MTAP explained

S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is an enzyme responsible for polyamine metabolism. In humans, it is encoded by the methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene on chromosome 9.[1] Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene, but their full-length natures remain unknown.[2]

This gene encodes an enzyme that plays a major role in polyamine metabolism and is important for the salvage of both adenine and methionine. It is responsible for the first step in this pathway, where it catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of MTA to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate. This takes place after MTA is generated from S-adenosylmethionine.

An additional role of MTAP has been found in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). The T. brucei MTAP has an unusually broad specificity and can cleave MTA as well as adenosine and deoxyadenosine.[3] The cleavage of deoxyadenosine serves as a protection mechanism to avoid the accumulation of toxic levels of dATP in the parasite (dATP is formed form deoxyadenosine). The cleavage activity has also consequences for drug discovery against African trypanosomiasis. It is important that adenosine analogues developed against the parasite are resistant to cleavage to be effective.[4]

MTAP was identified for the first time and characterized likely as a phosphorylase in 1969 by Pegg and Williams-Ashman.[5] The first purification that allowed characterization was by a group in 1986.[6] This purification allowed researchers to investigate why there is the lower expression of MTAP in some types of cancer.

Increased levels of MTA in tumor cells along with lower expression of MTAP. The enzyme is deficient in many cancers because this gene and the tumor-suppressive p16 gene are co-deleted.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

Gene

The MTAP gene location is 9p21.3 which is chromosome 9, p arm, band 2, sub-band1, and sub-sub-band 3.[12] [13] The MTAP gene has seven isomers which are created when mRNA's of the same locus have different transcription start sites.[14] Due to the nature of the MTAP gene and the surrounding genes of chromosome 9, deletion of the genes around p21, and gene p21 are common.[15] Particularly the deletion of the gene p16 in conjunction with the whole or partial deletion of MTAP has been indicated in some cancer types. Genes p15 and p16 of chromosome nine are closely linked to the MTAP gene, because of this, MTAP is commonly cross-deleted. This deletion is found in many cancerous tissues.

Structure

MTAP is a trimer enzyme that shares a similar structure and functions with mammalian purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPs) which are also trimeric enzymes. MTAP's subunits are identical in structure and composed of 283 amino acid residues that form to the size of about 32 kDa each. The main structure of an MTAP subunit consists of eleven beta-sheets with six alpha-helices intermixed. The active site of the enzyme is made up of beta-sheets five and 11, as well as alpha-helix 5, and four separate residue loop structures. Within MTAP, helix six is a 12-residue C-terminal helix that arranges for the leucine residue 279 of one subunit to be a part of the active site of another subunit. The active site of each subunit includes two residues (His137 and Leu279) from a neighboring subunit, relying on the interactions between the subunits for proper enzymatic activity. MTAP contains an active site with three regions that correspond to a base, methylthioribose, and sulfate/phosphate binding site.

Function

S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase, MTAP, primarily functions to salvage adenine and methionine from molecule methylthioadenosine (MTA), a byproduct of the polyamine pathway. MTAP is a phosphorylase, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of an inorganic phosphate to another molecule. MTAP is responsible for the cleaving of its substrate, MTA, into adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate by the addition of the inorganic phosphate to the 1-prime carbon of the ribose sugar unit MTA. The 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate is then cycled into the salvage pathway and metabolized into methionine.[16] The MTAP enzyme is responsible for nearly all the adenine synthesis in the human body. Adenine is one of the purine bases of nucleic acids, which build both DNA and RNA. Through the recovery of adenine, MTAP plays an indirect role in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.

Cancer

In recent years a connection between tumor growth, cancer developments, and the enzyme MTAP. Research studies show that tumor cells have lower expression of MTAP enzymes and a higher concentration of the MTA molecule. This trend can be easily understood through the polyamine pathway where MTAP functions to cleave its substrate MTA.[17] In healthy cells, the molecule MTA is believed to have tumor suppressing properties and regulate cell proliferation. However, when MTA levels were recorded above optimal working conditions, these MTA molecules appeared to have an inverse relation, promoting tumor growth and significantly increasing the proliferation of tumor cells. These increased levels of MTA in tumor cells is in direct correlation to a down regulation or complete deletion of the gene encoding the MTAP enzyme.

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: MTAP - S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase - Homo sapiens (Human) - MTAP gene & protein. 2021-12-03. www.uniprot.org. en.
  2. Web site: MTAP methylthioadenosine phosphorylase [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI]. 2021-12-03. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  3. Vodnala M, Ranjbarian F, Pavlova A, de Koning HP, Hofer A . Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase Protects the Parasite from the Antitrypanosomal Effect of Deoxyadenosine: implications for the pharmacology of adenosine antimetabolites . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 291 . 22 . 11717–26 . 2016 . 27036940 . 10.1074/jbc.M116.715615 . free . 4882440 .
  4. Ranjbarian F, Vodnala M, Alzahrani KJ, Ebiloma GU, de Koning HP, Hofer A . 9-(2'-Deoxy-2'-Fluoro-β-d-Arabinofuranosyl) Adenine Is a Potent Antitrypanosomal Adenosine Analogue That Circumvents Transport-Related Drug Resistance . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy . 61 . 6 . e02719-16 . 2016 . 28373184 . 10.1128/AAC.02719-16 . free . 5444181 .
  5. Pegg AE, Williams-Ashman HG . Phosphate-stimulated breakdown of 5'-methylthioadenosine by rat ventral prostate . The Biochemical Journal . 115 . 2 . 241–247 . November 1969 . 5378381 . 1185095 . 10.1042/bj1150241 .
  6. Della Ragione F, Cartenì-Farina M, Gragnaniello V, Schettino MI, Zappia V . Purification and characterization of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from human placenta . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 261 . 26 . 12324–12329 . September 1986 . 3091600 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)67242-4 . free .
  7. Kirovski G, Stevens AP, Czech B, Dettmer K, Weiss TS, Wild P, Hartmann A, Bosserhoff AK, Oefner PJ, Hellerbrand C . 6 . Down-regulation of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) induces progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via accumulation of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) . The American Journal of Pathology . 178 . 3 . 1145–1152 . March 2011 . 21356366 . 3069916 . 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.059 .
  8. Barekatain Y, Ackroyd JJ, Yan VC, Khadka S, Wang L, Chen KC, Poral AH, Tran T, Georgiou DK, Arthur K, Lin YH, Satani N, Ballato ES, Behr EI, deCarvalho AC, Verhaak RG, de Groot J, Huse JT, Asara JM, Kalluri R, Muller FL . 6 . Homozygous MTAP deletion in primary human glioblastoma is not associated with elevation of methylthioadenosine . Nature Communications . 12 . 1 . 4228 . July 2021 . 34244484 . 8270912 . 10.1038/s41467-021-24240-3 . 2021NatCo..12.4228B .
  9. Menezes WP, Silva VA, Gomes IN, Rosa MN, Spina ML, Carloni AC, Alves AL, Melendez M, Almeida GC, Silva LS, Clara C, da Cunha IW, Hajj GN, Jones C, Bidinotto LT, Reis RM . 6 . Loss of 5'-Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase (MTAP) is Frequent in High-Grade Gliomas; Nevertheless, it is Not Associated with Higher Tumor Aggressiveness . Cells . 9 . 2 . 492 . February 2020 . 32093414 . 7072758 . 10.3390/cells9020492 . free .
  10. Xu J, Chang WH, Fong LW, Weiss RH, Yu SL, Chen CH . Targeting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in MTAP-deficient renal cell carcinoma . Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy . 4 . 2 . 2019-01-25 . 30701095 . 6345872 . 10.1038/s41392-019-0035-z .
  11. Hansen LJ, Sun R, Yang R, Singh SX, Chen LH, Pirozzi CJ, Moure CJ, Hemphill C, Carpenter AB, Healy P, Ruger RC, Chen CJ, Greer PK, Zhao F, Spasojevic I, Grenier C, Huang Z, Murphy SK, McLendon RE, Friedman HS, Friedman AH, Herndon JE, Sampson JH, Keir ST, Bigner DD, Yan H, He Y . 6 . MTAP Loss Promotes Stemness in Glioblastoma and Confers Unique Susceptibility to Purine Starvation . Cancer Research . 79 . 13 . 3383–3394 . July 2019 . 31040154 . 6810595 . 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-1010 .
  12. Web site: MTAP Gene. 2021-10-06. www.genecards.org.
  13. Web site: MLA CE Course Manual: Molecular Biology Information Resources (Genetics Review: Chromosome Band Numbers). 2021-10-06. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  14. Web site: UniProtKB - Q13126 (MTAP_Human). October 5, 2021. UniProt.
  15. Nobori T, Takabayashi K, Tran P, Orvis L, Batova A, Yu AL, Carson DA . Genomic cloning of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase: a purine metabolic enzyme deficient in multiple different cancers . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 93 . 12 . 6203–6208 . June 1996 . 8650244 . 39214 . 10.1073/pnas.93.12.6203 . 1996PNAS...93.6203N . free .
  16. Bertino JR, Waud WR, Parker WB, Lubin M . Targeting tumors that lack methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) activity: current strategies . Cancer Biology & Therapy . 11 . 7 . 627–632 . April 2011 . 21301207 . 3084968 . 10.4161/cbt.11.7.14948 .
  17. Li Y, Wang Y, Wu P . 5'-Methylthioadenosine and Cancer: old molecules, new understanding . Journal of Cancer . 10 . 4 . 927–936 . January 2019 . 30854099 . 6400808 . 10.7150/jca.27160 .

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