List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty explained

This list of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty includes current, emeritus, former, and deceased professors, lecturers, and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Faculty members who have become Institute Professors, Nobel Laureates, MacArthur Fellows, National Medal of Science recipients, or have earned other significant awards and made significant contributions are listed below.

Institute Professors

See main article: List of Institute Professors. A few distinguished members of the faculty have held the title of Institute Professor in recognition of their extraordinary records of achievement and dedication to the MIT community.

Nobel Laureates

See also: Nobel Prize.

Current faculty

NameDepartmentYearAwardCitationNotes
Peter DiamondEconomics2010Economics"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
H. Robert HorvitzBiology2002Medicine/Physiology"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
Wolfgang KetterlePhysics2001Physics"for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
Robert C. MertonEconomics1997Economics"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
Richard R. SchrockChemistry2005Chemistry"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
Phillip A. SharpBiology1993Medicine/Physiology"for their discoveries of split genes"[1]
Samuel TingPhysics1976Physics"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
Susumu TonegawaBrain and Cognitive Sciences1987Medicine/Physiology"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"
Frank WilczekPhysics2004Physics"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[2]

Emeritus faculty

NameDepartmentYearAwardCitationNotes
Jerome I. FriedmanPhysics1990Physics"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Mario MolinaEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science1995Chemistry"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
Robert M. SolowEconomics1987Economics"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth"
Rainer WeissPhysics2017Physics"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"

Deceased faculty

NameDepartmentYearAwardCitationNotes
H. Gobind KhoranaBiology1968Medicine/Physiology"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
Henry W. KendallPhysics1990Physics"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Salvador E. LuriaBiology1969Medicine/Physiology"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
Franco ModiglianiEconomics1985Economics"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
Paul A. SamuelsonEconomics1970Economics"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"
Nir ShavitEngineering2021Physics"For his advances in algorithms research and his unfailing love of spreading engineering knowledge"
Clifford G. ShullPhysics1994Physics"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"

Former faculty

NameDepartmentYearAwardCitationNotes
David BaltimoreBiology1975Medicine/Physiology"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
Robert EngleEconomics2003Economics"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
Daniel L. McFaddenEconomics2000Economics"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"
John Forbes Nash, Jr.Economics1994Economics"for [his] pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
Myron S. ScholesEconomics1997Economics"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
K. Barry SharplessChemistry2001Chemistry"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
Charles H. TownesPhysics1964Physics"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
Steven WeinbergPhysics1979Physics"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

Former and/or retired research staff

NameLaboratoryYearAwardCitationNotes
Thomas R. CechPost-doc, Department of Biology (1975–1978)1989Chemistry"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
Aaron Ciechanover2004Chemistry"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Horst L. StörmerResearcher, Francis Bitter High Magnetic Field Lab1998Physics"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
E. Donnall ThomasPost-doc (1949–1950)1990Medicine/Physiology"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
Daniel C. TsuiResearcher, Francis Bitter High Magnetic Field Lab1998Physics"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
Geoffrey WilkinsonResearch Associate, Department of Chemistry (1950–1951)1973Chemistry"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"

MacArthur Fellows

See also: MacArthur Fellowship.

Current faculty

NameDepartmentYearCitationNotes
Regina BarzilayComputer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab2017"developing machine learning methods that enable computers to process and analyze vast amounts of human language data"
Angela BelcherMaterials Science and Engineering2004"developing new techniques for manipulating systems that straddle the boundary of organic and inorganic chemistry at the molecular scale"
Erik DemaineElectrical Engineering and Computer Science2003
Junot DíazComparative Media Studies/Writing2012"using raw, vernacular dialogue and spare, unsentimental prose to draw readers into the various and distinct worlds that immigrants must straddle"
Esther DufloEconomics2009"exploring the social and economic forces perpetuating the cycle of poverty for the poorest peoples in South Asia and Africa"
Linda G. GriffithBiological Engineering2006"extending the limits of biomedical engineering and its applications for diagnosing disease and regenerating damaged organs"
John HarbisonMusic and Theater Arts1989
Evelyn Fox KellerHistory & Science, Technology, and Society1992
Eric LanderBiology1987
Heather LechtmanMaterial Science and Engineering1984
Nergis MavalvalaPhysics2010
David C. PageBiology1986
Michael J. PioreEconomics1984
Daniela L. RusElectrical Engineering and Computer Science2002
Sara SeagerEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences & Physics2013
Peter ShorMathematics1999
Marin SoljacicPhysics2008
Alar ToomreMathematics1984
Frank WilczekPhysics1982[3]
Jack WisdomEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences1994

Research staff

NameLaboratoryYearCitationNotes
Tim Berners-LeeComputer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab1998[4]
Harlan LaneResearch Laboratory of Electronics1991
Vamsi MoothaBroad Institute2004"creating powerful, adaptable computational strategies for mining data collected in laboratories throughout the world, providing an efficient means to hunt down gene interactions that lead to a wide variety of diseases"
Amy SmithEdgerton Center2004"designing life-enhancing solutions and labor-saving technologies for people at the far end of dirt roads in the world's most remote societies"
Richard M. StallmanComputer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab1990
George ZweigResearch Laboratory of Electronics1981

Former faculty

NameDepartmentYearCitationNotes
Jed Z. BuchwaldHistory1995
Michael KremerEconomics1997
Sendhil MullainathanEconomics2002
Richard C. MulliganBiology1981
Charles SabelScience, Technology, Society1982
Charles SteidelPhysics2002
Mark S. WrightonChemistry1983

National Medal of Science

See also: National Medal of Science.

Current faculty

NameDepartmentYearCitationNotes
Ann M. GraybielBiology2001Biological Sciences - "For her pioneering contributions to the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the brain, including the structure, chemistry, and function of the pathways subserving thought and movement."[5]
Stephen J. LippardChemistry2004Chemistry - "For pioneering research in bioinorganic chemistry, which enriched our understanding of how metal compounds interact with DNA, provided important synthetic models for the active sites of metalloproteins, and elucidated key structural and mechanistic features of methane monooxygenase."[6]
Alexander RichBiology1995Biological Sciences - "For his numerous fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the structure and function of DNA and RNA, the central information carriers in living systems."[7]
Philip A. SharpBiology2004Biological Sciences - "For his contributions to understanding the biochemical pathway of RNA interference phenomena and for his use of RNA interference techniques to perform genetic analyses in mammalian cells.",[8]
Isadore M. SingerMathematics1983Mathematics & Computer Science - "For his inspired revival of differential geometry and its connections to analysis; for his contribution to the discovery and applications of the index theorem for differential operators; and for his leadership in using geometric and topological methods in connection with theoretical physics.",[9]
Kenneth N. StevensEECS1999Engineering - "For his leadership and pioneering contributions to the theory of acoustics of speech production and perception, development of mathematical methods of analysis and modeling to study the acoustics of speech production, and establishing the contemporary foundations of speech science."[10]
Robert A. WeinbergBiology1997Biological Sciences - "For his contribution to the identification of cellular oncogenes and their role in cancer, which led to a better understanding of the molecular basis for cancer and its diagnosis and therapy."[11]

Emeritus faculty

NameDepartmentYearCitationNotes
Daniel KleppnerPhysics2006"For his pioneering scientific studies of the interaction of atoms and light including Rydberg atoms, cavity quantum electrodynamics, quantum chaos; for developing techniques that opened the way to Bose Einstein Condensation in a gas; and for lucid explanations of physics to nonspecialists and exemplary service to the scientific community."
H. Gobind KhoranaBiology1987Biological Sciences - "For his innovative contributions that significantly contributed to our understanding of gene structure, membrane function and vision and for the work stimulated by his research which has had a major impact on the biological and chemical sciences.",[12]
Robert M. SolowEconomics1999Behavioral & Social Science - "For his creation of the modern framework for analyzing the effects of investment and technological progress on economic growth, greatly influencing economics and economic policy worldwide.",[13]

Deceased faculty

NameDepartmentYearCitationNotes
Manson BenedictNuclear Engineering1975Engineering - "For inspired and ingenious leadership in the development of gaseous diffision plants for uranium isotope separation, and for his role in creating the discipline of nuclear engineering.",[14]
Vannevar Bush"Electrical Engineering"1963Engineering - "For his distinguished achievements in electrical engineering, in the technology of computing machines, in the effective coupling of the physical and life sciences; and in his mobilizing science, engineering and education in enduring ways in the service of the Nation."[15]
Morris Cohen"Metallurgy"1976Engineering - "For original research and advancement of knowledge of the physical and mechanical metallurgy of iron and steel, and especially for his work on the martensitic transformation in the hardening of steel.",[16]
Charles Stark DraperAeronautics and Astronautics1964Behavioral & Social Science - "For [his] innumerable imaginative engineering achievements which met urgent National needs of instrumentation, control, and guidance in aeronautics and astronautics."[17]
Mildred S. DresselhausPhysics & EECS1990Engineering - "For her studies of the electronic properties of metals and semimetals, and for her service to the Nation in establishing a prominent place for women in physics and engineering."[18] [19]
Harold E. Edgerton"Electrical Engineering"1973Engineering - "For his vision and creativity in pioneering the field of stroboscopic photography and for his many inventions of instruments for exploring the great depths of the oceans.",[20]
Herman FeshbachPhysics1986Physical Sciences - "For his distinguished contributions to science as a nationally acclaimed leader in physics education by virtue of his extraordinary interest in teaching and his total commitment to scientific excellence.",[21]
Hermann A. HausEECS1995Engineering - "For his fundamental and seminal research contributions to the field of quantum electronics, noise and ultra-fast optics; and for his service to the engineering profession through teaching.",[22]
Edwin H. Land<-- Land never received a degree, thus I doubt he was ever appointed to the faculty. More likely, he was awarded honorary lectureships. -->1967Engineering - "For many discoveries and inventions in the field of polarized light, rapid photography, including quick processing of the final photograph, for the development of a unique theory of color vision, and for contributions to national defense."[23]
Warren K. LewisChemical Engineering1965Engineering - "For contributions as a scientist, teacher, and inventor who as the leader of modern chemical engineering has made the American chemical industry preeminent in the world."[24]
Salvador E. LuriaBiology1991Biological Sciences - "For a lifetime devoted to applying genetics to viruses and bacteria, and for guiding the development of generations of students who have helped create the modern power of molecular biology.",[25]
Bruno B. RossiPhysics1983Physical Sciences - "For fundamental contributions to physics and astronomy through his investigations into the nature and origin of cosmic rays and his initiatives that led to the direct detection of the solar wind and to the discovery of extrasolar x-ray sources."[26]
Paul A. SamuelsonEconomics1996Behavioral & Social Science - "For fundamental contributions to economic science, specifically general equilibrium theory and macroeconomics, and to economic education and policy over a period of nearly 60 years.",[27]
Claude E. ShannonEECS1966Engineering - "For brilliant contributions to the mathematical theories of communications and information processing and for his early and continuing impact on the development of these disciplines.",[28]
John G. TrumpNuclear Engineering1983Engineering - "For his introduction of new machines and methods for the widespread beneficial application of ionizing radiation to medicine, industry and atomic physics."[29]
Victor F. WeisskopfPhysics1979Physical Sciences - "For important contributions to our understanding of nuclear matter and nuclear reactions, and early fundamental contributions to our understanding of elementary particles."[30]
Norbert WienerMathematics & EECS1963Mathematics & Computer Science - "For his marvellously versatile contributions, profoundly original, ranging within pure and applied mathematics, and penetrating boldly into the engineering and biological sciences."[31]

Former faculty

NameDepartmentYearCitationNotes
David BaltimoreBiology1999Biological Sciences - "For his fundamental discoveries in virology, tumor biology and immunology, notably the discovery of how tumor-causing viruses multiply; for his devotion to building excellence in scientific institutions; and for his statesmanship in fostering communication between scientists and the general public.",[32]
John W. CahnChemistry1998Chemistry - "For his pioneering work on thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions and diffusion, on interfacial phenomena, and for his contributions to the understanding of periodic and quasi-periodic structures."[33]
George A. MillerPsychology1991Behavioral and Social Sciences - "For his innovative leadership in the scientific study of language and cognition, and for his commitment to improved education for literacy."[34]
Charles H. TownesPhysics1982Physical Sciences - "For fundamental contributions to the understanding of matter through its interaction with electromagnetic radiations and the application of this knowledge to the service of mankind, most notably in the invention of the maser and laser.",[35]
Steven WeinbergPhysics1991Physical Sciences - "For his contributions to the discovery of the structure of the fundamental forces of nature; the development of the standard model, and the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces."[36]
George M. WhitesidesChemistry1998Chemistry - "For innovative and far-ranging research in chemistry, biology, biochemistry and material science, pioneering work of technological interest and his extensive involvement with teaching, government and industry."[37]

Former and/or retired research staff

NameDepartmentYearCitationNotes
Thomas R. CechChemistry1995Chemistry - "For his discoveries regarding RNA catalysis that have added new dimensions to the understanding of the role of RNA in living systems."[38]
E. Donnall ThomasBiology1990Biological Sciences - "For his pioneering work in the science and application of transplantation biology to successful bone marrow transplantation in man for the treatment of cancer and related conditions."[39]

Other prominent faculty and researchers

NameDepartmentDescriptionNotes
Hal AbelsonElectrical Engineering and Computer Science
Leo BeranekElectrical Engineering and Computer Scienceco-founder of the pioneering telecommunications and Internet company Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Adam J. BerinskyPolitical Scienceprofessor and author
Richard P. BinzelEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Scienceinventor of the Torino Scale
Brice BrennemanElectrical Engineering and Computer Scienceco-founder of the pioneering telecommunications and Internet company Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Rodney BrooksElectrical Engineering and Computer Sciencebehavioral roboticist
Richard BoltElectrical Engineering and Computer Science
George BoolosMathematicianphilosopher and mathematical logician
Amar G. BoseElectrical Engineering and Computer Scienceaudio entrepreneur, founder of Bose Corporation
James D. BruceElectrical Engineering and Computer ScienceVice President for Information Systems, Professor of Electrical Engineering
Thomas Ringgold CampSanitary EngineeringDepartment head of Sanitary Engineering; founder of Camp, Dresser & McKee[40]
Iain CheesemanBiologyAssistant Professor of Biology
Noam ChomskyLinguisticsInstitute Professor and professor emeritus; notable linguist, philosopher and political activist
B.D. Colenjournalist, photographer, shared 1984 Pulitzer Prize for General Local Reporting
John Ernest CookInstitute Organistcomposer and organist
David D. ClarkElectrical Engineering and Computer Science
Catherine D’IgnazioUrban Studies and Planningdirector of the Data + Feminism lab
Brison D. GoochHistory (1950s)specialist in history of France, Belgium, Napoleon III, Revolutions of 1848, and the Crimean War[41]
J.P. Den HartogMechanical Engineeringwinner of a Timoshenko Medal
John J. DonovanElectrical Engineering, Computer Science, and ManagementProfessor of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, and Management; founder of Cambridge Technology Partners
John W. DowerHistoryhistorian of Japan, winner of a Pulitzer Prize
James L. ElliotEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciencesplanetary occultations
Kerry EmanuelEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Scienceshurricanes
Jay W. ForresterManagementsystem dynamics
Ivan GettingElectrical Engineering and Computer Scienceco-inventor with Bradford Parkinson of the Global Positioning System
Eric GrimsonElectrical Engineering and Computer Sciencecomputer vision and its applications in medical image analysis, Chancellor of MIT
Alan GrodzinskyElectrical, Mechanical, and Biological Engineeringcartilage biomechanics, electromechanics, and tissue engineering applied to osteoarthritis research
Jonathan GruberEconomicsconsultant to Health and Human Services Department; helped develop the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") to reform health insurance
Alan GuthPhysicsproposed the idea of cosmic inflation
Steven R. HallAeronautics and Astronauticsprofessor; former chair of MIT Faculty[42]
Paula T. HammondChemical Engineeringnanotechnology
John R. HauserManagement
Daniel HarlowPhysicswinner of the New Horizons in Physics Prize in 2019
Eric von HippelEconomicsbehavioral theorist
Jim HinesManagementsystem dynamics
Thomas H. JordanEarth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciencesformer department head of EAPS; director of the Southern California Earthquake Center
Leslie KolodziejskiElectrical engineerInventor and academic; Graduate Officer of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT
Yael Tauman KalaiElectrical Engineering and Computer Sciencecryptographer
Thomas LevensonWriting and Humanistic Studiesscience writer and filmmaker
Walter LewinPhysicsstar of popular Walter Lewin Lectures on Physics
J. C. R. Lickliderleader of the IPTO
Alan LightmanPhysicswriter, physicist
Andrew B. LippmanMedia LabMedia Lab pioneer
Edward LorenzEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciencesdeveloped the butterfly effect theory
John MaedaMedia Labartist, graphic designer, computer scientist
Thomas H. D. MahoneyHistory and Political ScienceMassachusetts Secretary of Elder Affairs 1979–1983
Allan McCollumVisual Arts Programartist, writer, creator of The Shapes Project
David MillerSpace Systems Laboratoryspace systems engineering; NASA's Chief Technologist
William J. MitchellMedia Laboratoryarchitect, writer, media guru
Marvin MinskyElectrical Engineering and Computer Science, Media Laboratoryartificial intelligence
Ernest MonizMIT Energy Initiative group (MITEI)energy policy advisor, national security policy
Frederic Richard MorgenthalerMIT Research Laboratory of Electronics Electromagnetics researcher and educator[43]
Philip M. MorsePhysicsoperations research, physics, acoustics
Arthur Mutambararobotics and mechatronics; politician
Nicholas NegroponteMedia LabOLPC project leader
Donna NelsonBiology with Nancy Hopkins, 2003Nelson Diversity Surveys
President of the American Chemical Society
Donna NelsonChemical Engineering with Michael Strano, 2010functionalization and characterization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes; President of the American Chemical Society
Seymour PapertMedia Labeducation and computers
Cecil Peabodymechanical engineering and writer
Alex (Sandy) PentlandMedia Laboratoryhuman-computer interaction and social networks
Ruth PerryLiteratureco-founder and founding director of the Program in Women's Studies (now Women and Gender Studies) at MIT
Theodore PostolScience, Technology, and Societynuclear weapons expert; prominent critic of current ballistic missile defense systems
Nelson RepenningManagementsystem dynamics
Alex K. ShalekChemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciencesingle-cell genomics key opinion leader
Susan SolomonEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciencesclimate scientist, discovered the ozone hole
Ellen Swallow RichardsChemistryfirst woman in America accepted to any school of science and technology; first female instructor at MIT; first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry; foremost female industrial and environmental chemist in the United States in the 1800s
Gian-Carlo RotaMathematicsmathematician and philosopher
Ron RivestElectrical Engineering and Computer Sciencecryptographer; co-inventor of RSA; inventor of RC5, MD5 and several other cryptographic algorithms; Turing Award winner; Institute Professor
Douglas T. RossElectrical Engineering and Computer ScienceCAD pioneer
Frederick P. SalvucciCivil and Environmental Engineeringcivil engineer, former Massachusetts Secretary of Transportation, and principal planner of the Big Dig
Edgar ScheinBrain and Cognitive Sciencesorganizational psychologist
George P. ShultzManagementUnited States Secretary of State, Treasury, and Labor; former professor at both the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management; earned Ph.D. in economics from MIT in 1949
Peter SengeManagementlearning organizations
David Simchi-LeviSystems Engineeringsupply chain management
Peter ShorMathematicsmathematician, inventor of Shor's algorithm
Robert Stalnakerphilosopher, linguist
John Stermansystem dynamics
Dirk Jan StruikMathematicsmathematician and historian of mathematics
Gerald SussmanElectrical Engineering and Computer Scienceco-inventor of Scheme; research in artificial intelligence, computer languages, and orbital mechanics
Sherry TurkleScience, Technology, and Societyclinical psychologist and sociologist
Kay TyeBrain and Cognitive Sciencesneuroscientist
Brian WardleAeronautics and AstronauticsBoeing Assistant Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Christopher WeaverComparative Media Studies and Microphotonics Centerfounder of Bethesda Softworks, visiting scientist and lecturer in engineering
Evan ZiporynMusic and Theater Artscomposer, clarinetist, Bang on a Can All-Stars

Notes and References

  1. Also a recipient of the National Medal of Science
  2. Also a MacArthur Fellow
  3. Also a Nobel Laureate
  4. Web site: Tim Berners Lee . 2008-01-20.
  5. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  6. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  7. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  8. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  9. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  10. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  11. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  12. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  13. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  14. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  15. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  16. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  17. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  18. Also an Institute Professor
  19. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2013-09-22.
  20. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  21. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  22. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  23. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  24. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  25. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  26. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  27. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  28. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  29. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  30. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  31. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  32. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  33. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  34. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2012-08-10.
  35. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  36. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  37. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  38. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  39. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details . 2007-04-01.
  40. Book: Ramseier, Roy Edwin . Civil Engineering Classics Outstanding Papers of Thomas R. Camp . . 1973 . .
  41. Book: Napoleon III: Man of Destiny. 0882753231 . Gooch . Brison Dowling . 1976 .
  42. Web site: Steven R. Hall . 2024-05-16 . MIT AeroAstro . en-US.
  43. Web site: Frederic Morgenthaler, professor emeritus of electrical engineering and computer science, dies at 82 . news.mit.edu . June 23, 2024 . July 6, 2015.