Macedonian dynasty explained
The Macedonian dynasty (Greek: Μακεδονική Δυναστεία) ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056, following the Amorian dynasty. During this period, the Byzantine state reached its greatest extent since the Early Muslim conquests, and the Macedonian Renaissance in letters and arts began. The dynasty was named after its founder, Basil I the Macedonian who came from the theme of Macedonia.
Origins
The dynasty's ethnic origin is unknown, and has been a subject of debate. During Basil's reign, an elaborate genealogy was produced that purported that his ancestors were not mere peasants, as everyone believed, but descendants of the Arsacid (Arshakuni) kings of Armenia, Alexander the Great and also of Constantine the Great.[1] [2] Some Persian writers such as Hamza al-Isfahani[3] or Al-Tabari, called Basil a Saqlabi, an ethnogeographic term that usually denoted the Slavs, but it can be interpreted as a generic term encompassing the inhabitants of the region between Constantinople and Bulgaria.[4]
Thus, claims have been made for the dynasty's founder (Basil I) being of Armenian,[5] Slavonic,[6] [7] or "Armeno-Slavonic" descent from his paternal side.
The author of the only dedicated biography of Basil I in English has concluded that it is impossible to be certain what the ethnic origins of the emperor were, though Basil was definitely reliant on the support of Armenians in prominent positions within the Byzantine Empire.
List of rulers
- Basil I the Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α') (811–886, ruled 867–886) – married Eudokia Ingerina, mistress of Michael III; died in hunting accident
- Leo VI the Wise (Λέων Ϛ') (866–912, ruled 886–912) - son of Eudokia Ingerina, legal son and heir of Basil I; possibly the natural son of Michael III; created church crisis with his fourth marriage—Zoe Karbonopsina, who took over as regent for their son, Constantine VII, in 914 and ruled the empire until 919
- Alexander (Αλέξανδρος) (870–913, ruled 912–913) - son of Basil I, regent for nephew
- Constantine VII the Purple-born (Κωνσταντῖνος Ζ') (905–959, ruled 913–920 and 945-959) - son of Leo VI and Zoe Karbonopsina; married Helena, daughter of Romanos Lekapenos
- Romanos I Lekapenos (Ρωμανός A') (c. 870–948, ruled 920–944) - staged a successful coup in 919 and became senior emperor in 920;[8] deposed in 944 and exiled
- Romanos II the Purple-born (Ρωμανός Β') (938–963, ruled 959–963) - son of Constantine VII
- Nikephoros II Phokas (Νικηφόρος Β' Φωκᾶς) (912–969, ruled 963–969) - successful general, married Romanos II's widow, regent for Basil; assassinated (Origin: Cappadocian)
- John I Tzimiskes (Ιωάννης Α')(925-976, ruled 969–976) - successful general, brother-in-law of Romanos II, lover of Nikephoros's wife but banned from marriage, regent for Basil II and Constantine VIII
- Basil II (Βασίλειος Β') the Bulgar-slayer (958–1025, ruled 976–1025) - son of Romanos II
- Constantine VIII (Κωνσταντῖνος Η') (960-1028, ruled 1025–1028) - son of Romanos II; silent co-emperor with Basil II, sole emperor after his brother's death
- Zoe (Ζωή) (c. 978–1050, ruled 1028–1050) - daughter of Constantine VIII
- Romanos III Argyros (Ρωμανός Γ') (968–1034, ruled 1028–1034) - eparch of Constantinople; Zoe's first husband, arranged by Constantine VIII; murdered
- Michael IV the Paphlagonian (Μιχαήλ Δ') (1010–1041, ruled 1034–1041) - Zoe's second husband
- Michael V the Caulker (Μιχαήλ Ε') (1015–1042, ruled 1041–1042) - Michael IV's nephew, Zoe's adopted son
- Theodora (Θεοδώρα) (980–1056, ruled 1042) - daughter of Constantine VIII, co-empress with Zoe
- Constantine IX Monomachos (Κωνσταντῖνος Θ') (1000–1055, ruled 1042–1055) - Zoe's third husband
- Theodora (Θεοδώρα) (ruled 1055–1056) - restored
Non-dynastic
- Michael VI (Μιχαήλ Ϛ') (ruled 1056–1057) - chosen by Theodora; deposed and entered monastery
Family tree
See also
Sources
Notes and References
- Book: Treadgold, Warren T.. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. 1997. Stanford University Press. 978-0-8047-2630-6. 457. en.
- Book: Leo VI. Imperium Byzantinum, Imperator 865–912. Oraison funèbre de Basile I.. 1932. Pont. Inst. Orientalium Stud. 1073789498.
- Book: Tobias, Norman. Basil I, founder of the Macedonian Dynasty : a study of the political and military history of the Byzantine Empire in the Ninth century . 2007 . . . 978-0-7734-5405-7 . 166873121.
- January 2001. The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People. Shaun Tougher. Speculum. 76. 1. 236–238. 10.2307/2903773. 2903773. 0038-7134.
- Peter Charanis.Studies on the demography of the Byzantine empire: collected studies Variorum Reprints, 1972 p. 223 [360]:"Thus, every emperor who sat on the Byzantine throne the accession of Basil I to the death of Basil II (867–1025) was of Armenian or partially Armenian origin. But besides the emperors there were many others among the military and political leaders of Byzantine during this period who were Armenians or of Armenian descent"
- . Tobias is referring to the writings of Hamza al-Isfahani, a 10th-century Persian scholar.
- .
- Chris Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome
