| Maschinengewehr MG 151 | |
| Origin: | Germany |
| Type: | Aircraft cannon |
| Is Ranged: | Yes |
| Used By: | See users |
| Wars: | See wars |
| Manufacturer: | Waffenfabrik Mauser AG |
| Production Date: | 1940-1941 – MG 151/15 1941-1945 – MG 151/20 (Nazi Germany) |
| Variants: | MG 151/15 (see specs) MG 151/20 (see specs) |
The Maschinengewehr (MG) 151 is a low-caliber, belt-fed autocannon for aircraft use, developed in Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1940 and produced by Waffenfabrik Mauser during World War II. It was originally produced in 15.1 mm caliber from 1940, with a 15×96mm cartridge, but due to demand for higher effect against aircraft, especially with the introduction of mine shells for the 20 mm MG-FF/M aircraft cannon, the design was rechambered to 20 mm caliber in 1941, using a newly developed 20×82mm cartridge which traded projectile velocity for explosive power. The initial 15 mm variant then became known as the MG 151/15, with the new 20 mm variant becoming the MG 151/20.
The MG 151/20 cannon was widely used on German Luftwaffe combat aircraft throughout World War II, mainly as offensive armament, but also seeing some use as defensive guns. Existing MG 151/15 guns saw use as aircraft armament throughout the war, albeit more limited compared to the MG 151/20, but also as anti-aircraft guns in various configurations, such as the SdKfz 251/21 Drilling half-track which carried three MG 151/15.
Post-war, salvaged MG 151/20 saw usage by many nations. France had salvaged many guns and became the main user and exporter of the MG 151/20 during the Cold War, fitting it to not only aircraft, but also armoured fighting vehicles as anti aircraft weaponry. France continued exporting the gun all the way into the 1960s, then primarily as flexible dorsal gunship armament for the Aérospatiale SA-3160 and SA-3164 Alouette III utility helicopter. SA-3160s armed with MG 151/20s were bought by Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa in 1966 and saw service until the early 1990s. South Africa reused the 20×82mm cartridge from the MG 151/20 to chamber their Denel NTW-20 anti-materiel rifle.
The pre-war German doctrine for arming single-engine fighter aircraft mirrored that of the French. This doctrine favoured a powerful autocannon mounted between the cylinder banks of a V engine and firing through the propeller hub, known as a moteur-canon in French (from its first use with the Hispano-Suiza HS.8C engine in World War I, on the SPAD S.XII) and by the cognate Motorkanone in German by the 1930s. The weapon preferred by the French in this role was the 20 mm Oerlikon FF S model, but this proved too big for German engines. Mauser was given the task of developing a gun that would fit, with a minimum sacrifice in performance. As a stop-gap measure, the MG FF cannon was developed from the Oerlikon FF and put in widespread use, but its performance was lackluster.
Production of the MG 151 in its original 15 mm calibre format began in 1940. After combat evaluation of the 15 mm cartridge as the main armament of early Messerschmitt Bf 109F-2 fighters, the cannon was redesigned with a larger cartridge as the 20 mm MG 151/20 in 1941. Combat experience showed that a more powerful explosive shell was preferable to a higher projectile velocity. The MG 151/20 cartridge was created by expanding the neck of the cartridge to hold the larger explosive shell used in the MG FF cannon, and shortening the length of the cartridge case to match the overall length of the original 15 mm cartridge. These measures simplified conversion of the 15 mm to the 20 mm MG 151/20, requiring only a change of barrel and other small modifications. A disadvantage of the simplified conversion was reduction of projectile muzzle velocity from for the 15 mm shell to 700m/s for the larger and heavier 20 mm shell. A 20 mm AP projectile could penetrate only 10–12 mm of armor at 300 m (at 60 degrees), compared to 18 mm penetration for the 15 mm under the same conditions but this was not seen as a significant limitation. The 20 mm version became the standard inboard cannon from the Bf 109F-4 series. The 20 mm MG 151/20 offered more predictable trajectory, longer range and higher impact velocity than the 580m/s cartridge of the earlier MG FF cannon. The MG FF was retained for flexible, wing and upward firing Schräge Musik mounts to the end of the war.
The German preference for explosive power rather than armor penetration was taken further with the development of the mine shell which had been first introduced for the MG FF (in the Bf 109 E-4) and later for the MG 151/20. Even this improvement in explosive power turned out to be unsatisfactory against the four-engine bombers that German fighters were up against in the second part of the war. By German calculations, it took about 15–20 hits with the MG 151/20 to down a heavy bomber but this was reduced to just 3–4 hits for a 30 mm shell with the shattering effects of its hexogen explosive filling used by the long-barreled MK 103 and shorter barreled MK 108 cannon. Only four or five hits with 20 mm calibre cannon were needed for frontal attacks on heavy bombers (Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator) but such attacks were difficult to execute. The 30 mm MK 108 cannon thus replaced the MG 151/20 as the standard, engine-mount Motorkanone centre-line armament starting with the Bf 109 K-4 and was also retrofitted to some of the G-series.
Eight hundred MG 151/20 were exported to Japan aboard the Italian submarine in August 1943 and used to equip 388 Japanese Kawasaki Ki-61-I Hei fighters.[1] The 20 mm MG 151/20 was also fitted on the Macchi C.205, the Fiat G.55 and Reggiane Re.2005 of the Italian Regia Aeronautica and IAR 81B and 81C of the Romanian Royal Air Force.
An unknown number of cannons were converted for usage in the ground use role in early 1945, predominantly within Volkssturm units serving in the Posen area. Its effectiveness in this role are unknown but it was photographed on parade in Posen November 1944 with the Wartheland Volkssturm units.[2]
After World War II, numbers of ex-Luftwaffe MG 151/20 cannon were removed from inventory and from scrapped aircraft and used by various nations in their own aircraft. The French Armée de l'air (AdA) and French Army aviation arm (Aviation légère de l'armée de Terre,ALAT) used MG 151/20 cannon as fixed and flexible armament in various aircraft, including helicopters. The AdA and ALAT jointly developed a rubber-insulated flexible mount for the MG 151/20 for use as a door gun, which was later used in combat in Algeria aboard several FAF/ALAT Piasecki H-21C assault transport helicopters and on Sikorsky H-34 gunship helicopters. French Matra MG 151 20 mm cannons were used by Portugal and Rhodesia fitted to their Alouette III helicopters, while Denel designed its own variant for the South African Air Force.[3]
Bloch MB.175T[4]
Fiat G.55 Centauro
IAR 79 IAR 80 IAR 81
Kawasaki Ki-61-I-Hei Macchi C.205 Reggiane Re.2005 Sagittario SNCASO SO.8000 Narval
Valmet MSv "Mörkö-Morane" AMX-13t (SAMM S232 AA-turret) AMX-50t (SAMM S36Z AA-gun mount) FCM 12t (SAMM S232 AA-turret) Lorraine 155 mm Aérospatiale Alouette III SA-3160 – as gunships Aérospatiale Alouette III SA-3164 – single prototype, also known as "Alouette-Canon" Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw – as gunships Sikorsky H-34A Pirate – gunship variant[5] [6]| MG 151/15 | |
| Origin: | Germany |
| Type: | Aircraft cannon |
| Is Ranged: | Yes |
| Is Artillery: | yes |
| Used By: | See users |
| Wars: | See wars |
| Manufacturer: | Waffenfabrik Mauser AG |
| Production Date: | 1940-1941 |
| Spec Label: | MG 151/15 |
| Weight: | 38.1kg (84lb) |
| Length: | 1.916m (06.286feet) |
| Part Length: | 1.254m (04.114feet) |
| Cartridge: | 15×96mm Mauser |
| Caliber: | 15.1mm |
| Action: | Short recoil, open-bolt |
| Rate: | 680–740 rpm |
| Velocity: | 850m/s960m/s |
| Range: | 1000m (3,000feet) |
| German designation | Type | Projectile Weight [g] | Bursting charge [g] | Muzzle Velocity [m/s] | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 mm Sprenggranatpatrone 151 L'spur | HEF-T | 57- | 2.8 g HE (PETN) + (blasting cap) : 0,3 - 0,33 g HE (PETN) + 0,66 - 0,7 g HE (Lead azide)-(Tetrazene explosive) or 0,45 g HE (Mercury(II) fulminate) | 960m/s | Nose fuze, tracer, with or without self-destruct (Zerleger) |
| 15 mm Brandsprenggranatpatrone 151 (Elektron) L'spur/Gl'spur mit/ohne Zerleger | HEFI-T | 57.5-59 | 1.9 g HE (PETN) + (blasting cap) : 0,3 - 0,33 g HE (PETN) + 0,66 - 0,7 g HE (Lead azide)-(Tetrazene explosive) or 0,45 g HE (Mercury(II) fulminate) + 1.3 g incendiary (Elektron)(Thermite) | 960m/s | Nose fuze, tracer, w. or w/o self-destruct. |
| 15 mm Brandgranatpatrone 151 L'spur/Gl'spur mit Zerleger | Incendiary with tracer | 57.5-59 | incendiary(Barium nitrate / Aluminum/Magnesium) | 960m/s | Nose fuze, tracer, self-destruct.On striking an aircraft, the primer charge in the fuze head responds, shears the fuze head away and ignites the incendiary charge in the projectile. The incendiary charge sprays forward over at least 8 m of projectile travel. In air combat as a carrier of the incendiary effect, especially for the incendiary shooting of fuel tanks. |
| 15 mm Panzergranatpatrone 151 L'spur ohne Zerleger | Armour-piercing with tracer | 72-73.5 | none (solid shot) | 850 | Penetration 18 mm of armour at 60-degree impact at 100m range. |
| 15 mm H-Panzergranatpatrone 151 ohne Zerleger | API-HC APICR HVAPI | 52-53.5 54.5-56 | none (solid shot) | 1030-1050 | Tungsten carbide core. For use against armoured ground targets.Penetration 26(33)-34(43)-48(54) mm of armour at 60-75-90-degree impact, 100 m range.Penetrating effect with incendiary effect due to melting of light metal tip. Effective only against light armoured vehicles, tankers, etc. Against armour with attachment, steel core tends to shatter. |
| 15 mm Panzerbrandgranatpatrone (Phosphor) 151 ohne Zerleger | Armour-piercing incendiary | 59-60.5 | White phosphorus incendiary | 960m/s | No fuze, no tracer, no self-destruct. |
| Maschinengewehr MG 151/20 | |
| Origin: | Germany |
| Type: | Aircraft cannon |
| Is Ranged: | Yes |
| Is Artillery: | yes |
| Manufacturer: | Waffenfabrik Mauser AG |
| Production Date: | 1941-1945 |
| Weight: | 42.7kg (94.1lb) |
| Length: | 1.766m (05.794feet) |
| Part Length: | 1.104m (03.622feet) |
| Cartridge: | 20×82mm Mauser |
| Caliber: | 20mm |
| Action: | Short recoil, open-bolt |
| Rate: | 600–750 rpm |