonian: Дебар Поле/Debar Pole), Korçë (Macedonian: Горица/Gorica), Pogradec (Macedonian: Поградец) and Gora (Macedonian: Гора) areas.[39] Some, however, have moved to larger cities like Tirana, where roughly 500 ethnic Macedonians live as of the 2011 census.[40]

Pustec Municipality (Mala Prespa)

Macedonians are only officially recognised as a minority population in Municipality of Pustec, on the shores of Lake Prespa.The municipality consists of the following villages:

Devoll

Macedonians also inhabit the region to the south of Lake Prespa, within the Devoll municipality. A Macedonian minority can be found in the village of Vërnik (Macedonian: Врбник/Vrbnik), which is the only Macedonian-inhabited village in Albania considered in Macedonian sources to form a part of Aegean Macedonia. Historically the village of Rakickë (Macedonian: Ракитско/Rakitsko) was a mixed village in 1900 whose population consisted of 360 Albanians and 300 Orthodox Macedonians, though by the 1970s had become a wholly Albanian inhabited village.[41]

Korçë region

Two traditionally Orthodox Slavic speaking villages of the Korçë region existed until the 1960s when ethnic and linguistic changes occurred resulting in part of the Slavic population moving away while those remaining became assimilated. Drenovë (Macedonian: Дреново/Drenovo) has become inhabited by Orthodox Albanians and Aromanians with the last person speaking a Slavic language passing away in the 2000s and Boboshticë (Macedonian: Бобоштица/Boboštica) has become mainly inhabited by Aromanians with only a few remnants left of its former Slavic speaking population.[42] In the 2010s, only one elderly women remains in Boboshticë who is a speaker of the village local Macedonian dialect called Kajnas (of us).[43] The Gorica dialect of Macedonian is used by the Macedonian inhabitants of this region.

Lake Ohrid region

Macedonians can be found in the village of Lin (Macedonian: Лин), living alongside Muslim Albanians. The Macedonians of Lin speak Vevčani-Radožda dialect of Macedonian.[44] Linguists Klaus Steinke and Xhelal Ylli conducted fieldwork in the village and noted it to be a mixed village of Orthodox Christians and Muslims having 1680 inhabitants and 296 families. Local Lin villagers stated that few families speak Macedonian, such as in instances of marriage with women from neighbouring Radožda in the Republic of Macedonia, however, Macedonian overall is not used by the third generation.[45]

Gollobordë

In the late 1990s, Macedonian linguist Božidar Vidoeski conducted a study on the Macedonian speaking population of Albania. During that time, he notes the existence of an Orthodox Macedonian population in the Gollobordë region. Together with the Torbeŝ, Orthodox Macedonians lived in the villages of Sebisht, Pasinkë, Ostren i Madh, Ostren i Vogël, and Trebisht. He noted that the Albanian population numerically dominated in all the aforementioned villages, with the exception of Trebisht.[46]

Trebisht administrative unit: Gjinovec (Macedonian: Гиновец/Ginovec or Гинеец/Gineec) and Klenjë (Macedonian: Клење) are inhabited solely by a Slavic speaking population which contain Torbeši.[46] Vërnicë (Macedonian: Врница/Vrnica) is inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the village that also contains a significant population of Torbeš and Orthodox Macedonians.[46] Trebisht (Macedonian: Требишта/Trebišta) is traditionally inhabited by a mixed Slavic Orthodox Christian Macedonian and Torbeš population.[46] [47]

Ostren administrative unit: Lejçan (Macedonian: Лешничани/Lešničani), Lladomericë (Macedonian: Владимирица/Vladimirica) and Tuçep (Macedonian: Тучепи/Tučepi) are inhabited solely by Torbeš; Radovesh (Macedonian: Радовеща/Radovešta), Kojavec (Macedonian: Којовец/Kojovec), Orzhanovë (Macedonian: Оржаново/Oržanovo) are inhabited solely by a Slavic speaking population which contain Torbeš.[46] Okshtun i Madh, Okshtun i Vogël and Tërbaç (Macedonian: Тербачиште/Terbačište) have some Torbeš residing there while Pasinkë (Macedonian: Пасинки/Pasinki), Ostren i Madh(Macedonian: Големо Острени/Golemo Ostreni) and Ostren i Vogël (Macedonian: Мало Острени/Malo Ostreni) are inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the villages that also contain significant populations of Torbeš and Orthodox Macedonians.[46]

Stëblevë administrative unit: Steblevë (Macedonian: Стеблево/Steblevo or Стебљево/Stebljevo) is inhabited solely by a Slavic speaking population that contains Torbeši.[46] Sebisht (Macedonian: Себишта/Sebišta) is inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the village and contains three families from the Torbeš and Orthodox Macedonian population.[46]

Gjoricë administrative unit: Lubalesh (Macedonian: Љубалеш/Ljubalesh) has some Torbeš living in the village.[46]

The Orthodox Macedonian population of Gollobordë are speakers of a south Slavic language[48] (Macedonian).[46] The Muslim Macedonian-speaking community of the area is known as Gollobordas and in Albania people from the community are considered Albanians instead of Macedonians, even by the Albanian state, and they are known to intermarry with Muslim Albanians and not with Orthodox Macedonians.[49] Until the 1990s the local Orthodox Macedonian minority, who have since largely migrated, used to live in some villages alongside the Gollobordas of whom in the 2010s number some roughly 3,000 people.[50]

Fusha e Shehërit

The area Fusha e Shehërit (valley of the city) is known in Macedonian sources as Dolno Pole (Macedonian: Долно Поле, "southern valley") is situated south of the town of Peshkopi. Historically in the early 20th century, an Orthodox Slavic speaking population was found living alongside Muslim Albanians in the villages of Dovolan - minority, Herebel - majority, Kërçishti i Epërm - majority, Maqellarë - minority, and Katund i Vogël - minority.[51] Toward the end of the 1920s the Orthodox Slavic speaking population was located in only two villages Herebel and Kërçisht i Epërm while in the 1930s the population decline of Orthodox Slavophones continued.

During the 2000s linguists Klaus Steinke and Xhelal Ylli seeking to corroborate villages cited in past literature as being Slavic speaking carried out fieldwork in villages of the area. In Herebel only 6 Orthodox Slavic speaking families made up of 3 larger households of around 20 individuals each remain. In Kërçisht i Epërm the village contains 200 inhabitants and 45 households, of which 6 are Orthodox families with a total of 17 individuals. On the eve of the collapse of communism in 1991, Kërçisht i Epërm had 110 households with 27 belonging to the Orthodox community.[52]

Use of the Macedonian language in Kërçisht i Epërm is limited and facing extinction, due to usage being confined to the family. Albanian is also used in family settings especially by younger generations who have limited knowledge of Macedonian due to Albanian school influences and the demographic decline of the Slavic-speaking population in the village. Linguists Steinke and Ylli also noted that unlike the Gollobordë region, the villages of the Maqellarë administrative unit area do not have any Muslim Slavic speaking inhabitants, and the village of Katund i Vogël no longer has any Slavic Christians left and is inhabited only by Albanians.[53]

Gora

Within the Gorani community there is a recognition of their dialects being closer to the Macedonian language, than to Serbian.[37] Sources from the Republic of Macedonia claim the Gorani people to be a subgroup of ethnic Macedonians. In the 2011 census, 11.7% of residents in Zapod and 7.7% in Shishtavec identified as ethnic Macedonians.[40]

Education

There is a general high school in Pustec, one eight-year school in Dolna Goricë and six elementary schools in Shulin, Leskë, Zërnovskë, Dolna Goricë, Tuminec and Glloboçen. There are eight-year schools at the two biggest villages of the commune, Pustec and Goricë e Madhe, where 20 percent of the texts are held at the mother tongue language. At the centre of the commune there is a high school as well. The history of the Macedonian people is a special subject at the school. All minority schools have twin partnerships with counterparts in Macedonia.[54] All the teaching personnel is local and with the proper education.[55]

In 2023, the Macedonian language began to be taught at the pedagogical college of Korçë[56] [57] and a lectorate in Macedonian was re-opened at the University of Tirana.[58]

Culture

Religion

The relationship between the Prespa region in Albania and the Prespa-Pelagonia Diocese of the Macedonian Orthodox Church has been re-established since the 1990s. In 1995, Metropolitan Peter reconsecrated the Church of Saint George in Glloboçen, with funds for its re-construction coming from the Republic of Macedonia, Canada, and Switzerland.[22]

The Community is currently in the process of building the first of many Macedonian Orthodox Churches.[59] [60] The Church 'St. Michael the Archangel' was started in the early 2000s. A new church is that of Saint Mary for which a considerable funding has been given by the Macedonian Orthodox Church.

Organizations

In September 1991 the "Bratska" Political Association of Macedonian in Albania (BPAMA) was established. Other Macedonian organizations include Macedonian Alliance for European Integration, Macedonian Society Ilinden Tirana, Prespa, Mir (Peace), Bratstvo (Brotherhood) and the MED (Macedonian Aegean Society).[61] [22]

In March 2012, Macedonians in Gollobordë formed "Most" (Macedonian for "Bridge"). The organisation's president, Besnik Hasani said that the group's goal is to "be fighting for recognition of Macedonians in Gollobordë by the Albanian state and the introduction of the Macedonian language in schools... Also, our task will be to prevent the Bulgarian propaganda and efforts of Bulgaria for the Bulgarisation of the Macedonians in Gollobordë ."[62]

Political parties

The Macedonians in Albanian are represented by the Macedonian Alliance for European Integration (Macedonian: Македонска Алијанса за Европска Интеграција/Makedonska Alijansa za Evropska Integracija). In 2007 Edmond Temelko was elected to the position of Mayor of Pustec, and was reelected to this position in 2011, in which the party received ~2,500 votes. Edmond Osmani narrowly missed out being elected as Mayor of Trebisht, however 5 Macedonian counsellors were elected in Pustec, 3 in Trebisht, 2 in Bilisht and another in Pirg.[63]

At present there is one Macedonian in the Albanian Parliament. But many of the local government representatives are Macedonian. The mayor of Pustec Municipality is Pali Kolefski according to 2019 local elections. He is a Macedonian. There are Macedonians represented in the districts of Zvezdë and Gorna Goricë.[64] Following the 2023 local elections, three of the 24 members of the Korçë County council are ethnic Macedonians.[65]

Media

Radio

The local radio of Korçë broadcasts the Fote Nikola (Macedonian: Фоте Никола) program which comprises news bulletins and songs in Macedonian for the Macedonian minority in Albania for half an hour each day. On November 7, 2002 the first private Macedonian-language radio station was set up. It is known as "Radio Prespa".

Television

The local TV station has also released programs from the Republic of Macedonia.[66] In November, 2010, the first Macedonian television station, Television Kristal (Macedonian: Телевизија Кристал/Televisija Kristal), was officially launched.[67]

Print media

Numerous forms of Macedonian language print media serve the needs of the Macedonians living in Albania. In the early 1990s the first Macedonian language periodical known as Mir (Peace) emerged. Later still the newspaper Prespa (Macedonian: Преспа/Prespa), began to be published by Macedonians living in the Mala Prespa region.[68] The Macedonian newspaper 'Ilinden' was launched in April, 2011, by Macedonians living in Tirana.[69]

Notable individuals

See also

External links

Multimedia

Notes and References

  1. Повеќе Бугари од Македонци на пописот во Албанија. Deutsche Welle in Macedonian language, 28.06.2024.
  2. Web site: Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT) . Population and Housing Census 2023.
  3. Web site: Archived copy . . 15 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070611030210/http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2005/07/15541_en.pdf . 11 June 2007 . dead.
  4. Web site: Council of Europe - News search. Coe.int. 28 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170828184745/http://www.coe.int/NewsSearch/Default.asp?p=nwz&id=1255&lmLangue=1. 2017-08-28. dead.
  5. The party of Macedonians in Albania does not recognize the census in which 8 citizens declared themselves Bulgarians. Слободен печат, 28.06.2024.
  6. Три пъти повече българи от македонци в Албания. BGNES, 28.06.2024.
  7. Artan Hoxha and Alma Gurraj, "Local Self-Government and Decentralization: Case of Albania. History, Reforms and Challenges". In: Local Self Government and Decentralization in South - East Europe. Proceedings of the workshop held in Zagreb, Croatia. 6 April 2001. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Zagreb Office, Zagreb 2001, pp 194–224
  8. Minority Rights in Albania, page 3 - Albanian Helsinki Committee, September 1999
  9. Web site: Interview with Edmond Temelko, president of the Macedonian organization "Prespa" in Albania. Macedoniansinalbania.org. 28 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20090524223918/http://www.macedoniansinalbania.org/news/osce_albania05.html. 2009-05-24. dead.
  10. Web site: Ethnic Macedonian Vasil Sterjovski sworn in as Albanian MP. mia.mk. 16 May 2019. 18 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190718192258/https://mia.mk/2019/05/ethnic-macedonian-vasil-sterjovski-sworn-in-as-albanian-mp/?lang=en. dead.
  11. Web site: Archived copy . 2008-08-09 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071114020945/http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/special_issues/CEDIME-unwgm2001/un%20wgm%20ghm-mrgg%20statement%203a%2014-5-01.doc . 2007-11-14.
  12. Valeri Grigorov, Albania: Landmarks of Transition. Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations (2003). p. 18.
  13. Book: The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders . 29 April 2016 . . . Catherine Gibson . 438 . Palgrave Macmillan. 9781137348395 .
  14. Book: Poulton , Hugh . Who Are the Macedonians? . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers . 2000 . 79 . 978-1-85065-534-3 .
  15. Milo, Paskal. “Albania and the Balkan Entente.” Balkan Studies 39, no. 1 (1998): 91–122. p. 110.
  16. Iakovos D. . Michailidis . Traditional Friends and Occasional Claimants: Serbian Claims in Macedonia between the Wars . Balkan Studies . 1995 . 36 . 112 . .
  17. Боби Бобев: Албания не признаваше нашето малцинство заради натиск от Белград. 16 Октомври 2017 г. Kanal3.bg.
  18. Антон Панчев, Етнически състав на населението в Западна Македония през Втората световна война по албански официални статистики. сп. Македонски преглед, Македонски научен институт. (Anton Panchev, The Ethnical Structure of the Population in Western Macedonia in the Second World War According to Official Albanian Statistics) Language: Bulgarian; Issue: 4/2018, pp. 139-148.
  19. Duncan Perry, "The Republic of Macedonia: finding its way" in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot (eds.), Politics, power and the struggle for Democracy in South-Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 228–229.
  20. Vladimir Ortakovski (2021) Minorities in the Balkans, Brill,, p. 321.
  21. Mangalakova, Tanya; 2004; Ethnic Bulgarians in Mala Prespa and Golo Brdo. International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, Bulgaria, p. 11.
  22. Book: Minorities in the Balkans . 197 . Vladimir Ortakovski . Brill . 2021 . 9789004478992 .
  23. "The Balkans" magazine, 18 ed., 2001, p.5-7.
  24. Web site: Sofia's MEPs Push for Bulgarian Rights in Albania. 9 February 2017.
  25. Report from 3.2.2017; PE 594.191v02-00; A8-0023/2017 on the 2016 Commission Report on Albania (2016/2312(INI)) Committee on Foreign Affairs, Rapporteur: Knut Fleckenstein. See: item 24.
  26. Web site: Albania To Adopt Law Boosting Minorities' Rights. Balkaninsight.com. 28 September 2017. 18 October 2017.
  27. Valeri Grigorov, Albania: Landmarks of Transition. Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations (2003) - In contrast to the allegations from Bulgarian side, Islam Rama, an ethnic Macedonian teacher in the Golo Brdo region stated “To tell a long story short, in this area there is not a single Bulgarian. People are using this cause just for personal gain.” - https://balkaninsight.com/2017/02/09/bulgarians-ethnics-claims-in-albania-end-up-in-eu-02-08-2017/
  28. Web site: Македонците демантираат, во Албанија нема Бугари . Deutsche Welle . mk.
  29. Web site: Македонско друштво "Илинден" - Тирана. 2019-05-26. 2019-06-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190615075706/http://www.macedoniansinalbania.org/news/bulgarian_demagogy.asp. dead.
  30. The party of Macedonians in Albania does not recognize the census in which 8 citizens declared themselves Bulgarians. Слободен печат, 28.06.2024.
  31. Web site: Landesinformationen: AlbINFO by albanien.ch. Albanien.ch. 28 August 2017.
  32. http://www.florina.org/html/2003/2003_osce_albania.html 2003 OSCE - Macedonian Minority in Albania
  33. Jakim Sinadinovski, Macedonian Muslims, Then and Now
  34. Web site: Вечер OnLine. https://web.archive.org/web/20090404025500/http://www.vecer.com.mk/?ItemID=51F56B8CF85591428920D52ECB51CFF5 . dead . 2009-04-04 .
  35. Web site: Dnevnik newspaper. Vecer.com.mk. 28 August 2017.
  36. Web site: Macedonians and Greeks Join Forces against Albanian Census . balkanchronicle . 24 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120112095639/http://www.balkanchronicle.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1364%3Amacedonians-and-greeks-join-forces-against-albanian-census&catid=83%3Abalkans&Itemid=460 . 12 January 2012.
  37. Book: Friedman, Victor. Albania/Albanien. Ammon. Ulrich. Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, Volume 3. 2006. Walter de Gruyte. 978-3-11-018418-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C. 1879. "Moreover, religion can have an influence on attitudes toward identity. Thus for example Macedonian-speaking Christians in Vrbnik (Vërnik) refer to Orthodox Albanian-speakers as nash 'ours' but do not consider Macedonian-speaking Muslims as nash, nor do those Muslims tend to identify as ethnic Macedonians (Christina Kramer, personal communication). The Gorans, who are also Muslim, have a separate identity. The Goran dialects used to be classed with Serbian, but have more recently been assigned to Macedonian, and Gorans themselves recognize that their dialects are closer to Macedonian than to Serbian."
  38. Book: Ahrens, Geert-Hinrich. Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia. 2007. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. 978-0-8018-8557-0. 284. "There are no reliable figures for the number of Slavs in Albania. The Albanian census of 2000 did not include ethnic affiliation; thus, grossly diverging estimates cannot be checked and rectified. In 2000, the Macedonian minister for emigration, Martin Trenevski, told me that there were 300,000 Macedonians in Albania. This figure is from all appearances from personal visits to the areas of Slavic settlement in Albania, grossly exaggerated, as even other Macedonian interlocutors would admit. The issue is further complicated by the Muslim background of most of the Macedonian speakers in Albania. In Macedonia, such Macedonian-speaking Slavic Muslims would he counted as "Torbeši" or "Gorani," and not as "Macedonians." Altogether, the number of Slavs in Albania is probably between 10,000 and 20,000."
  39. Web site: Macedonian Party. TJ-Hosting. Macedoniansinalbania.org. 28 August 2017.
  40. Web site: Ethnic composition of Albania 2011. Pop-stat.mashke.org. 7 August 2014.
  41. Book: Włodzimierz, Pianka. Toponomastikata na Ohridsko-Prespanskiot bazen. 1970. Institut za makedonski jazik "Krste Misirkov". 139. "Ракитско е сега албанско село, но во год. 1900 имало 300 жит. М. и 360 А."
  42. "Vërnik eine völlig homogene südslavische Bevölkerung fast ohne albanische Mitbewohner gibt. Diese hat dort zudem den Status einer vom albanischen Staat offiziell anerkannten Minderheit, während Boboshtica inzwischen bis auf geringe Reste überwiegend und Drenova ganz von Albanern und Aromunen bewohnt wird. Die Beschreibung der oben erwähnten Orte und der dort gesprochenen Mundarten ist primärer Gegenstand der vorliegenden Monographie. Zu den übrigen in der Literatur häufig angeführten Ortschaften mit einer angeblich slavischen Bevölkerung wird an dieser Stelle nur eine kurze kritische Sichtung anhand der ebenfalls von uns gesammelten Informationen vorgenommen. In Drenova bei Korça, das neben Boboshtica vor allem durch die Arbeiten von MAZON (1936) und COURTHIADE (1993) bekannt wurde, gab es bis vor ein paar Jahren nur noch eine alte Frau, welche die ursprüngliche slavische Mundart beherrschte. Nach ihrem Tode spricht diese dort niemand mehr, wie Thomaidha Stefo angab, die 1942 in das Dorf einheiratete. Damals sprach man don noch ausschließlich Bulgarisch (bullgarçe), und sie versuchte es deshalb ebenfalls zu lernen, hat es aber inzwischen wieder verlernt. Am Anfang der 60er Jahre kam eine größere Gruppe von aromunischen Siedlern nach Drenova und Boboshtica, und mit ihnen änderte sich die ethnische und sprachliche Struktur beider Orte grundlegend. Der Informant Thanas Thanasi, ein Aromune, bestätigte ebenfalls, daß, als er in Drenova ankam, damals dort nur Bulgarisch (bullgarçe) gesprochen wurde. Die früheren slavischen Einwohner sind aber inzwischen entweder assimiliert oder weggezogen."
  43. Book: Friedman, Victor A.. Language Endangerment in the Balkans with Some Comparisons to the Caucasus. Korkmaz. Ramazan. Doğan. Gürkan. Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond. 2016. Brill. 9789004328693. https://books.google.com/books?id=5iVoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86. 79. "The isolated Macedonian dialect of Boboshtica in the Korcha region of Albania, which speakers themselves called Kajnas 'like us' is now a linguists tourist attraction performed for visiting foreign linguists by a single old women."
  44. Hendricks, P. "The Radozda-Vevcani Dialect of Macedonian". Peter De Ridder Press, 1976, p. 3.
  45. Book: Steinke. Klaus. Ylli. Xhelal. Die slavischen Minderheiten in Albanien (SMA): Prespa - Vërnik - Boboshtica. 2007. Munich. Verlag Otto Sagner. 9783866880351. 19. "Im nördlich von Pogradec unmittelbar am Ochridsee gelegenen Dorf Lin, mit 1680 Einwohnem (296 Familien), leben Orthodoxe und Moslems. Nach den Angaben des Ortsvorstehers Avdullari und denen anderer Informanten spricht man nur noch in wenigen Familien Makedonisch, d.h. wenn dort eine Frau aus dem makedonischen Nachbarort Radožda eingeheiratet hat. Aber auch in diesem Fall wird Makedonisch bereits von der dritten Generation nicht mehr benutzt. Von den aus Radožda zugezogenen Sprecherinnen wurden einige Sprachaufnahmen gemacht, die im Anhang zu finden sind."
  46. Book: Vidoeski, Božidar. Dijalektite na makedonskiot jazik. Vol. 1. 1998. Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. 978-9989-649-50-9. p. 214. "Заедно со македонско христијанско население Торбеши живеат и во селата: Могорче, Требиште, Велебрдо, Ростуше, Јанче, Долно Косоврасти (во Река), Горенци, Житинени (во Жупа), Џепиште, Себишта, Пасинки, Големо и Мало Острени, Требишта, (во Голо Брдо),"; p. 309. "Во западна Македонија исламизирано македонско население живее во неколку географски региони на македонско-албанската пограничје:... Голо Брдо (Врмница, Владимирци, Гиновци, Клење, Лешничани, Љуболези, Големо и Мало Острени, Окштун, Отишани, Пасинки, Радовиште, Себишча, Српетово, Стеблево, Тучепи, Торбач, Џепишта)"; p. 339. "Во повеќето од спомнативе села живее население - со македонски и со албански мачин јазик. Албанското население доминира во северните голобрдски села (Себишта, Пасинки, Врмница, Големо и Мало Острени). Селата: Лешничани, Требиште, Српетово, Торбач, Љуболези, Владимирица и Тучепи се населени со Македонски муслимани (Торбеши), а во Себишта, Требиште, Г. и М. Острени живее мешано население - православни и Торбеши."
  47. Web site: BBC Macedonian - Етнички Македонци во Албанија. Bbc.co.uk. 28 August 2017.
  48. "Heute umfaßt das Gebiet von Golloborda in Albanien 22 Dörfer, die verwaltungstechnisch auf drei verschiedene Gemeinden aufgeteilt sind: 1. Die Gemeinde Ostren besteht aus dreizehn Dörfern, und Südslavisch wird in den folgenden neun Dörfern gesprochen: Ostreni i Madh (Golemo Ostreni/Ostreni Golemo), Kojavec (Kojovci), Lejçan (Lešničani), Lladomerica (Ladomerica/Ladimerica/Vlademerica), Ostreni i Vogël (Malo Ostreni/Malastreni/Ostreni Malo), Orzhanova (Oržanova), Radovesh (Radoveš/Radoeš/Radoešt), Tuçep (Tučepi) und Pasinka (Pasinki). 2. Die Gemeinde von Trebisht umfaßt die vier Dörfer Trebisht (Trebišta), Gjinovec (G'inovec/G'inec), Klenja (Klen'e) und Vërnica (Vărnica), und in allen wird Südslavisch gesprochen. 3. Die übrigen Dörfer von Golloborda gehören zur Gemeinde Stebleva, und zwar Stebleva, Zabzun, Borova, Sebisht, Llanga. Südslavisch wird in Stebleva (Steblo) sowie von drei Familien in Sebisht (Sebišta) gesprochen. Wie aus den bisherigen Ausführungen und den Erhebungen vor Ort hervorgeht, gibt es nur noch in fünfzehn der insgesamt Dörfer, die heute zu Golloborda gehören, slavophone Einwohner. Die Zahl der Dörfer in Golloborda wird manchmal auch mit 24 angegeben. Dann zählt man die Viertel des Dorfes Trebisht, und zwar Trebisht-Bala, Trebisht-Çelebia und Trebisht-Muçina separat. Zu Golloborda rechnete man traditionell ferner die Dörfer Hotišan, Žepišt, Manastirec, Drenok, Modrič und Lakaica, die heute in Makedonien liegen."
  49. De Rapper. Gilles. 14–16 June 2001. The son of three fathers has no hat on his head. Life and social representations in a Macedonian village of Albania. University College London. 29 July 2016. 6. Macedonian village.
  50. Pieroni. Andrea. Cianfaglione. Kevin. Nedelcheva. Anely. Hajdari. Avni. Mustafa. Behxhet. Quave. Cassandra. Resilience at the border: traditional botanical knowledge among Macedonians and Albanians living in Gollobordo, Eastern Albania. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 10. 31. 2014. 2. 10.1186/1746-4269-10-31. 24685013. 3998745 . free .
  51. "Bin Vergleich der beiden oben erwähnten Quellen mit der von den Österreichern während des ersten Weltkrieges durchgeführten Volkszählung, die zweifellos glaubwürdig ist, da sie sich auf eine direkte Befragung der Bevölkerung in den Jahren 1916–1918 stützt, zeigt Unstimmigkeiten."; p.250. "Albaner A, Bulgaren B, Zigeuner Z, Sonstige S, Zigeuner Z, Musl. M, Orth. O; Gemeinde Maqellara: Dovolani 259 A, 44 B, 5 Z, 258 M, 51 O;... Herbel 74 A, 136 S, 3 Z, 77 M, 136 O, Kërçishti i E. 23 A, 14 B 197 S, 37 M, 197 O;... Maqellara 288 A, 87 B, 11 Z, 290 M, 96 O; Obok 169 A, 29 B, 72 S, 164 M, 106 O;"
  52. "Seit Ende der 20er bis Anfang der 30er Jahre findet man nur noch Angaben für Gorno Krăčišta und Ărbele. Die demographische Entwicklung der 30er Jahre, nämlich der Rückgang des slavophonen Bevölkerungsanteils, der meist aus Orthodoxen bestand, hat sich fortgesetzt, wie die aktuell ermittelten Zahlen zeigen. In Herbel wohnen nur noch sechs orthodoxe Familien. Eigentlich sind es drei Großfamilien mit rund 20 Personan, die noch die südslavische Mundart sprechen.... Kërçishti i Epërm hat gegenwärtig rund 45 Häuser mit ungefähr 200 Einwohnern. Darunter gibt as sechs orthodoxe Familien, drei bestehen jeweils nur noch aus einer Person und die anderen drei aus zwei, drei bzw. neun Personen. Insgesamt gibt es also 17 orthodoxe Einwohner, die slavophon sind. Es heißt, daß das Dorf vor der demokratischen Wende 1991 noch rund 110 Häuser hatte. Davon gehörten 27 den Orthodoxen."
  53. Book: Steinke. Klaus. Ylli. Xhelal. Die slavischen Minderheiten in Albanien (SMA): Golloborda - Herbel - Kërçishti i Epërm. Teil 2. 2008. Munich. Verlag Otto Sagner. 978-3-86688-035-1. 251–252. "Kërçishti i Epërm... Nach Angaben unserer Informanten ist der Gebrauch der Mundart sehr begrenzt und daher vom Aussterben bedroht. Man bezeichnet sie als Makedonisch und verwendet sie ausschließlich innerhaib der Familie. Doch auch in diesem Kreig wird oftmals schon Albanisch verwendet und besonders die junge Generation spricht selbst zu Hause kaum noch die Muttersprache. Das ist im wesentlichen auf den Einfluß der albanischen Schule und ferner auf den Rückgang des slavophonen Bevölkerungsanteils im Dorf zurückzuführen." p. 252. "Anders als in den Dörfern Gollobordas sind in diesem Gebiet keine Spuren von slavophonen Muslimen zu finden. Die ethnische Zugehörigkeit der kleinen orthodoxen und slavophonen Gruppe ist außerdem nicht einfach anzugeben. Bezeichnend sind in diesem Zusammenhang die Ergebnisse der 1916 von den Österreichern durchgeführten Volkszählung.... Über die ethische Identität der slavophonen Orthodoxen scheint es keine klare Vorstellung gegeben zu haben.... noch die ausführlichen Befragungen unserer Informanten sowie anderer Bewohner des Gebietes haben irgendwelche Hinweise auf weitere Orte mit slavophonen Einwohnern in diesem Bereich ergeben. Ebenfalls nicht bestätigt werden konnte nach Erkundigungen vor Ort VIDOESKIS Angabe zu Oboki. Dort gibt es keine slavophonen Christen mehr, auch keine Torbešen, sondern nur Albaner."
  54. Web site: U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Albania: Language in everyday life. Usefoundation.org. 28 August 2017. 16 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081016121222/http://www.usefoundation.org/foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=4&TID=6. dead.
  55. Web site: Archived copy . www.ahc.org.al . 15 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20040623082231/http://www.ahc.org.al/deklarata/Report%20on%20the%20macedonian%20minority.pdf . 23 June 2004 . dead.
  56. Web site: Како да им се помогне на Македонците во Албанија наспроти агресивната политика на Софија за бугаризација? . 14 September 2022 . Sitel . Martin Arsov . Македонскиот јазик ќе се изучува на педагошкиот факултет во Корча. .
  57. News: Македонскиот јазик и култура ќе се изучуваат на универзитетот во Корча . MKD . 21 April 2023 .
  58. News: Одобрено е повторно отворање Лекторат по македонски јазик во Тирана . Vecer . 28 August 2023 .
  59. http://www.macedoniansinalbania.org/news/osce_albania05.html Macedonians in Albania
  60. Minority Rights in Albania, Albanian Helsinki Committee, September 1999
  61. Web site: Macedonian Party. TJ-Hosting. Macedoniansinalbania.org. 28 August 2017.
  62. News: Формирано македонско друштво "Мост" во Голо Брдо. 2 March 2012. Makfax.com.mk. Macedonian. 3 March 2012. 15 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011554/http://makfax.com.mk/_home/home#2%2F278509%2Fformirano_makedonsko_drushtvo__most__vo_golo_brdo. dead.
  63. Web site: Шест години Mакедонско друштво "Илинден"-Тирана. Ilinden-tirana.com. 28 August 2017.
  64. Makedonski Icelenuchki Almanac '97, Matitsa na Icelenitsite od Makedonija; Skopje: 1997; p.60-61
  65. News: Македонците со тројца претставници во Советот на округот Корча . 3 October 2023 . Kanal 5 .
  66. Under the direct auspices of the Albanian Helsinki Committee, from September 1999 to September 2000, an intensive work was carried out for the realization of the project "On the status of the minorities in the Republic of Albania". This project was financed by the Finnish Foundation 'KIOS', "Finnish NGO Foundation for Human Rights"
  67. Web site: TV Kristal, the First Macedonian Television station in Albania. Macedonianspark.com. 28 August 2017.
  68. Web site: Формиран сектор за малцинствата во Албанија. Mn.mk. 28 August 2017.
  69. Web site: - Сител Телевизија. Sitel.com.mk. 28 August 2017.
  70. Ethnic identity disputed. See the relevant article.
  71. Book: 1969 . Bea, zaginaa, ostanaa: Spomen kniga na zaginatite borci vo NOV i hrtvite na fašiamot--Skopje . Istoriski Arhiv . 160 . ЦВЕТКОВСКИ СТЕФАН Роден е 1919 година во селото Макелари, Дебарско .
  72. News: Kanal 5 . Почина Елмаз Докле, борец за правата на Македонците во Албанија . 10 December 2016 .
  73. News: Владо Макеларски, носител на Партизанска споменица 1941 година. 29 January 2003. Утрински Весник. Macedonian. 15 November 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222352/http://star.utrinski.com.mk/?pBroj=1080&stID=3867. 6 June 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  74. News: Нов роман на Сотир Ристо. Sterjovski. Vasil. Mn.mk. 26 May 2010. 4 June 2014.

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