The Maccabiah Games (Hebrew: משחקי המכביה, or משחקי המכביה העולמית; sometimes referred to as the "Jewish Olympics") is an international multi-sport event with summer and winter sports competitions featuring Jews and Israeli regardless of religion. Held every four years in Israel, the Maccabiah Games is considered the foremost sports competition for global Jewry.
With over 10,000 competing athletes, the Maccabiah Games is the third-largest sporting event in the world by number of competitors, behind the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] The Maccabiah Games were declared a "Regional Sports Event" by, and under the auspices and supervision of, the International Olympic Committee in 1961.[8] [9] [10]
Organized by the Maccabi World Union the first games were held in 1932.[11] [12] The Maccabiah Games are open to regardless of their religion.
Originally, the Maccabiah was held every three years. Since the 1953 Maccabiah Games, the event has generally been held every four years, in the year following the Olympic Games.
The Maccabiah Games are open to Jewish athletes from around the world, as well as to all Israeli athletes regardless of ethnicity or religion; Arab Israelis have also competed in it.[13] [14]
Competitions at the Maccabiah are organized into four divisions:[15] 1) Open (Seniors); 2) Juniors; 3) Masters; and 4) Disabled. The Games are organized by the Maccabi World Union.
The name Maccabiah was chosen after Judah Maccabee, a Jewish leader who defended his country from King Antiochus.[16] Modi'in, Judah's birthplace, is also the starting location of the torch that lights the flames at the opening ceremony, a tradition that started at the 4th Maccabiah.
See main article: History of the Maccabiah Games.
The Maccabiah Games were the result of a proposal put forward by Yosef Yekutieli in 1929 at the Maccabi World Congress. Yekutieli, who heard about the Stockholm Olympics, wanted to form a representation for Eretz Yisrael. Following the appointment of the new British Palestine High Commissioner, Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope, the Maccabiah got the go-ahead.
The 1st Maccabiah opened on March 28, 1932.[17] The Maccabiah Stadium in Tel Aviv, which was built with donations, was filled to capacity. Roughly 400 athletes from 18 countries took part in everything from swimming, football, and handball, to various athletics. In the first Games, the Polish delegation took first place.
The Maccabiah Games were intended to take place at an interval of three years. Following the success of the first Games, the 2nd Maccabiah was held from April 2 to 10, 1935, despite official opposition by the British Mandatory government. Over 1,300 athletes from 28 nations participated. The 3rd Maccabiah, which was originally scheduled for spring of 1938, was postponed until 1950 due to British concerns of large-scale illegal immigration, World War II, and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[18] It became the first Maccabiah to be held after the establishment of the State of Israel.
Starting from the 4th Maccabiah, the games were changed to take place every four years in the year following the Olympics and since 1953, the Games have taken place every four years, with the exception of the 21st Maccabiah, which was postponed for one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 15th edition was marred by what became known as the Maccabiah bridge disaster, when a temporary bridge built for the march of athletes at the opening ceremony collapsed, plunging about 100 members of the Australian delegation into the waters of the Yarkon River. Four athletes were killed, and 63 injured.[19] [20] More than 5,000 participants from over 50 countries competed in those Games.
Over the last two decades, the number of participants grew to 9,000 athletes in the 19th Maccabiah, from 78 countries, making it the 3rd-largest sporting event in the world and the second largest sporting event in 2013, behind the 2013 Summer Universiade.[21] It is a forum for Jewish athletes to meet and convene, and provides the athletes with opportunities to explore Israel and Jewish history.
Approximately 10,000 athletes, from 80 countries, were expected to compete in 42 sports categories in the 21st Maccabaiah. It was reportedly the world's largest sporting event in 2022.[22] President of the United States Joe Biden attended the opening ceremonies, cheering on the U.S. delegation of 1,400 athletes—larger than the U.S. delegation to the 2021 Tokyo Olympics.[23] This made him the first American president to attend the Maccabiah Games.[24]
The following is an overview of the Games:
| Edition | Year | Date | main venue | Countries participating | Athletes participating | Number of Sports | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 | 28 Mar–6 Apr | align=left rowspan=2 | 27 | 390 | 16 | [25] | ||
| 1935 | 2–10 Apr | 28 | 1,250 | 18 | [26] | |||
| 1950 | 28 Sept–11 Oct | align=left rowspan=13 | 20 | 800 | 17 | [27] | ||
| 1953 | 22–29 Sept | 22 | 892 | 19 | [28] | |||
| 1957 | 15–24 Sept | 20 | 980 | 19 | [29] | |||
| 1961 | 29 Aug–5 Sept | 27 | 1,000 | 20 | [30] | |||
| 1965 | 23–31 Aug | 27 | 1,200 | 22 | [31] | |||
| 1969 | 28 July–7 Aug | 27 | 1,450 | 22 | [32] | |||
| 1973 | 9–19 July | 26 | 1,500 | 23 | [33] | |||
| 1977 | 12–21 July | 34 | 2,700 | 26 | [34] | |||
| 1981 | 6–16 July | 34 | 3,450 | 30 | [35] | |||
| 1985 | 15–25 July | 37 | 3,700 | 28 | [36] | |||
| 1989 | 3–13 July | 45 | 4,400 | 32 | [37] | |||
| 1993 | 5–15 July | 48 | 5,100 | [38] | ||||
| 1997 | 14–24 July | 33 | 5,500 | 34 | [39] | |||
| 2001 | 16–23 July | 49 | 2,200 | [40] | ||||
| 2005 | 11–23 July | align=left rowspan=2 | Ramat Gan Stadium | 55 | 7,300 | |||
| 2009 | 13–23 July | 55 | 7,510 | 33 | [41] | |||
| 2013 | 18–30 July | align=left rowspan=3 | Teddy Stadium | 77 | 7,500 | 34 | [42] | |
| 2017 | 4–17 July | 85 | 10,000 | 45 | [43] | |||
| 2022 | 12–26 July | 80 | 10,000 | 47 | [44] |
See main article: 1933 Maccabiah Games and 1936 Maccabiah Games. Prior to World War II there was an attempt to organize a winter Maccabiah. Due to the relatively warm temperatures in Palestine, the winter Maccabiot were organized in European nations. The 1st Winter Maccabiah was held in Zakopane, Poland, February 2 to 5, 1933.[45] [46] The games were met with great opposition; the Gazeta Warszawska newspaper encouraged Polish youth to intervene during the games to prevent the "Jewification of Polish winter sports venues".
A second attempt at the winter games was relatively more successful. The 2nd Winter Maccabiah took place February 18 to 22, 1936, in Banská Bystrica (then Czechoslovakia). In the games, 2,000 athletes from 12 nations participated.[47] [48] This was the last time a winter Maccabiah was ever held, and the only two Maccabiot to not take place in the Land of Israel; although Maccabi still runs smaller regional winter games to date.
| Number | Year | Host | Athletes | Nations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1933 | 250 | 8 | ||
| 2 | 1936 | 2.000 | 12 |
List:[49]
| Number | Year | Dates | Hosts | Athletes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 1929 | Prague, | |||
| 2. | 1930 | Antwerpen, | |||
| 3. | 1959 | Kopenhagen, | |||
| 4. | 1963 | Lyon, | |||
| 5. | 1979 | Leicester, | |||
| 6. | 1983 | Antwerpen, | |||
| 7. | 1987 | Kopenhagen, | |||
| 8. | 1991 | Marseille, | |||
| 9. | 1995 | Amsterdam, | |||
| 10. | 1999 | Stirling, | |||
| 11. | 2003 | Antwerpen, | |||
| 12. | 2007 | Rome, | 1800[50] | ||
| 13. | 2011 | Vienna, | 2000 | ||
| 14. | 27 July – 5 August | Berlin, | c. 2050[51] | ||
| 15. | 2019 | 29 July – 7 August | Budapest, | 3000[52] | |
| 16. | 2023 |
Latin American Maccabi's (CLAM), called Jorge Newbery Pan American Maccabi Games or Pan American Maccabiah from 1966:[53] [54]
| Number | Year | Host | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 1966 | São Paulo, | |
| 2. | |||
| 3. | |||
| 4. | 1979 | Mexico City, | |
| 5. | 1983 | ||
| 6. | 1987 | Caracas, | |
| 7. | 1991 | ||
| 8. | 1995 | Buenos Aires, | |
| 9. | 1999 | ||
| 10. | 2003 | Santiago de Chile, | |
| 11. | 2007 | Buenos Aires, | |
| 12. | 2011 | São Paulo, | |
| 13. | 2015 | ||
| 14. | 2019 | Mexico City, [55] | |
| 15. | 2023 | Buenos Aires, |
The Maccabi Junior Carnivals are a sporting event held for the Jewish youth of Australia or New Zealand. It has been held annually since 1982, usually in January.[56]
Venues were:[57]
The Maccabiah ceremonies are two ceremonial events that take place during the first and last days of the Maccabiah games. The ceremonies are an important part of the Jewish culture in Israel and the Zionist movement. The ceremonies of the Maccabiah trace their roots to the Olympic Games of the early 20th century. As such, they share many similarities.
The Maccabiah opening ceremony, which is organized by the Maccabi World Union, has recently been presented in English, Hebrew, and Spanish.
The opening ceremonies represent the official commencement of the Maccabiah. Some sports however, such as golf and rugby, might start prior to the opening ceremonies in order to finish on time.
The opening ceremony for the first Games was held at the new Maccabiah Stadium. The Stadium, which is located next to the Yarkon River in Tel Aviv, was finished just the night before. The Stadium also hosted the 2nd Maccabiah in 1935. For the 3rd Maccabiah, the opening ceremony took place in a new stadium in Ramat Gan. The stadium has been hosting the opening ceremonies of the Maccabiah ever since, with the exception of the 16th, 19th, and 20th Maccabiah Games which were held in Teddy Stadium, Jerusalem.
The ceremonies often start with the introduction of the active participants of the Maccabi youth movement. After the parade of nations, the opening ceremony continues on with a presentation of artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of the Jewish culture. In recent games, Jewish singers from around the world participated in the opening ceremony. For example, in 2013, Grammy Award-winner Miri Ben-Ari and X Factor USA finalist Carly Rose Sonenclar performed at the opening ceremony.[58]
Just like at the Olympics, the Maccabiah starts out with a "Parade of Nations", during which most participating athletes march into the stadium, country by country. The countries enter the stadium in accordance with the Hebrew alphabet. The parade of nations, in contrast to some other games, include junior and disabled athletes who also partake in the competitions. In accordance with the Maccabiah's tradition, the Israeli delegation always enters last.
The closing ceremony of the Maccabiah Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Typically, a member of Maccabi or some other well-known figure makes the closing speech and the Games officially close. The ceremony includes large artistic displays of music, singing, and dance. Various Jewish singers perform during the closing ceremony. In recent years, the closing ceremonies included popular musicians and live music and dancing.
A medal ceremony is held after each Maccabiah event is concluded. The winner, second, and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals. Medals are awarded by an official Maccabi member.
| Year | Hosts (s) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1981 | (Closing) | |
| 2005 | Becky Griffin and | |
| 2009 | and | |
| 2013 | Miri Nevo and Dana Grotsky | |
| 2017 | ||
| 2022 |
See main article: Maccabiah sports. The Maccabiah Games recognize all 28 current Olympic sports, plus a number of other sports such as chess, cricket, and netball. In contrast with the Olympic Games and other major international sporting events, the Maccabiah rules regarding accepting new sports are very lenient. New sports are accepted to the Maccabiah Games provided that competitions will only take place if at least four delegations bring competitors for that sport (three in the case of female sports, as well as the junior divisions).[59] As a result, the Maccabiah has held various unique competitions such as duplicate bridge.
Karate, not yet on the Olympic schedule, made its debut in 1977 at the 10th Maccabiah Games. The requisite number of initial countries signed on and agreed to send delegations. Since 1977, karate has participated uninterrupted. Although at the beginning karate was only contested in the fighting or kumite category, forms or kata was included in 1981. In 1985, women's karate was added. Junior and youth categories made their debut in 2009. The World Karate Federation, a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), oversees and supervises the rules of karate competition at the Maccabiah.
The Maccabiah Games are organized into four divisions: Open, Junior, Masters, and Paralympics.
In recent Maccabiot there has been a renewed interest in introducing new sports to the Maccabiah. In the 15th Maccabiah Games, ice hockey was first introduced. Ice hockey was not included in immediately subsequent games, but returned in the 19th Maccabiah. Squash became an official sport in the 10th Maccabiah Games in 1977. The 19th Maccabiah was also granted provisional approval for dressage and jumping competitions from the FEI.[60]
See main article: Lists of Maccabiah Games medalists.
Athletes who have competed in the Maccabiah Games include many Olympic gold medalists, world champions, and world record holders. Among them have been Mark Spitz, Lenny Krayzelburg, Jason Lezak, Marilyn Ramenofsky, and Anthony Ervin (swimming); Mitch Gaylord, Abie Grossfeld, Ágnes Keleti, Valery Belenky, Kerri Strug and Linoy Ashram (gymnastics); Ernie Grunfeld, Danny Schayes, (coaches); Larry Brown, Nat Holman, and Dolph Schayes (basketball); Carina Benninga (field hockey); Lillian Copeland, Gerry Ashworth, and Gary Gubner (track and field); Angela Buxton, Brad Gilbert, Julie Heldman, Allen Fox, Nicolás Massú, and Dick Savitt (tennis); Angelica Rozeanu (table tennis); Sergey Sharikov, Vadim Gutzeit, Soren Thompson, and Mariya Mazina (fencing); Isaac Berger and Frank Spellman (weightlifting); Lindsey Durlacher, Jason Goldman, Fred Oberlander, and Henry Wittenberg (wrestling); Max Fried and Dean Kremer (baseball); Donald Spero and Michael Oren (rowing); Bruce Fleisher, Oren Geri, Ron “Racehorse” Smith (golf); Adam Bacher, Dennis Gamsy, Neil Rosendorff, Marshall Rosen, Bob Herman (cricket);[61] Boris Gelfand and Judit Polgár (chess); Irwin Cotler (ping pong); Marcelo Lipatin, Jeff Agoos, and Jonathan Bornstein (association football); Steve March Tormé (fast-pitch softball); Shawn Lipman (rugby); Dov Sternberg (karate); and Ori Sasson (judo).[62] [63]
See main article: List of participating nations at the Maccabiah. The Maccabiah Games have grown into one of the world's largest sporting events, with 85 participating countries in the current edition of the Maccabiah. Below is a list of countries that participated in the most recent games in 2017. Scroll down for participating nations from the 2014 edition and other games[64]
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
China
Costa Rica
Cuba
Denmark
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
Uruguay
UzbekistanEarly games featured many delegations from the Arab nations. Iran, a Muslim, but not Arab country, which debuted at the 7th Maccabiah, stopped participating following the Iranian Revolution. Some of these countries have participated under multiple flags. Countries that previously participated but did not in the most recent Maccabiah are:[65]
Armenia
Aruba
Bahamas
Bermuda
Croatia
Cyprus
Ecuador
Egypt
Estonia
Ethiopia
Grenada
Guam
Guatemala
Guinea-Bissau
Lebanon
Libya
Luxembourg
Malta
Mauritius
Monaco
Mongolia
New Zealand
Palau
Romania
Samoa
ZimbabweFormer entity:
he:עזרא מנדלסון
. Jews and the Sporting Life : Studies in Contemporary Jewry XXIII. March 31, 2009. Oxford University Press. 978-0195382914.
Brazil
Czech Republic
Greece
Mexico
Morocco
Serbia
Spain
Thailand
Bulgaria
Colombia
Kenya
Zambia