Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) Explained

Medical Research Council
Abbreviation:	MRC
Formation:	1913
Type:	Research Council within UKRI
Purpose:	Co-ordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom
Location:	Swindon, Wiltshire, England
Region Served:	United Kingdom
Leader Title:	Executive Chair
Leader Name:	Patrick Chinnery
Main Organ:	MRC Council
Annual Revenue:	c. £700 million

The Medical Research Council (MRC) is responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom. It is part of United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI), which came into operation 1 April 2018, and brings together the UK's seven research councils, Innovate UK and Research England. UK Research and Innovation is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.

The MRC focuses on high-impact research and has provided the financial support and scientific expertise behind a number of medical breakthroughs, including the development of penicillin and the discovery of the structure of DNA. Research funded by the MRC has produced 32 Nobel Prize winners to date.

History

The MRC was founded as the Medical Research Committee and Advisory Council in 1913,^[1] with its prime role being the distribution of medical research funds under the terms of the National Insurance Act 1911. This was a consequence of the recommendation of the Royal Commissions on Tuberculosis, which recommended the creation of a permanent medical research body. The mandate was not limited to tuberculosis, however.

In 1920, it became the Medical Research Council under Royal Charter. A supplementary Charter was formally approved by the Queen on 17 July 2003. In March 1933, MRC established the British Journal of Clinical Research and Educational Advanced Medicine, the first scientific published medical patrol, as a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. It contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity, allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field and direct their own research.

In August 2012, the creation of the MRC-NIHR Phenome Centre, a research centre for personalised medicine, was announced.^{[2] [3]} The MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre is based at Imperial College London and is a combination of inherited equipment from the anti-doping facilities used to test samples during the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.^{[2] [3]} and additional items from the Centre's technology partners Bruker and Waters Corporation. The Centre, led by Imperial College London and King's College London, is funded with two five-year grants of £5 million from the Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)^{[2] [3]} and was officially opened in June 2013.^[4]

Notable research

Important work carried out under MRC auspices has included:

• the identification of the dietary cause of rickets by Sir Edward Mellanby.^[5] Mellanby also carried out human experimentation regarding vitamin A and C deficiencies on volunteers at the Sorby Research Institute;
• the discovery, in 1918, that influenza is caused by a virus;^[6]
• the description of neurotransmission and the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, by Sir Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi, leading to a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1936;
• the development of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Lord Florey, gaining them the 1945 Nobel Prize;^[7]
• linkage of lung cancer to tobacco smoking by Sir Richard Doll and Sir Austin Bradford Hill in the British doctors study, published in 1956;^[8]
• the discovery of the structure of DNA by James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Professor Maurice Wilkins.^[9] Three would receive the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for their discovery;
• the development of magnetic resonance imaging in 1973 by Professor Peter Mansfield and independently by Paul Lauterbur. This would lead to the 2003 Nobel Prize;^[10]
• the development of monoclonal antibodies^[11] at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology by César Milstein and Georges Köhler in 1975 (1984 Nobel Prize);
• the development of DNA sequencing by Frederick Sanger of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1977 (1980 Nobel Prize);
• the identification, in 1983, of folic acid as a preventive measure for spina bifida and neural tube defects;^[12]
• the conducting of large studies in the 1970s and 1980s which established that aspirin can decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease;
• the publication of the genome of C. elegans, the first multicellular organism to receive this treatment, in 1998;
• the ongoing Heart Protection Study,^[13] showing benefits of primary prevention with simvastatin in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease;
• Dr Venki Ramakrishnan of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology winning the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2009^[14] for showing how ribosomes, the tiny protein-making factories inside cells, function at the atomic level;
• the discovery that early treatment of HIV-infected babies with anti-retroviral therapy can dramatically increase their chances of survival;
• the development of a test for detecting infectious prions on surgical instruments which is more accurate than previous tests and 100 times faster;
• the identification of the second ever genetic variant associated with obesity;^[15] and
• the finding that high quality surgery combined with a short course of radiotherapy can halve the rate of recurrence of colorectal cancer.^[16]

Scientists associated with the MRC have received a total of 32 Nobel Prizes, all in either Physiology or Medicine or Chemistry^[17]

Organisation and leadership

The MRC is one of seven Research Councils^[18] that are part of UK Research and Innovation, in turn part of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.^[19] In the past, the MRC has been answerable to the Office of Science and Innovation, part of the Department of Trade and Industry.

The MRC is advised by a council which directs and oversees corporate policy and science strategy, ensures that the MRC is effectively managed, and makes policy and spending decisions. Council members are drawn from industry, academia, government and the NHS. Members are appointed by the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Daily management is in the hands of the Executive Chair. Members of the council also chair specialist boards on specific areas of research. For specific subjects, the council convenes committees.^[20]

Chairmen

• 1913–1916: Lord Moulton
• 1916–1920: Major Waldorf Astor
• 1920–1924: Viscount Goschen
• 1924: Edward F.L. Wood
• 1924–1929: The Rt Hon. the Earl of Balfour
• 1929–1934: The Rt Hon. Viscount D'Abernon
• 1934–1936: the Marquess of Linlithgow
• 1936–1948: Lord Balfour of Burleigh
• 1948–1951: The Rt Hon. Viscount Addison
• 1952–1960: The Earl of Limerick
• 1960–1961: Viscount Amory
• 1961–1965: Lord Shawcross
• 1965–1969: Viscount Amory
• 1969–1978: the Duke of Northumberland
• 1978–1982: Lord Shepherd
• 1982–1990: Earl Jellicoe
• 1990–1998: Sir David Plastow
• 1998–2006: Sir Anthony Cleaver
• 2006–2012: Sir John Chisholm
• 2012–2018: Sir Donald Brydon, CBE

Chief Executives

As Chief Executives (originally secretaries) served:

• 1914–33: Sir Walter Morley Fletcher
• 1933–49: Sir Edward Mellanby
• 1949–68: Sir Harold Himsworth
• 1968–77: Sir John Gray
• 1977–87: Sir James L. Gowans
• 1987–96: Sir Dai Rees
• 1996–2003: Professor Sir George Radda
• 2003–2007: Professor Sir Colin Blakemore
• 2007–2010: Professor Sir Leszek Borysiewicz
• 2010–2018: Professor Sir John Savill

Executive Chairs

Following the formation of UK Research and Innovation, the Executive Chair role replaced the Chief Executive Officer role, and has been held by:

• 2018–2022: Professor Fiona Watt
• 2022-2023 (interim post): Professor Sir John Iredale
• 2023-present: Professor Patrick Chinnery^[21]

MRC CEOs are normally automatically knighted.^[22]

Institutes, centres and units

The MRC has units, centres and institutes in the UK, with units addressing medical issues in The Gambia and Uganda managed by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.^[23]

The following is a list of the MRC's institutes, centres and units ^[23]

Bristol

• MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol (IEU)

Cambridge

• MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge (BSU)
  • MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge (EU)
• MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB)
• MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge (MDU)
• MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit at the University of Cambridge
• MRC Toxicology Unit at the University of Cambridge
• Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge

Dundee

• MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit at the University of Dundee

Edinburgh

• Institute of Genetics and Cancer at the University of Edinburgh
• MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh
• MRC Human Genetics Unit at the University of Edinburgh

Exeter

Glasgow

• MRC & CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow (SPHSU)
• MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research

Harwell

• Research Complex at Harwell

London

• Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London
• Francis Crick Institute (partnership between the MRC, Cancer Research UK, Imperial College London, King's College London, the Wellcome Trust and University College London)
• MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (at King's College London)
• MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection at Imperial College London
• MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London
• MRC Clinical Trials Unit UCL (CTU)
• MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (at Imperial College London)
• MRC Prion Unit at University College London
• MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, UCL (home of the National Survey of Health & Development
• MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
• MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit

Oxford

• MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit (at the University of Oxford)
• MRC Molecular Haematology Unit at the University of Oxford
• MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit at the University of Oxford
• MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Oxford
• Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford

Southampton

• Versus Arthritis/MRC Centre for Musculoskeletal Health and Work, University of Southampton
• MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit at the University of Southampton (LEU)

Multiple sites across UK

• Health Data Research UK (central team in London)
• MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Liverpool/Sheffield/NCL (universities of Liverpool, Sheffield and Newcastle) (CIMA)
• MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), Birmingham/Nottingham (universities of Birmingham and Nottingham)
• UK Dementia Research Institute (hub at UCL; centres hosted by universities of Cambridge, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Surrey, Imperial College London and King’s College London)

Facilities and resources

MRC facilities and resources include, ^[24] In the UK:

• Better Methods, Better Research guidance portal
• Central Laser facility at the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory
• Clinical trials data sharing: ReShare (at the UK Data Service)
• Cohort Directory
• Diamond Light Source (UK national synchrotron facility, Harwell)
• Dementias Platform UK
• Electron Bio-imaging Centre at the Diamond Light Source
• Genomics England
• Health Data Research Innovation Gateway
• ISIS Neutron and Muon Source at the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory
• LifeArc
• Mary Lyon Centre (UK national facility for mouse genetics, Harwell)
• MRC Biomedical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Centre
• MRC Centre for Macaques
• MRC scales (MRC dyspnoea scale; MRC muscle scale; neurological scle)
• MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR)
• Regulatory Support Centre
• Research Complex at Harwell
• UK Biobank
• UK Stem Cell Bank
• UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) Tissue Directory

International collaborations:

• Beamtime at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France
• Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (European Research Infrastructure Consortium)
• Institut Laue-Langevin neutron source, France
• Instruct – European infrastructure for structural biology (European Research Infrastructure Consortium)

See also

• National Institute for Health and Care Research

Further reading

• Austoker, Joan, and Linda Bryder, eds. Historical perspectives on the role of the MRC: essays in the history of the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom and its predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913–1953 (Oxford UP, 1989)
• Fisher D. "The Rockefeller Foundation and the Development of Scientific Medicine in Britain" Minerva (1987) 16#1, 20–41.
• Sussex, Jon, et al. "Quantifying the economic impact of government and charity funding of medical research on private research and development funding in the United Kingdom." BMC Medicine 14#1 (2016): 1+
• Viergever, Roderik F., and Thom CC Hendriks. "The 10 largest public and philanthropic funders of health research in the world: what they fund and how they distribute their funds." Health Research Policy and Systems 14#1 (2016): 1.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Records created or inherited by the Medical Research Council . 28 February 2012. The National Archives.
2. News: London 2012 legacy to include medical research centre. 1 August 2012. Times Higher Education. 1 August 2012.
3. News: Legacy for anti-doping centre. 1 August 2012. BBC News. 1 August 2012.
4. Web site: New centre will decipher roles of nature and nurture in human health. Imperial College News and Events. 5 June 2013 . Imperial College London. 13 November 2014.
5. Web site: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Mellanby, Edward. 28 February 2012. Encyclopedia.com.
6. Web site: Social History of Medicine – Uses of a Pandemic: Forging the Identities of Influenza and Virus Research in Interwar Britain. 28 February 2012. Oxford University Press. 15 December 2011.
7. Book: Bud, Robert. Penicillin Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford University Press. 2007. registration. 43. 978-0-19-925406-4.
8. Doll . R. . Peto . R. . Boreham . J. . Sutherland . I. . Mortality from cancer in relation to smoking: 50 years observations on British doctors . 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602359 . British Journal of Cancer . 92 . 3 . 426–429 . 2005 . 15668706 . 2362086 .
9. Book: Torsten, Krude. Klug, Aaron. Changing Science and Society. Cambridge University Press. 2004. 3–26. 0-521-82378-1.
10. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003. 28 February 2012. Nobelprize.org.
11. Web site: Therapeutic Antibodies and the LMB. 28 February 2012. MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. dead. https://archive.today/20121222215920/http://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/antibody/. 22 December 2012. dmy-all.
12. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) . Use of folic acid for prevention of spina bifida and other neural tube defects—1983–1991 . MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 40 . 30 . 513–516 . 1991 . 2072886.
13. Collins . R. . Armitage . J. . Parish . S. . Sleigh . P. . Peto . R. . Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group . MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: A randomised placebo-controlled trial . Lancet . 361 . 9374 . 2005–2016 . 2003 . 12814710 . 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13636-7. 28111189 .
14. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009. 28 February 2012. Nobelprize.org.
15. Loos . R. J. F. . Recent progress in the genetics of common obesity . 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03523.x . British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology . 68 . 6 . 811–829 . 2009 . 20002076 . 2810793 .
16. Web site: Press release: Doctors more than halve local relapse of rectal cancer. 28 February 2012. insciences.org. 6 March 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130502094339/http://insciences.org/article.php?article_id=3053. 2 May 2013. dmy-all.
17. Web site: Nobel Prize Winners. 28 February 2012. Medical Research Council. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120228225127/http://www.mrc.ac.uk/Achievementsimpact/NobelPrize/index.htm. 28 February 2012. dmy-all.
18. Web site: Governance and structure – UK Research and Innovation. 10 October 2017. Research Councils UK.
19. Web site: UKRI: Councils. 28 February 2012. Research Councils UK.
20. Web site: MRC Council. 28 February 2012. Medical Research Council.
21. Web site: Professor Patrick Chinnery appointed as MRC Executive Chair . 22 August 2023 .
22. News: Angelina Jolie made dame in thousand-strong Queen's birthday honours list. 14 June 2014. The Guardian. 13 June 2014.
23. Web site: MRC list of institutes, units and centres . 21 June 2024 . Medical Research Council .
24. Web site: Find an MRC facility or resource. UKRI. 21 June 2024.