Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP explained

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP
Extension:.mpd
Mime:application/dash+xml[1]
Developer:Moving Picture Experts Group
Released:April 2012
Standard:ISO/IEC 23009-1:2022
Latest Release Date:August 2022
Genre:Playlist

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), also known as MPEG-DASH, is an adaptive bitrate streaming technique that enables high quality streaming of media content over the Internet delivered from conventional HTTP web servers. Similar to Apple's HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) solution, MPEG-DASH works by breaking the content into a sequence of small segments, which are served over HTTP. An early HTTP web server based streaming system called SProxy was developed and deployed in the Hewlett Packard Laboratories in 2006.[2] [3] It showed how to use HTTP range requests to break the content into small segments. SProxy shows the effectiveness of segment based streaming, gaining best Internet penetration due to the wide deployment of firewalls, and reducing the unnecessary traffic transmission if a user chooses to terminate the streaming session earlier before reaching the end. Each segment contains a short interval of playback time of content that is potentially many hours in duration, such as a movie or the live broadcast of a sport event. The content is made available at a variety of different bit rates, i.e., alternative segments encoded at different bit rates covering aligned short intervals of playback time. While the content is being played back by an MPEG-DASH client, the client uses a bit rate adaptation (ABR) algorithm[4] to automatically select the segment with the highest bit rate possible that can be downloaded in time for playback without causing stalls or re-buffering events in the playback.[5] The current MPEG-DASH reference client dash.js[6] offers both buffer-based (BOLA[7]) and hybrid (DYNAMIC[5]) bit rate adaptation algorithms. Thus, an MPEG-DASH client can seamlessly adapt to changing network conditions and provide high quality playback with few stalls or re-buffering events.

MPEG-DASH is the first adaptive bit-rate HTTP-based streaming solution that is an international standard.[8] MPEG-DASH should not be confused with a transport protocol — the transport protocol that MPEG-DASH uses depends on which version of HTTP is used: TCP over HTTP and HTTP/2, or UDP over HTTP/3. MPEG-DASH uses existing HTTP web server infrastructure that is used for delivery of essentially all World Wide Web content. It allows devices like Internet-connected televisions, TV set-top boxes, desktop computers, smartphones, tablets, etc. to receive multimedia content (video, TV, radio, etc.) delivered via the Internet, coping with variable Internet receiving conditions. Standardizing an adaptive streaming solution is meant to provide confidence to the market that the solution can be adopted for universal deployment, compared to similar but more proprietary solutions like Smooth Streaming by Microsoft, or HDS by Adobe. Unlike HDS, or Smooth Streaming, DASH is codec-agnostic, which means it can use content encoded with any coding format, such as H.265, H.264, VP9, etc.[9]

Standardization

MPEG-DASH technology was developed under MPEG. Work on DASH started in 2010; it became a Draft International Standard in January 2011, and an International Standard in November 2011.[10] The MPEG-DASH standard was published in April, 2012 but has been revised in 2019 and then once more in 2022 as https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:std:iso-iec:23009:-1:ed-5:v1:en.

DASH is a technology related to Adobe Systems HTTP Dynamic Streaming, Apple Inc. HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) and Microsoft Smooth Streaming. DASH is based on Adaptive HTTP streaming (AHS) in 3GPP Release 9 and on HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) in Open IPTV Forum Release 2.[11] [12] As part of their collaboration with MPEG, 3GPP Release 10 has adopted DASH (with specific codecs and operating modes) for use over wireless networks.

The DASH Industry Forum (DASH-IF)[13] further promotes and catalyzes the adoption of MPEG-DASH and helps transition it from a specification into a real business. It consists of major streaming and media companies, including Microsoft, Netflix, Google, Ericsson, Samsung, Adobe, etc. and creates guidelines on the usage of DASH for different use cases in practice.

MPEG-DASH is integrated in other standards, e.g. MPEG-DASH is supported in HbbTV (as of Version 1.5).[14]

Overview

DASH is an adaptive bitrate streaming technology where a multimedia file is partitioned into one or more segments and delivered to a client using HTTP.[15] A media presentation description (MPD) describes segment information (timing, URL, media characteristics like video resolution and bit rates), and can be organized in different ways such as SegmentList, SegmentTemplate, SegmentBase and SegmentTimeline, depending on the use case. Segments can contain any media data, however the specification provides specific guidance and formats for use with two types of containers: ISO base media file format (e.g. MP4 file format) or MPEG-2 Transport Stream.

DASH is audio/video codec agnostic. One or more representations (i.e., versions at different resolutions or bit rates) of multimedia files are typically available, and selection can be made based on network conditions, device capabilities and user preferences, enabling adaptive bitrate streaming[16] and QoE (Quality of Experience) fairness.[17] DASH standard does not specify the adaptive bitrate streaming (ABR) logic.[18] DASH is also agnostic to the underlying application layer protocol. Thus, DASH can be used with any protocol, e.g., DASH over CCN.[19]

On July 27, 2015, MPEG LA announced a call for MPEG-DASH-related patents in order to create a single patent pool for this technology.[20] MPEG LA announced its MPEG-DASH patent portfolio licence. MPEG-LA claims that the included patents are essential to the MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP standard.[21]

Implementations

MPEG-DASH is available natively on Android through the ExoPlayer,[22] on Samsung Smart TVs 2012+, LG Smart TV 2012+, Sony TV 2012+, Philips NetTV 4.1+, Panasonic Viera 2013+ and Chromecast.[23] YouTube as well as Netflix already support MPEG-DASH, and different MPEG-DASH players are available.[24]

While MPEG-DASH isn't directly supported in HTML5, there are JavaScript implementations of MPEG-DASH which allow using MPEG-DASH in web browsers using the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE).[25] There are also JavaScript implementations such as the bitdash player[26] which support DRM for MPEG-DASH using the HTML5 Encrypted Media Extensions.[27] In combination with WebGL, the HTML5-based adaptive bitrate streaming of MPEG-DASH enables also the efficient streaming of 360° video for live and on-demand use cases.[28]

Clients and libraries

Servers

Note that no specific support is required from the server for DASH content, with the exception of Live Streaming.

Services

Content generators

Other

Supported players and servers

Clients

Windows 10 used to have native support for DASH streaming in EdgeHTML, a proprietary browser engine that was used in Microsoft Edge (now referred to as Edge Legacy) before the transition to the Chromium-based Blink browser engine. Edge Legacy was included in Windows 10 up till version 2004. It was replaced by Edge Chromium in version 20H2.

DASH support on other browsers & operating systems is available via Media Source Extensions.

Product Product typePlatform Live streaming DRM-free As of version Editor
Web browserWindows 10 Supported natively on Edge Legacy's engine EdgeHTML from version 12 to 18.[62]

No native support on Edge Chromium from version 79 to present.[63]

Microsoft
Media playerWindows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Windows Phone v3.0 VideoLAN
Media Player Classic - Home Cinema (MPC-HC)

Media Player Classic - Black Edition (MPC-BE)

Media playerWindows v2.0.0 (MPC-HC)
v1.5.0 (MPC-BE)[64]

Support for playback of DASH streams may be unstable.

MPC-HC Community Forum, Alexander Vodiannikov
MX Player Media playerAndroid v1.9.18
Support for playback of DASH streams is currently unstable. 		J2 Interactive
NexPlayer SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android (mobile, TV, STB), iOS, Chromecast, Windows, Mac, Linux, Tizen, WebOS NexStreaming
Dash.js SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers) Dash Industry Forum
Shaka Player SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers) Google
Rx-Player SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers)
bitdash SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android, LG TVs, Samsung TVs, Xbox One, Universal Windows Platform Bitmovin
PRESTOplay SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android, iOS, Windows, Mac castLabs
THEOplayer SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android (mobile, TV, STB), iOS, Chromecast, Windows, Mac, Linux, Tizen, WebOS THEO Technologies NV
Viblast Player SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android, iOS Viblast Team
Radiant Media Player SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers), Android, iOS, Windows, Mac, Linux Radiant Media Player
Videogular SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers)
Fluid Player SDKHTML5 (MSE Browsers) ExoClick
Multimedia framework1.4 GStreamer Team
Multimedia frameworkbitmovin, ITEC Team
GPAC Multimedia frameworkTelecom ParisTech inc.

Patent holders

OrganizationPatents[65]
Maxell15
The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)8
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT)5
Fraunhofer4
Columbia University4
Amotech Co., Ltd.2
AVerMedia Technologies, Inc.2
Cable Television Laboratories, Inc.2
Helios Streaming, LLC2
JVC Kenwood1
Lough Corrib Intellectual Property Limited1

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: DASH Adaptive Streaming for HTML 5 Video . 11 July 2024.
  2. Book: Chen . Songqing . Shen . Bo . Tan . Wai-tian . Wee . Susie . Zhang . Xiaodong . 2006 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo . A Case for Internet Streaming via Web Servers . 2006-07-09 . https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4037057 . 2145–2148 . 10.1109/ICME.2006.262660 . 1-4244-0367-7 . 1945-7871 . 1945-788X . 9202042 .
  3. Chen . Songqing . Shen . Bo . Wee . Susie . Zhang . Xiaodong . 2007-07-23 . SProxy: A Caching Infrastructure to Support Internet Streaming . IEEE Transactions on Multimedia . 9 . 5 . 1062–1072 . 10.1109/TMM.2007.898943 . 870854 . 1520-9210. 10.1.1.74.4838 .
  4. Web site: ABR Logic. GitHub.
  5. Web site: From Theory to Practice: Improving Bitrate Adaptation in the DASH Reference Player, by Spiteri, Sitaraman and Sparacio, ACM Multimedia Systems Conference, June 2018..
  6. Web site: dash.js JavaScript Reference Client Landing Page. 2020-08-28. reference.dashif.org.
  7. BOLA: Near-optimal bitrate adaptation for online videos.. 1601.06748. Spiteri. Kevin. Urgaonkar. Rahul. Sitaraman. Ramesh K.. 2020. 28. 1698–1711. 10.1109/TNET.2020.2996964. 219792107. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. 4 .
  8. News: MPEG ratifies its draft standard for DASH . MPEG . 2011-12-02 . 2012-08-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120820233136/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/geneva11-1/geneva_press.htm . 2012-08-20 .
  9. Web site: MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS. 3 June 2016. 2015-03-29.
  10. Web site: ISO/IEC 23009-1:2012. ISO.
  11. ETSI 3GPP 3GPP TS 26.247; Transparent end-to-end packet-switched streaming service (PSS); Progressive Download and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (3GP-DASH)
  12. http://www.oipf.tv/live/oipf/release_2.html Open IPTV Forum Solution Specification Volume 2a – HTTP Adaptive Streaming V2.1
  13. Web site: DASH Industry Forum | Catalyzing the adoption of MPEG-DASH. dashif.org.
  14. Web site: HbbTV Specification 1.5. https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212343/http://www.hbbtv.org/pages/about_hbbtv/HbbTV-specification-1-5.pdf. dead. July 3, 2014.
  15. Web site: Technologies | MPEG. mpeg.chiariglione.org.
  16. http://www.mmsys.org/?q=node/43#mmt1 3GPP Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP – Standards and Design Principles
  17. Web site: Towards Network-wide QoE Fairness using OpenFlow-assisted Adaptive Video Streaming. scholar.google.com.
  18. A Survey on Bitrate Adaptation Schemes for Streaming Media Over HTTP. Abdelhak. Bentaleb. Bayan. Taani. Ali C.. Begen. Christian. Timmerer. Roger. Zimmermann. January 21, 2019. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 21. 1. 562–585. 10.1109/COMST.2018.2862938. 67867085 . free.
  19. Web site: DASH over ICN/CCN | ITEC – Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP.
  20. Web site: MPEG LA Announces Call for Patents to Organize Joint License for MPEG-DASH. https://web.archive.org/web/20150807012726/http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/96/n-15-07-27.pdf. dead. August 7, 2015.
  21. Web site: DASH Patent Portfolio License Briefing* . . 2019-03-04 . 10 July 2019.
  22. Web site: ExoPlayer . Android Developers . 7 December 2021 . en.
  23. http://www.bitcodin.com/blog/2015/03/mpeg-dash-device-compatibility Device Compatibility
  24. http://www.dash-player.com/blog/2015/02/the-status-of-mpeg-dash-today-and-why-youtube-and-netflix-use-it-in-html5/ The Status of MPEG-DASH today, and why Youtube & Netflix use it in HTML5
  25. https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/html-media/raw-file/tip/media-source/media-source.html HTML5 Media Source Extensions
  26. Web site: Video Player SDKs for flawless viewing | HTML5 Player. https://web.archive.org/web/20150703200443/http://www.dash-player.com/demo/drm-and-protection/. dead. July 3, 2015. bitmovin.com.
  27. Web site: Encrypted Media Extensions. w3c.github.io.
  28. Web site: This demo shows the Bitmovin Player displaying a 360° video with VR. bitmovin.com.
  29. Book: Zhang . Bo . Teixeira . Thiago . Reznik . Yuriy . Proceedings of the 12th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference . Performance of Low-Latency HTTP-based Streaming Players . 24 June 2021 . 356–362 . 10.1145/3458305.3478442 . 9781450384346 . 237596948 . free .
  30. News: Cimpanu . Catalin . 2015-08-24 . Meet Shaka Player, Google's HTML5 Video Player for Low Bandwidth Conditions . Softpedia . 2016-08-13 .
  31. Web site: Ultimate HTML5 Video-Player Showdown: 12 Players Compared . Cloudinary . 28 June 2020 . 7 December 2021 . en.
  32. http://www-itec.uni-klu.ac.at/dash/ DASH at ITEC, VLC Plugin, DASHEncoder and Dataset
  33. Web site: C. Müller and C. Timmerer, "A VLC Media Player Plugin enabling Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP", In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia 2011, Scottsdale, Arizona, November 28, 2011..
  34. Web site: VLC 3.0 features. 2015-02-13. 2020-07-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20200730070837/http://git.videolan.org/?p=vlc.git;a=commitdiff;h=c13e7d4a399911f263876a0ec0611e1fb27e8b43. dead.
  35. Web site: HTTP Adaptive Streaming with GStreamer – coaxion.net – slomo's blog.
  36. http://www.bitmovin.net/ libdash: Open-source DASH client library
  37. Web site: Video Player SDKs for flawless viewing | HTML5 Player. bitmovin.com.
  38. Web site: Vijayanagar . Krishna Rao . Top 13 HTML5 Video Players for the Web Reviewed [2021] ]. OTTVerse . 3 June 2021 . 7 December 2021.
  39. Web site: clappr dash.js hls.js rx-player shaka-player videojs-contrib-hls . npm trends.com . 7 December 2021 . en.
  40. Web site: Stream MPEG-DASH over HTTP with Wowza Streaming Engine. Wowza Media Systems.
  41. Web site: DASH Streaming and Playlists. 2016-07-05. 2017-08-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000747/https://app.zencoder.com/docs/guides/encoding-settings/dash. dead.
  42. Web site: MPEG-DASH streaming via Nimble Streamer - Softvelum. wmspanel.com.
  43. Web site: Netview and Unified Streaming streaming DASH. Streaming Media Magazine.
  44. Web site: USP Factsheet . 2015-04-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150421044415/http://www.unified-streaming.com/products/factsheet . 2015-04-21 . dead .
  45. http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/2014/press-040814.html Akamai Announces Native MPEG-DASH and HDS Support for Live Video Workflows
  46. Web site: Amazon Elastic Transcoder Now Supports MPEG-DASH. Amazon Web Services, Inc.. 2016-06-03.
  47. Web site: MPEG-DASH and streaming reference and resources. 3 March 2016 .
  48. Web site: bitcodin.com Supported Formats . 2015-05-04 . 2016-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160328033025/https://www.bitcodin.com/supported-formats/ . dead .
  49. Web site: Deliver HLS and MPEG-DASH with the Cloudinary Video Player | Cloudinary. cloudinary.com.
  50. Web site: Engineering Broadcast: FM and Online . Insanity Radio Tech . 26 July 2017 . 7 December 2021.
  51. Web site: S. Lederer, C. Mueller and C. Timmerer, "Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP Dataset", In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia Systems Conference 2012, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, February 22-24, 2012..
  52. Web site: Fragmentation, segmentation, splitting and interleaving · gpac/gpac Wiki. GitHub.
  53. Web site: DashCast | GPAC.
  54. Web site: Media Goom. Essential Adaptive Web Streaming with MPEG-DASH and HLS. https://web.archive.org/web/20170118224209/http://mediagoom.com/. 2017-01-18. dead.
  55. Web site: Getting Started - Bento4. www.bento4.com.
  56. http://www.dash-player.com/blog/2015/04/10-free-public-mpeg-dash-teststreams-and-datasets/ MPEG DASH Dataset Overview
  57. Web site: Distributed DASH Datset | ITEC – Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP.
  58. Web site: MPEG DASH Test Suite . 2013-11-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140307212517/http://digitaltv-labs.com/products/consumer_electronics/details/m-peg_dash . 2014-03-07 . dead .
  59. Web site: MPEG DASH Test Streams. BBC R&D. 9 September 2013 .
  60. Web site: The Complete Guide to Widevine . encoding.com . 2018-01-11 . 2021-12-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211229023059/https://www.encoding.com/widevine/ . dead .
  61. Web site: MPEG-DASH Analysis and Monitoring Solution. mividi.com. 2019-09-15.
  62. Web site: Simplified Adaptive Video Streaming: Announcing support for HLS and DASH in Windows 10. learn.microsoft.com. 29 January 2015 .
  63. Web site: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) | Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc. caniuse.com.
  64. Web site: MPC-BE Version History - VideoHelp.
  65. Web site: DASH Patent List . . 10 July 2019.

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