MAX Light Rail explained

Metropolitan Area Express
Image3:Tilikum Crossing with streetcar and MAX train in 2016.jpg
Caption3:Top: A Type 2 Blue Line train crossing the Steel Bridge
Bottom: A MAX train and a Portland Streetcar tram traversing Tilikum Crossing
Locale:Portland, Oregon, U.S.
Transit Type:Light rail
Lines:5
Stations:94
Daily Ridership:
Annual Ridership:
Owner:TriMet
Vehicles:145[1]
System Length:59.71NaN1
El:[2]

The Metropolitan Area Express (MAX) is a light rail system serving the Portland metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Oregon. Owned and operated by TriMet, it consists of five lines connecting the six sections of Portland; the communities of Beaverton, Clackamas, Gresham, Hillsboro, Milwaukie, and Oak Grove; and Portland International Airport to Portland City Center. Trains run seven days a week with headways of between 30 minutes off-peak and three minutes during rush hours. In 2019, MAX had an average daily ridership of 120,900, or 38.8 million annually. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which impacted public transit use globally, annual ridership plummeted, with only 14.8 million riders recorded in 2021.

MAX was among the first second-generation American light rail systems to be built, conceived from freeway revolts that took place in the 1970s. Planning for the network's inaugural eastside segment, then referred to as the Banfield Light Rail Project, started in 1973 ahead of the cancelation of the Mount Hood Freeway. Construction began in 1982, and service commenced between downtown Portland and Gresham on September 5, 1986. The original 27-station, 15.1adj=onNaNadj=on line has since been expanded to 94 stations and 59.7miles of track. The latest extension, from Portland to Milwaukie, opened in 2015.

MAX is one of three urban rail transit services operating in the Portland metropolitan area, the other two being the Portland Streetcar and WES Commuter Rail. MAX directly connects with them as well as with other transit services such as Amtrak, Frequent Express, and local and intercity buses. Trains operate with two-car consists due to downtown Portland's short city blocks. Vehicles and platforms are fully accessible, and fares are collected through the Hop Fastpass payment system.

History

Predecessors

In the early 20th century, privately funded interurbans and streetcars gave Portland one of the largest urban rail systems in the American West, with lines that once extended as far as Vancouver, Washington to the north, Eugene to the south, Troutdale to the east, and Forest Grove to the west.[3] [4] Ben Holladay brought over Portland's first trolleys from San Francisco in 1872; operated by the Portland Street Railway Company, they were drawn by horses and mules. In 1890, the first electric streetcar opened in Albina while the first cable car began running along 5th Avenue; these marked the start of an era of major rail expansion.[5] In 1892, the East Side Railway Company opened the first long-distance interurban service—a 16miles line running from Portland to Oregon City.[6] The Portland Railway, Light and Power Company had taken over all local streetcars by 1906,[7] and interurbans by 1908.[8] In 1912, as Portland's population exceeded 250,000, transit ridership rose to 70 million passengers annually.[3] Passenger rail services had started to decline by the 1920s with the rise of the automobile and suburban and freeway development.[3] [9] Portland's original streetcar lines had ceased operating by 1950,[4] replaced by buses until 2001,[10] when the modern Portland Streetcar opened in downtown Portland.[11] [12] Meanwhile, the region's last two interurban lines, which traveled to Oregon City and Bellrose (Southeast 136th Avenue), permanently closed in 1958.[8] [13]

Early beginnings

See main article: MAX Blue Line.

At the height of local freeway revolts in the 1970s, studies for public transit began using funds made available by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973.[3] These funds had been intended for the Mount Hood Freeway and Interstate 505 (I-505) projects,[3] which were abandoned amid strong opposition from the Portland city government and neighborhood associations.[14] [15] In 1973, Governor Tom McCall assembled a task force that helped determine several alternative options, including a busway and light rail.[16] Local jurisdictions originally favored the busway alternative but support for light rail prevailed following the mode's inclusion in a 1977 environmental impact statement.[17] [18] The proposal became known as the Banfield light rail project, named for the Banfield Freeway, a segment of I-84 that part of the alignment followed. TriMet approved the project in September 1978.[19] Construction of the 15.3adj=onNaNadj=on, 27-station line between 11th Avenue in downtown Portland and Cleveland Avenue in Gresham began in March 1982.[20] Inaugural service commenced on September 5, 1986.[21] Less than two months before opening, TriMet adopted the name "Metropolitan Area Express", or "MAX", following an employee contest.[22]

As the planning of a light rail line to the west side gained momentum in the mid-1980s, the original MAX line came to be referred to as the Eastside MAX to distinguish it from what would become the Westside MAX extension.[23] Early proposals called for the extension to terminate just west of the Beaverton–Hillsboro boundary on 185th Avenue in Washington County.[24] A dispute between TriMet and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration over a financing plan suspended the project for several years but planning resumed in 1988 and studies were completed in 1991.[24] [25] Staunch lobbying by local and state officials led by Hillsboro Mayor Shirley Huffman forced an extension of the line further west to downtown Hillsboro in 1993.[26] Construction of the 20-station, 18miles line began that August with the excavation of the Robertson Tunnel.[27] The Westside MAX opened in two stages following delays in tunneling: the section from 11th Avenue to Kings Hill/Southwest Salmon Street was opened in 1997 and the section to Hatfield Government Center—the segment's current western terminus—was opened in 1998.[28] The resulting 330NaN0 MAX line began operating as a single, through service on September 12, 1998.[29] This service was renamed the Blue Line in 2001 after TriMet adopted color designations for its light rail routes.[30]

South/North plan

At the same time TriMet was planning the Westside MAX in the mid-1980s, Metro regional government announced new light rail proposals for Clackamas County. Its planning committee—the Joint Policy Advisory Committee on Transportation (JPACT)—proposed two separate routes that would have run between downtown Portland and Oregon City via Milwaukie and between Portland International Airport and Clackamas Town Center via I-205.[31] Further planning led JPACT to favor the I-205 corridor due to an existing right-of-way along the I-205 Transitway, an unfinished mass transit component of the freeway that had been built to accommodate a busway.[32] [33] TriMet, however, prioritized the Westside MAX during its bid for federal matching funds and the I-205 plans were put on hold.[34] In 1989, studies for both I-205 and Milwaukie proposals received funding from the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations under the condition that they included potential route extensions to Clark County, Washington.[35] [36] Metro completed the studies in 1993, ultimately abandoning I-205 in favor of a route along the I-5 and Willamette River corridors.[37] [38] It finalized a single 25adj=onNaNadj=on line from Hazel Dell, Washington south to Clackamas Town Center via Milwaukie,[39] [40] which Metro and TriMet formally named the South–North Line.[3] Metro said it adopted the name "South/North" instead of the more conventional "North/South" word order, at the request of representatives in the southern part of the corridor after the southern leg, which had long been planned to be the next-priority MAX corridor after the Westside line, was merged with the northern leg as a single proposed project.[41]

In November 1994, 63% of Portland area voters passed a $475million ballot measure to fund Oregon's portion of the project.[3] The following February, however, Clark County residents defeated a tax measure that would have funded Washington's share.[42] To move the project forward, TriMet downsized the plan and abandoned the line's Clark County and North Portland segments up to the Rose Quarter.[43] That July, the Oregon House of Representatives approved a $750million transportation package, which included $375 million for the scaled-back line.[44] The funding was annulled by the Oregon Supreme Court due to the inclusion of unrelated measures that violated the state's constitution.[45] [46] The legislature met again in February 1996 and passed a revised $375million package,[45] but light rail opponents forced a statewide vote and defeated it the following November.[47] A third proposal between Lombard Street in North Portland and Clackamas Town Center followed.[48] This time, Metro and TriMet pursued the project without seeking contributions from either Clark County or the state, instead sourcing funds from Clackamas County and Portland. In 1998, TriMet placed a new ballot measure to reaffirm voter support for the $475million originally approved in 1994.[3] The measure failed by 52% in November of that year, effectively canceling the proposed line.[49]

Airport and Interstate lines

See main article: MAX Red Line and MAX Yellow Line.

Compelled by the rapid expansion of Portland International Airport in the 1990s, the Port of Portland began exploring ways to alleviate worsening traffic congestion,[50] including the possibility of introducing MAX service,[51] which regional planners had not anticipated for at least another 20 years.[52] In 1997, engineering firm Bechtel accelerated plans by submitting an unsolicited proposal to design and build an airport rail link in exchange for 120acres of Port property.[51] [53] A public–private partnership between the company and local governments was negotiated and construction of the Airport MAX began in June 1999.[3] [54] With no federal assistance requested and right-of-way already secured,[3] it was completed in just under two years.[55] The four-station, 5.5miles line between Gateway/Northeast 99th Avenue Transit Center and Portland International Airport station opened on September 10, 2001.[56] [57] Celebrations scheduled for that weekend were canceled in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[58] Red Line service originally ran between the airport and downtown, turning around at the loop tracks on 11th Avenue.[59] On September 1, 2003, it was extended west along existing tracks to Beaverton Transit Center to relieve overcrowding on the Blue Line and to create a one-seat airport connection for the west side.[60]

In 1999, Portland business leaders and residents who were opposed to the cancellation of the South–North Line urged TriMet to revive the project.[61] [62] TriMet responded with a new proposal that would expand MAX solely to North Portland via North Interstate Avenue.[63] The agency moved forward with this plan and the Interstate MAX broke ground in February 2001.[64] To minimize costs to taxpayers, the city created an urban renewal district and federal matching funds were allocated from the Airport MAX and Portland Streetcar projects, since these projects were locally funded.[65] [66] The 10-station, 5.81NaN1 extension from the Rose Quarter to the Expo Center opened on May 1, 2004, with its new service designated the Yellow Line.[67] From 2004 to 2009, the Yellow Line ran from Expo Center station in North Portland to 11th Avenue in downtown Portland, following the Blue and Red lines' downtown alignment from the Steel Bridge. On August 30, 2009, it was rerouted to terminate at the PSU Urban Center stations with the addition of light rail to the Portland Transit Mall.[68] In September 2012, this was extended further south to the PSU South stations, which had not been built due to the construction of nearby transit-oriented development.[69] [70] The Yellow Line became interlined with the Orange Line in 2015; it now only operates the northbound segment of the transit mall.[71]

South Corridor extensions

See main article: MAX Green Line and MAX Orange Line.

In 2001, Metro revisited its former light rail plans for Clackamas County and reconsidered proposals similar to those of the canceled South/North project, with two routes extending to Clackamas and Milwaukie.[72] This resulted in a new study, which Metro referred to as the South Corridor transportation project,[73] that evaluated light rail among other alternatives.[74] The study's task force recommend both light rail options in 2003 and suggested splitting the project into two phases.[75] [76] The first phase planned for the addition of light rail to I-205, between Gateway Transit Center and Clackamas Town Center. In October of that year, the first phase plans were amended to include adding light rail to the Portland Transit Mall following a petition from Portland business leaders.[77] The combined project was approved for federal funding in 2006 and work began in January 2007.[78] [79] Light rail commenced service along the 14-station, 1.8miles Portland Transit Mall on August 30, 2009, first served by the Yellow Line.[68] The opening of the eight-station, 6.5miles I-205 MAX and Green Line service followed on September 12.[80]

The South Corridor project's second phase initially proposed the extension of MAX between downtown Portland and Milwaukie via the Hawthorne Bridge.[81] Studies showed that this alignment would cause severe traffic bottlenecks in downtown.[77] As a result, Portland businesses pushed for the construction of a new bridge further upstream that led to the southern end of the Portland Transit Mall.[74] The locally preferred alignment was finalized in mid-2008; a new bridge would carry light rail across the Willamette River from the South Waterfront to just south of the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI).[82] TriMet designed this bridge, which was eventually inaugurated as Tilikum Crossing, to be "car-free" and to accommodate only transit vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians.[83] Construction of the line began in June 2011.[84] In September 2012, opponents passed a ballot initiative—with 60% of the vote—requiring all Clackamas County spending on light rail to be approved by voters.[85] [86] Following the county's attempt to end its involvement and a suit filed by TriMet, a circuit court upheld the project's continuation.[87] The 17-station, 7.3miles Portland–Milwaukie segment and Orange Line service opened on September 12, 2015.[88] The Orange Line, operating along the Portland Transit Mall's southbound segment, became the third service to serve this corridor.[71]

Future plans

TriMet works with local jurisdictions and agencies to identify and recommend priority transit projects to include in Metro's Regional Transportation Plan (RTP). The 2018 RTP is Metro's latest iteration, and it lists three funding scenarios that divide the region's proposals into three priority levels. The highest priority projects, which are referred to as "2027 Constrained", are proposals the region expects to have funding for by 2027. The "2040 Constrained" lists projects that fit within the region's planned budget through 2040, while the "2040 Strategic" are projects that may be built if additional funding becomes available.[89]

Current projects

The 2018 RTP lists two MAX-related projects it expects will be funded by 2027; these are the "A Better Red" and "Southwest Corridor" projects.[89]

List of existing MAX projects
ProjectStatusDescriptionNew
stations		LengthPlanned
completion		Projected
Cost
(mi)(km)
A Better Red[90] Under constructionAdds a second track to all single-track segments along the Airport MAX and constructs a new station called "". Also extends Red Line service from Beaverton Transit Center to Fair Complex/Hillsboro Airport station in Hillsboro using the existing Westside MAX tracks, serving 10 additional stations.[91] 1——2024$206million
Southwest Corridor[92] Suspended[93] Extends MAX southwest from PSU in downtown Portland to Bridgeport Village in Tualatin via Southwest Portland and Tigard.[94] It would be served by the Green Line.[95] Voters rejected Measure 26-218, a tax ballot measure that would have funded the local-area share of the project, on November 3, 2020.[96] [97] 1311disp=tableNaNdisp=table—$2.6–2.8billion[98]
Downtown Tunnel[99] ProposedConstructs a tunnel beneath downtown Portland from Goose Hollow to the Lloyd Center.[100] [101] ————$3–4.5billion

Other proposals

TriMet has indicated that other extensions and improvements have been studied or discussed with Metro and cities in the region.[89] [102] These proposals include the following, with light rail and alternatives being considered:

Operation

Segments

The MAX rail network is approximately 60miles long. It was built in a series of six projects starting with the 15.1miles Banfield—now called Eastside—segment between downtown Portland and Gresham. Each successive project has either been an extension or a branch of an existing segment. TriMet has typically paired each project with the opening of a new line, often making the line and segment synonymous (e.g. "Airport MAX Red Line").[103]

List of completed MAX projects
No.Project nameOpenedEnd pointsLength
(mi)(km)
align=center 1Banfield (Eastside)Downtown Portland–Gresham15.1disp=tableNaNdisp=table[104] [105] [106]
align=center 2Westside[107] Hillsboro–Downtown Portland17.7disp=tableNaNdisp=table[108]
align=center 3AirportPortland International Airport–Gateway5.5disp=tableNaNdisp=table
align=center 4Interstate[109] North Portland–Steel Bridge5.8disp=tableNaNdisp=table
5Portland Mall[110] Steel Bridge–PSU1.8disp=tableNaNdisp=table[111]
I-205Gateway–Clackamas6.5disp=tableNaNdisp=table
align=center 6Portland–Milwaukie[112] Downtown Portland–Oak Grove7.3disp=tableNaNdisp=table
Total59.796.1<--Do not use -->

Lines

For MAX, a "line" refers to the physical railroad tracks and stations a train serves within its designated termini, i.e. a train "route" or "service". MAX operates five lines, each assigned a color.[113] TriMet adopted the use of colors to distinguish separately operated routes in 2000 and brought them into use on September 10, 2001, when it opened the Airport MAX extension. On that day, the service running between Hillsboro and Gresham became designated the Blue Line, while that running between downtown Portland and Portland International Airport was designated the Red Line.[30] [114] [87]

Every MAX line interlines with at least one other service, particularly as it approaches the system's central area.[113] The Steel Bridge accommodates the most interline routes with four lines (Blue, Green, Red, and Yellow) utilizing the same tracks.[115] TriMet has modified train routes over time, often as part of system expansions. For example, the Yellow Line, which began service in 2004, originally followed the same route into downtown Portland as the Blue and Red lines. It was realigned to the transit mall in 2009 when light rail service was introduced to that corridor.[116] [68]

List of MAX lines
ServiceStationsTermini
[117] 48 (Hillsboro) (Gresham)
[118] 30PSU SouthClackamas Town Center Transit Center
[119] 17Union Station (Milwaukie)
[120] 27Beaverton Transit Center
[121] 17PSU South

Right-of-way

MAX operates on a mixture of shared and exclusive transit right-of-way.[122] Within downtown Portland, trains run on surface streets. They operate in dedicated lanes restricted to personal vehicles, and operators abide by the city's traffic control system.[123] [124] On the Morrison and Yamhill couplet, MAX travels in the left lanes.[125] On the Portland Transit Mall (5th and 6th couplet), MAX shares dedicated lanes with buses; both vehicle types travel in the center or right lanes and stop at their respective curbside platforms on the right lane.[2] Lanes may be separated by turtleback delineators or double-solid white lines,[122] and marked with white diamonds or white "T"s.[124]

Outside of downtown Portland, MAX runs on street medians and viaducts, alongside freeways and freight lines, and underground. Where the tracks run within a street median, intersections are controlled by traffic signals that give trains preemption. Where tracks run on a separate right-of-way, trains are protected by automated grade crossing gates when traversing level crossings.[2] Some segments of MAX are elevated to carry trains over busy thoroughfares and difficult terrain.[126] [127] A 3mile section of tracks runs beneath Washington Park in Portland's West Hills through the Robertson Tunnel, the system's longest underground segment.[128]

MAX crosses the Willamette River using the Steel Bridge and Tilikum Crossing. In studies conducted for the Eastside MAX, planners recommended using the Steel Bridge due to its former role as a river crossing for the city's historic streetcars. When MAX commenced service in 1986, trains shared the bridge's center lanes with vehicular traffic.[125] In 2008, workers closed the bridge's upper deck to construct a junction between the Eastside MAX tracks and the newer Portland Transit Mall tracks. Upon reopening, the two inner lanes became exclusive to MAX trains, while cars, buses, and other motorized traffic were restricted to the two outer lanes.[129] TriMet designed and built the newer Tilikum Crossing to accommodate transit vehicles (MAX, streetcar, and buses), cyclists, and pedestrians only; with the exception of emergency responders, private vehicles are prohibited.[130] Tilikum Crossing is thus recognized as the first major "car-free" bridge in the United States.[83]

Power and signaling

MAX is powered by a conventional 750-volt direct current (DC) overhead wire system. Most of the system uses a dual-wire catenary, with a contact wire supported by a messenger wire. In central city areas such as downtown Portland, however, it uses a single contact wire to minimize the amount of overhead wiring. To further minimize visual impact, ornamental street light poles, buildings, and bridge structures are used to support the wiring. Substations, spaced approximately every 1miles apart, convert the high-voltage public supply to the voltage power used by trains. The power system can bridge any one substation so that trains can continue to operate should a substation or its supply go down.[2]

Approximately 70 percent of the MAX system uses automatic block signaling (ABS),[2] which allows for relatively fast operating speeds—up to 55mph—and short headways.[107] [131] [132] For example, between Lloyd Center/Northeast 11th Avenue station and Gateway Transit Center along the Banfield Freeway, ABS can accommodate an operating headway of two minutes. Within these sections, automatic train stops (ATS) enforce speed limits and automatically apply the brakes should a train operator fail to do so. The remaining 30 percent of the system relies on traffic signals and line-of-sight operation. Speeds do not exceed 35mph in these sections.[2]

Stations

See also: List of MAX Light Rail stations.

MAX consists of 94 stations, of which 48 are served by the Blue Line, 30 by the Green Line, 26 by the Red Line, 17 by the Orange Line, and 17 by the Yellow Line. Furthermore, 32 stations are served by at least two lines and eight stations are served by three lines.[133] The system's central stations, where all MAX services interconnect, border the two city blocks in downtown Portland occupied by the Pioneer Courthouse and Pioneer Courthouse Square; they are the Pioneer Courthouse and Pioneer Place stations—served by the Green, Orange, and Yellow lines—and the Pioneer Square stations—served by the Blue and Red lines.[113]

MAX stations vary in size but are generally simple and austere. Platforms are about 200feet long as a result of Portland's short city blocks in downtown,[133] which restrict trains to two-car consists.[134] [135] Like other North American light rail systems,[136] MAX stations do not have faregates; paid fare zones are delineated but remain accessible to anyone. In 2015, TriMet proposed installing turnstiles at some stations along the Portland–Milwaukie segment but never did so.[137] Stations are typically equipped with trash cans, shelters, and ticket vending machines.[133] [138] Most stations have arrival information displays that show when trains arrive and other service information. These displays were first installed at I-205 and Portland Transit Mall stations, and a federal grant in 2013 enabled TriMet to add more at other locations.[139] Concessionaires sometimes open coffee shops at certain stations.[140] [141]

A majority of MAX stations are at street level, correlating to the system's predominant alignment.[142] Sunset Transit Center,, and stations along the Banfield Freeway are below street level.[133] [143] One station,, is elevated. Washington Park is the system's only underground station and holds the distinction as North America's deepest transit station at 260feet below ground.[144] [145]

Many MAX stations facilitate transfers to other modes of public transit. 11 stations are transit centers with connections to multiple local and intercity bus routes.[146] Beaverton Transit Center is the only MAX-served transit center with a transfer to the region's commuter rail line, WES Commuter Rail, which operates between Beaverton and Wilsonville in Washington County.[147] Within the Portland Transit Mall, trains connect with buses serving downtown Portland; bus stops take up transit mall blocks unoccupied by light rail platforms.[148] MAX riders can transfer to the Portland Streetcar at points where MAX and streetcar lines intersect and to Amtrak via two stations near Portland Union Station.[149] [148] The Red Line operates as an airport rail link with a stop at a MAX station attached to the main passenger terminal of Portland International Airport.[150]

TriMet has built a total of six infill stations. Four were built on the original Eastside MAX alignment—Mall/Southwest 4th Avenue (1990), Mall/Southwest 5th Avenue (1990),[151] Convention Center (1990),[152] and (2010)[153] —while two were built on the Portland Transit Mall—PSU South/Southwest 6th and College (2012) and PSU South/Southwest 5th and Jackson (2012).[69] On March 1, 2020, TriMet permanently closed the Mall infill stations in an effort to speed up travel times in downtown Portland. The agency also temporarily closed Kings Hill/Southwest Salmon Street station for a trial period ending on March 1, 2021.[154] [155]

Accessibility

Stations built as part of the Banfield Light Rail Project were originally fitted with electric wayside lifts to accommodate riders with mobility devices on the system's high-floor, first-generation vehicles. Each station had two lifts, one for each direction of travel.[156] The lifts were installed on platforms rather than on trains to prevent malfunctions from delaying service.[23] Increased use of the lifts eventually became the cause of delays, and many users felt stigmatized by the lifts' "box" design and time-consuming operation.[157] [3] After the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law, TriMet developed a paratransit plan in January 1992.[3] Just before the start of the Westside MAX Project, MAX became the first light rail system in North America to procure low-floor vehicles after a TriMet study of European systems.[157] The low-floor cars, which TriMet and Siemens jointly developed,[158] entered service in August 1997.[3]

MAX achieved full accessibility in April 1999.[3] Ticket vending machines provide information and instructions in audio, braille, and raised lettering. Station platforms also have signs with braille and raised lettering to indicate which lines provide service and where they go. The edge of platforms have tactile paving to warn riders from standing too close to the edge.[159] Non-street-level platforms may be accessed with elevators.[143] Most light rail cars, with the exception of Type 1, are low-floor and have ramps that extend onto platforms to allow mobility devices to board.[159] High-floor Type 1 cars are paired with low-floor Type 2 or 3 cars to maintain accessibility.[160] In each train, an audio system and LED signs announce the name of each upcoming station. All trains have spaces and priority seating areas reserved for seniors and people with disabilities, and service animals are permitted on board.[159]

In 2011, TriMet began upgrading the oldest sections of MAX to improve pedestrian safety and compliance with updated ADA standards.[161] TriMet installed pipe barriers at Gateway Transit Center platform crossings to force pedestrians to slow down and face oncoming trains before crossing the tracks and realigned sidewalks and crosswalks at four at-grade crossings in Gresham. Other improvements made throughout the line include the installation of pedestrian warning signals and tactile paving upgrades.[162]

Parking

Based on a report published in 2019, TriMet provides a total of 12,614 park-and-ride spaces, of which 10,219 directly serve 25 MAX stations. The agency's parking facilities are either surface lots or multi-level garages,[163] and they are free to use. TriMet allows vehicles to park at most stalls overnight as long as they do not exceed 24 hours.[164] At some locations, TriMet negotiates with nearby establishments for additional parking spaces.[165] Westside MAX stations contain 3,643 parking spaces, the most number of spaces in a corridor.[163] Clackamas Town Center Transit Center on the I-205 MAX segment includes a 750-space parking garage, the largest capacity of any single MAX station. Southeast Holgate Boulevard station, also on the I-205 MAX, provides the fewest parking spaces with 125 stalls.[164]

In the 2019 report, passengers originating from TriMet park and rides accounted for five percent of TriMet's total weekday ridership. In 2017, the Portland–Milwaukie segment had a 100-percent usage rate of its available spaces while the Westside MAX segment had 85 percent. The corridor with the lowest use of available parking spaces was the I-205 MAX at 30 percent; TriMet attributes this to factors such as inconvenient lot access and the Green Line's indirect route to downtown Portland compared with the availability of more direct bus routes. The cost-per-space for building park and rides is estimated at $18,000 per surface-lot space and $52,000 per structured space.[163]

TriMet additionally offers four different bicycle parking options at its MAX stations, although not all options are available at every station.[166] Bike and rides are secure, enclosed spaces that are accessible by keycard and are monitored 24 hours per day by security cameras; they are available at eight stations.[167] Electronic bicycle lockers, or eLockers, are secure lockers that may also be accessed by keycard and are made available on a first-come, first-served basis. TriMet contracts some keycard access to BikeLink and uses its Hop Fastpass on others.[167] [168] Other lockers may be rented by users.[169] Bicycle racks are the most common form of bicycle parking.[170]

Rolling stock

See main article: TriMet rolling stock.

, TriMet operates five models of light rail vehicles designated as "Type 1" through "Type 5", of which two are successive upgrades of the same model. The MAX system's 145 cars vary in length, from 881NaN1[171] [172] to 951NaN1, and are used interchangeably on every line.[160] Downtown Portland's 200feet downtown blocks allow the operation of only one or two consists to prevent stopped trains from blocking intersections.[173] [174] Type 2 and 3 low-floor vehicles may run singularly or coupled to another Type 1, 2, or 3 vehicle. Type 1 high-floor vehicles are also capable of running singularly, but doing so would constrain accessibility due to a lack of wheelchair access. Thus, a high-floor car must be coupled with a low-floor car. Type 4 and 5 cars can only be coupled to one another.[160]

Twenty-six Type 1 high-floor vehicles were produced for the Banfield light rail project by a joint venture between Bombardier and La Brugeoise et Nivelles beginning in 1983.[172] TriMet announced it would purchase seven additional vehicles that August,[175] but a budget shortfall forced the agency to withdraw this proposal the following November.[176] The cars are similar in design to Bombardier vehicles that had been used in Rio de Janeiro.[172] Bombardier built the frames in Quebec but its factory in Barre, Vermont, manufactured the majority of each car,[177] the first of which arrived in Portland in 1984.[178] Each 45ST car is single-articulated and contains six axles.[160] [179] The high floors connect with the low platforms through interior steps, which necessitated platform wheelchair lifts until the arrival of low-floor cars.[160] A car sits 76 people and has an overall capacity of 166.[172] [180]

In 1992, TriMet officials conducted an accessibility study and determined that low-floor cars were the most cost-effective alternative to providing universal access.[160] MAX then became the first light rail system in North America to acquire low-floor train sets when TriMet procured 39 model SD660 cars from Siemens in 1993.[181] [182] [183] These Type 2 cars were equipped with doorway wheelchair ramps.[184] They entered service during the partial opening of the Westside MAX in 1997.[185] By 2000, TriMet had ordered 17 more Type 2 cars including six for the Airport MAX project.[54] [160] The system's 27 Type 3 vehicles, which the agency purchased as part of the Interstate MAX project and first brought into use in 2003, are the same model as the Type 2 vehicles but with technical upgrades and a new livery.[160] [186]

Twenty-two Siemens S70 low-floor cars, which were designated Type 4, were purchased in conjunction with the I-205 MAX and Portland Transit Mall projects, and were first used in 2009. Type 4 cars have a more streamlined design and more seating, and are lighter and more energy-efficient than the previous models. The Type 4 cars were the first in the MAX network to use LED-type destination signs.[187] The second series of S70 cars, TriMet's Type 5 vehicles, were procured for the Portland–Milwaukie light rail project. TriMet placed an order for the Type 5 cars with Siemens in 2012 and delivery commenced in 2014.[188] These vehicles include some improvements over the Type 4 cars, including less-cramped interior seating, and improvements to the air-conditioning system and wheelchair ramps.[189] [190] These introduced a new seating layout in the center section, among other changes, and Siemens later retroactively redesignated TriMet's Type 5 cars as model S700.[191]

In July 2019, TriMet placed an order for 26 Siemens S700 light rail vehicles that are intended to replace the system's Type 1 vehicles.[158] The order was expanded to 30 cars in June 2021.[192] The first car was delivered in December 2022.[193]

Maintenance

TriMet's vehicle-maintenance complexes for the MAX system are the Ruby Junction facility in Gresham and the smaller Elmonica facility in Beaverton.[194] [195] The Ruby Junction facility is located near Ruby Junction/East 197th Avenue station while the Elmonica facility is adjacent to Elmonica/Southwest 170th Avenue station; both are on the Blue Line.[196]

Ruby Junction began with one building that TriMet built as part of the original MAX project in the early 1980s; it had expanded to three multi-story buildings totaling 143000ft2 occupying 17acres by 2010,[194] and to four buildings totalling 149000ft2 occupying 23acres by 2016. It contains 13 maintenance bays and its yard tracks have the capacity to store 87 light rail cars. In 2016, around 200 employees worked at Ruby Junction and almost 200 MAX operators operated trains that were based there. In addition to vehicle maintenance, crews who maintain the MAX system's tracks and signals are also based at Ruby Junction.[195] In 2015, some maintenance-of-way personnel moved into the Portland Vintage Trolley carbarn next to Rose Quarter Transit Center after Vintage Trolley service was discontinued.[197]

Ruby Junction originally housed TriMet's operations, communications, and administrative workers.[198]

The Elmonica facility was built as part of the Westside MAX Project in the mid-1990s and was completed in 1996. Its building has 78000ft2 of space.[199]

Services

From Monday to Thursday, MAX trains run for 22 hours per day. Additional late-night trips are provided on Fridays. Except for additional late-night trips on Saturdays, weekend service runs on a slightly reduced schedule.[200] TriMet designates all MAX lines as "Frequent Service" routes, which ensures service runs on a 15-minute headway for most of each day.[201] During the early morning and late evening hours, trains operate with headways of up to 30minutes. During rush hours, headways can be as short as three minutes, particularly in the central section of the system where lines overlap.[2] At many stations, a live display shows the destination and time-to-arrival of the next several trains using data gathered by a vehicle tracking system installed on the light rail tracks.[202]

Ridership

MAX carried over 38.8million total passengers in 2019, an average of 120,900 riders per day on weekdays. This is slightly lower than the number of riders recorded in 2018 and represents the system's third consecutive year of fallen ridership. MAX ridership peaked in 2012, when the system recorded around 42.2million annual passengers. 2016 marks the last year ridership increased; this was due to the opening of the Orange Line.[203] TriMet attributes falling ridership to perceived crime within trains and stations and lower-income riders being forced out of the inner city by rising housing prices.[204] [205] In 2019 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic), MAX was the fourth-busiest light rail system in the United States after the light rail services of Metro Rail in Los Angeles, the MBTA in Boston, and Muni Metro in San Francisco.[206]

+ Annual ridership
Fiscal year Ridership
1987[207] —
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Source: TriMet

Fares

See also: Hop Fastpass.

As is standard practice on North American light rail systems,[208] MAX uses proof-of-payment for fare collection, and stations do not have ticket barriers.[137] TriMet employs an automated fare collection system through a stored-value, contactless smart card called Hop Fastpass,[209] which can be purchased from the TriMet ticket office or participating retail outlets.[210] [211] Smartphone users may download a virtual version of Hop Fastpass,[212] [213] while single-use Hop Fastpass tickets are dispensed by ticket vending machines at every MAX station.[214] [215] Smartphones with a debit or credit card loaded into Google Pay, Samsung Pay, or Apple Pay, and Portland Streetcar 2-hour tickets and one-day passes can also be used to board MAX.[216] [217] Riders must tap their fare medium onto a card reader with each boarding.[218] Fares are flat rate and are capped according to use.[219] Using Hop Fastpass, riders may transfer to the Portland Streetcar and other TriMet and C-Tran services.[220]

Discontinued services

See main article: Fareless Square and Portland Vintage Trolley.

From the MAX system's opening until 2012, riding trains within Fareless Square, which was known as the Free Rail Zone from 2010 to 2012, was free of charge. Fareless Square included all of downtown and, starting in 2001, part of the Lloyd District. The 37-year-old fare-free zone was discontinued on September 1, 2012, as part of system-wide cost-cutting measures. As part of the same budget cuts, TriMet discontinued its zonal fares and moved to a flat-fare system. Zones had been in place since 1986; higher fares were charged for longer journeys across four paid zones.[70] [131]

The MAX Mall Shuttle operated on weekday afternoons from when it was introduced on September 14, 2009, until 2011.[221] It acted as a supplement to the light rail service provided on the Portland Transit Mall by the Green and Yellow lines.[222] The Mall Shuttle operated between Union Station and Portland State University every 30 minutes from noon until 5:30p.m.[222] TriMet discontinued this supplementary shuttle service on June 5, 2011.[223] [224] Along with bus services, the mall continues to be served by two MAX lines in each direction—Green and Yellow lines northbound and Green and Orange lines southbound—which provide a combined average headway of 7.5 minutes in each direction at most times.

The Portland Vintage Trolley operated on the MAX system on most weekends from 1991 until 2014, serving the same stops. This service used 1991-built replicas of 1904 Portland streetcars. Originally, the Vintage Trolley service followed a section of the original MAX line between the Library and Galleria stations and Lloyd Center. In September 2009, the service moved to the newly opened MAX alignment along the transit mall, running between Union Station to Portland State University,[116] [225] and remained on this route in subsequent seasons. In 2011, the service was reduced to seven or eight Sundays per year,[226] and in July 2014 it was discontinued entirely and the two remaining faux-vintage cars were sold to a group planning a streetcar line in St. Louis.[227] [228]

Safety

TriMet employs a transit police division to patrol MAX and other TriMet property. Most of its officers serve with local law enforcement agencies and are assigned terms with the transit police; this partnership with local police enables the closest available unit to respond to incidents. TriMet also partners with the Transportation Security Administration, which provides a canine unit. Riders are encouraged to alert TriMet employees using on-board intercoms or to dial 9-1-1 upon witnessing a crime or suspicious activity.[229] TriMet operates over 4,000 security cameras; all MAX trains and stations became fully equipped with cameras in 2014.[230]

2017 train stabbing incident

See main article: 2017 Portland train attack.

On May 26, 2017, at approximately 4:30pm, a man fatally stabbed two people and injured a third after he was confronted for shouting anti-Muslim slurs at two teenage girls inside a MAX train.[231] Two men—a technician and U.S. Army veteran, and a recent university graduate—died from wounds to their necks while a third male victim survived.[232] The attacker, who described himself as a white nationalist,[233] was arrested and charged with murder, attempted murder, and other crimes.[234] On February 21, 2020, the perpetrator was found guilty on all charges, including two counts of first-degree murder.[235] This resulted in a mural being painted on the station entrance of the Hollywood Transit Center, where the stabbing occurred.[236]

2023 Portland Streetcar collision

On November 15, 2023, shortly after 10:00am, a MAX train collided with a Portland Streetcar in the Lloyd District and injured two people on board.[237] [238] [239]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: TriMet At-A-Glance. TriMet. March 28, 2016. January 2016. January 31, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160131065418/http://trimet.org/ataglance/. dead.
  2. Web site: Power, Signals and Traffic Interface . TriMet . July 2016 . October 5, 2022 . October 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221005210814/https://trimet.org/history/pdf/rail-powersignals.pdf . live .
  3. Web site: Making History: 45 Years of Transit in the Portland Region . Selinger . Philip . 2015 . TriMet . 919377348 . July 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180509021212/https://trimet.org/pdfs/history/making-history.pdf . May 9, 2018 . unfit.
  4. Book: Thompson, Richard M. . 2010 . Portland's Streetcar Lines . 7–8 . . 978-0-7385-8126-2 . March 12, 2019 . January 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210131050209/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCD1zjOPXvMC&pg=PA71 . live .
  5. Web site: A History of Public Transit in Portland . TriMet . December 7, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181207154617/https://trimet.org/history/transitinportland.htm . December 7, 2018.
  6. Web site: Portland's Interurban Years . TriMet . December 5, 2018 . December 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181206000542/https://trimet.org/history/newinterurban.htm.
  7. Book: Thompson, Richard . Portland's Streetcars . Arcadia Publishing . 2006 . 978-1-4396-3109-6 . 9–17 . March 11, 2019 . January 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210131050204/https://books.google.com/books?id=piI9fw4I5i8C&pg=PT9 . live .
  8. Book: Thompson, Richard M. . Portland's Interurban Railway . 2012 . Arcadia Publishing . 978-0-7385-9617-4 . November 30, 2020 . October 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221005210816/https://books.google.com/books?id=UzNzsC23VvgC&q=%22last%20two%22%20interurban%20Bellrose&pg=PA61 . live .
  9. News: Killen . John . Past Tense Oregon: New MAX line recalls of Portland's first - and last - interurban route . The Oregonian . June 22, 2015 . May 22, 2023 . May 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230522170557/https://www.oregonlive.com/history/2015/06/past_tense_oregon_new_max_line.html . live .
  10. News: Turnquist . Kristi . Traveling through the history of Portland's streetcars . . February 24, 2011 . March 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190326145051/https://www.oregonlive.com/movies/2011/02/traveling_through_the_history.html . March 26, 2019.
  11. News: . Portland streetcars--something old, something new . . July 19, 2001 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121014011545/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2001/07/16/daily30.html . July 1, 2019 . October 14, 2012.
  12. News: Maves . Norm Jr. . Stewart . Bill . Trolley's late scribe was 'delighted' at new line . The Oregonian . July 20, 2001 . 32.
  13. News: David . Ken . Company Surprises Customers: Firm Abandons Passenger Run after Sundown . The Oregonian . January 26, 1958 . 1.
  14. Web site: Highway to Hell . Young . Bob . March 8, 2005 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20180917044251/https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-4212-highway-to-hell.html . September 17, 2018 . July 26, 2018.
  15. News: Paglin . Morton . Effort to stop freeway remembered . The Oregonian . June 28, 2004 . B6.
  16. 1975 . West Portland Park-and-ride, Pacific Hwy, I-5, Multnomah County: Environmental Impact Statement . Federal Highway Administration . 11 . July 26, 2018 . July 31, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220731220542/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qo1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11 . live .
  17. News: . Meetings on transit ideas slated . The Oregonian . May 4, 1975 . C2.
  18. News: . Tri-Met board backs Banfield rail option . The Oregonian . February 8, 1977 . 1.
  19. News: Hortsch . Dan . September 27, 1978 . Tri-Met board votes to back Banfield light-rail project . The Oregonian . F1.
  20. News: Federman . Stan . March 27, 1982 . At ground-breaking: Festivities herald transitway . The Oregonian . A12.
  21. News: Koberstein . Paul . September 7, 1986 . Riders swamp light rail as buses go half-full and schedules go by the way . The Oregonian . A1.
  22. News: Austin . David . July 26, 1986 . MAX winning moniker for $214 million light-rail line . The Oregonian . C2.
  23. Web site: Banfield Light Rail Eastside MAX Blue Line . TriMet . July 2016 . August 2, 2018 . May 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180509045244/http://trimet.org/publications/pdf/factsheets/max-blueline-eastside.pdf . dead .
  24. 1994 . Hillsboro Extension of the Westside Corridor Project, Washington County: Environmental Impact Statement . . P1–P5 . July 29, 2018.
  25. News: Federman . Stan . Tri-Met heats up study for westside light rail . The Oregonian . November 7, 1987 . E14.
  26. News: Hamilton . Don . Shirley Huffman, fiery lobbyist, earns praise; Hard work and a sharp phone call put light-rail trains into downtown Hillsboro . The Oregonian . February 23, 2000 . E2.
  27. News: Oliver . Gordon . Groundbreaking ceremonies set to launch project . The Sunday Oregonian . August 8, 1993 . "Westside Light Rail: Making Tracks" (special section), p. R1.
  28. News: O'Keefe . Mark . New MAX cars smooth the way for wheelchairs . The Oregonian . September 1, 1997 . B12.
  29. News: Oliver . Gordon . Hamilton . Don . Go west young MAX . The Oregonian . September 9, 1998 . C1.
  30. News: . Systems News [regular news section] . . . December 2000 . 471 . UK . 1460-8324 . With the light rail system due to expand to two services in September 2001, and three in 2004 (with all three using the same routing and stops in the city centre), Tri-Met has decided to assign route colours as follows ....
  31. News: . Where's east side light rail going next? . The Oregonian . April 3, 1986 . 2.
  32. News: Briggs . Kara . Metro considers transit options along I-205 . The Oregonian . July 24, 2002 . D2.
  33. News: Redden . Jim . After 35 years of waiting, TriMet's Green Line hits all the parties: Thousands ride new I-205 line that was born of a '70s freeway rebellion . Portland Tribune . September 10, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110608052643/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=125252833417516900 . June 8, 2011 . May 13, 2014.
  34. News: Kohler . Vince . Joint efforts of business, government could spur rail line; both groups need to finance, back line along I-205, panel says . The Oregonian . May 23, 1988 . B5.
  35. News: Kohler . Vince . Stewart . Bill . Light-rail proposals gain ground in Congress; senate panel approves transportation funding bill, aiding plans for new Oregon City, Vancouver lines . The Oregonian . September 10, 1989 . C2.
  36. News: Stewart . Bill . County light-rail project gains momentum . The Oregonian . January 12, 1993 . B2.
  37. News: Oliver . Gordon . Citizens advisory committee endorses pair of light-rail routes . The Oregonian . March 11, 1993 . B3.
  38. News: Oliver . Gordon . Decisions to be made soon on north–south light rail . The Oregonian . March 7, 1993 . C4.
  39. News: Leeson . Fred . Planners narrowing options for north–south light-rail line . The Oregonian . February 13, 1994 . C5.
  40. News: McCarthy . Dennis . Light-rail service? On to Oregon City! . The Oregonian . September 15, 1994 . D2.
  41. News: . Ask the O (Q & A): Q:Why is the next phase of light rail being called 'South–North' instead of 'North–South', a more familiar use of the words? . The Oregonian . December 1, 1994 .
  42. News: Stewart . Bill . Clark County turns down north–south light rail . The Oregonian . February 8, 1995 . A1.
  43. News: Oliver . Gordon . Stewart . Bill . MAX may skip Clark County, N. Portland . The Oregonian . March 1, 1995 . B1.
  44. News: Green . Ashbel S. . Mapes . Jeff . Legislature is finally working on the railroad . The Oregonian . August 4, 1995 . A1.
  45. News: . Some light-rail history . The Oregonian . October 7, 1996 . A8.
  46. News: Spicer . Osker . Light-rail would be good for areas . The Oregonian . January 31, 1996 . C2.
  47. News: Oliver . Gordon . Hunsberger . Brent . Tri-Met still wants that rail line to Clackamas County . The Oregonian . November 7, 1996 . D1.
  48. News: Oliver . Gordon . South–north light-rail issue keeps on going . The Oregonian . February 12, 1997 . A1.
  49. News: Oliver . Gordon . South–north line backers find themselves at a loss after election day defeat . The Oregonian . November 7, 1998 . B1.
  50. News: Marks . Anita . Airport struggles with runaway growth . Portland Business Journal . February 25, 1994 . 1.
  51. News: Oliver . Gordon . Port wants MAX to run to airport . The Oregonian . January 22, 1997 . A1.
  52. Web site: Airport MAX Red Line . TriMet . July 2016 . August 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035659/https://trimet.org/publications/pdf/factsheets/max-redline.pdf . August 28, 2018.
  53. News: Rose . Michael . PDX light rail may lead to south-north line . Portland Business Journal . December 19, 1997 . 1.
  54. News: Stewart . Bill . Light-rail line to PDX starting to take shape . The Oregonian . June 17, 1999 . B1.
  55. News: Oliver . Gordon . Light rail to airport gets closer to reality . The Oregonian . September 10, 1998 . B1.
  56. News: Oliver. Gordon. Portland now 'the city that moves', mayor says [opening of MAX Red Line]. The Oregonian. September 11, 2001. 1.
  57. News: Oliver . Gordon . Unknowns cloud PDX's future . The Oregonian . September 21, 2001 . D1.
  58. News: . History cancels PDX party . The Oregonian . September 15, 2001 . D8.
  59. News: Stewart . Bill . Airport MAX rolls out Monday . The Oregonian . September 7, 2001 . B1.
  60. News: Leeson . Fred . August 27, 2003 . MAX fares increase, direct service from Beaverton to PDX starts . The Oregonian . D2.
  61. News: Oliver . Gordon . New light-rail plan rises from the ashes . The Oregonian . March 16, 1999 . 1.
  62. News: Stewart . Bill . Tri-Met involvement urged in north light-rail line . The Oregonian . March 25, 1999 . B3.
  63. News: Oliver . Gordon . Tri-Met adds detail to proposal to build light rail in the north . The Oregonian . May 3, 1999 . C2.
  64. News: Stewart . Bill . Interstate MAX work will begin with Monday ceremony . The Oregonian . February 16, 2001 . D3.
  65. News: Stewart . Bill . Interstate MAX on track but not final . The Oregonian . August 26, 1999 . D2.
  66. News: Stewart . Bill . NW prominent in Clinton money plan. MAX: The North Portland Interstate . The Oregonian . February 5, 2000 . A1.
  67. News: Leeson . Fred . The Yellow Line: Open for business . The Oregonian . April 25, 2004 . B5.
  68. News: . New MAX line opens downtown . Portland Tribune . August 28, 2009 . May 13, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150103091415/http://pamplinmedia.com/component/content/article?id=54413 . January 3, 2015.
  69. News: Redden . Jim . Line's last piece stirs money questions . Portland Tribune . September 24, 2009 . September 2, 2012 . https://archive.today/20130222054826/http://thetribonline.net/news/story.php?story_id=125373697936164200 . February 22, 2013 . dead .
  70. News: Bailey. Everton Jr.. TriMet boosts most fares starting Saturday; some routes changing. The Oregonian. August 30, 2012 . September 2, 2012. September 2, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120902193556/http://www.oregonlive.com/roadreport/index.ssf/2012/08/trimet_boosts_most_fares_start.html. live.
  71. Web site: You asked: How will the Orange Line work in downtown Portland? . Lum . Brian . TriMet . June 19, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151026140806/http://howweroll.trimet.org/2015/06/19/you-asked-how-will-max-orange-line-work-in-downtown-portland/ . October 26, 2015 . unfit.
  72. News: Rose . Joseph . New MAX plan tries the double-team approach . The Oregonian . May 8, 2001 . D1 . Joseph Rose (journalist).
  73. News: Rose . Joseph . Metro planners will study two south light-rail lines . The Oregonian . June 6, 2001 . E3.
  74. News: Oppenheimer . Laura . New MAX plans arrive for input; a revived bid to expand light rail to Milwaukie, one of five transit proposals, may fare better now that former critics are on board . The Oregonian . January 27, 2003 . E1.
  75. News: Leeson . Fred . TriMet board agrees to plan for southeast light-rail lines . The Oregonian . March 27, 2003 . C2.
  76. News: Oppenheimer . Laura . Metro gives final OK to MAX lines . The Oregonian . April 18, 2003 . D6.
  77. News: Leeson . Fred . Light-rail line likely addition to transit mall . The Oregonian . April 15, 2003 . B1.
  78. News: Mayer . James . Metro rail projects hit funding fast track . The Oregonian . February 8, 2006 . A1.
  79. News: Mayer . James . Light rail in Bush's 2008 budget . The Oregonian . February 8, 2007 . C5.
  80. News: Rivera . Dylan . Thousands on MAX go Green Festivities and free rides draw takers for the new downtown–Clackamas Town Center line . The Oregonian . September 13, 2009.
  81. News: McCarthy . Dennis . Milwaukie group poses surprise light-rail option . The Oregonian . December 20, 2001 . C3.
  82. News: Mortenson . Eric . May 2, 2008 . Panel realigns route of new light-rail span . The Oregonian . D1.
  83. Libby . Brian . October 2015 . Bridge to the Future (The Bridge that Bans Cars) . . 316 . 3 . 42–43 . September 27, 2015 . April 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200429180250/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/10/the-bridge-that-bans-cars/403234/ . live .
  84. News: Rose . Joseph . Joseph Rose (journalist) . Construction begins on new light-rail bridge in Portland that will go up 'piece by piece' . June 29, 2011 . The Oregonian . July 27, 2013 . January 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210105083403/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2011/06/construction_begins_thursday_o.html . live .
  85. News: Theriault . Denis C. . Checkpoint Clackamas! Keeping Portland Out—to Let More Republicans In? . . February 22, 2016 . May 31, 2012 . January 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160103011344/http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/checkpoint-clackamas/Content?oid=6165483 . live .
  86. News: Zheng . Yuxing . Clackamas County anti-rail measure passes comfortably; effect could resonate for decades . The Oregonian . February 22, 2016 . September 18, 2012 . March 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083522/http://www.oregonlive.com/oregon-city/index.ssf/2012/09/clackamas_county_anti-rail_mea.html . live .
  87. Web site: Making History: 50 Years of Transit in the Portland Region . Selinger . Philip . October 2019 . TriMet . February 25, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200225160919/https://trimet.org/history/pdf/making-history.pdf . February 25, 2020.
  88. News: Njus . Elliot . September 12, 2015 . The wait's over: TriMet's Orange Line, Tilikum Crossing up and running . The Oregonian . September 18, 2015 . August 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190516/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2015/09/orange_line_tilikum_crossing_o_1.html . live .
  89. Public Review Draft, 2018 Regional Transportation Plan, Chapter 6: Regional Programs and Projects to Achieve Our Vision . 15, 19 . June 29, 2018 . . April 23, 2019 . April 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423163603/https://www.oregonmetro.gov/sites/default/files/2018/06/29/RTP_Ch6_Investment_Prioritiespublicreview.pdf . live .
  90. Web site: A Better Red . TriMet . March 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200325015636/https://trimet.org/betterred/pdf/fact-sheet-english.pdf . March 25, 2020.
  91. News: Altstadt . Roberta . TriMet's Better Red project receives Medium-High rating from Federal Transit Administration . March 6, 2020 . TriMet . February 13, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200329200845/https://news.trimet.org/2020/02/trimets-better-red-project-receives-medium-high-rating-from-federal-transit-administration/ . March 29, 2020.
  92. Web site: Southwest Corridor Light Rail Project (Factsheet) . TriMet . July 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190722161535/https://trimet.org/swcorridor/pdf/swc-factsheet.pdf . July 22, 2019 . live .
  93. News: Thomas . Keaton . TriMet puts new light rail line on hold after measure's failure . . November 10, 2020 . November 22, 2020 . November 13, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201113143050/https://katu.com/news/following-the-money/trimet-puts-southwest-corridor-light-rail-project-on-hold-after-measures-failure . live .
  94. News: Pitz . Ray . New details on SW Corridor MAX stations include Bridgeport . Portland Tribune . February 5, 2020 . February 14, 2020 . February 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200208175852/https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/9-news/450892-367464-new-details-on-sw-corridor-max-stations-include-bridgeport . live .
  95. Southwest Corridor Light Rail Project Conceptual Design Report . 2020 . TriMet . February 5, 2020 . February 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200206000223/https://trimet.org/swcorridor/pdf/conceptual-design-report.pdf . live .
  96. News: . Portland-area voters decline Measure 26-218 . Metro . November 3, 2020 . November 3, 2020 . November 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201104053942/https://www.oregonmetro.gov/news/portland-area-voters-decline-measure-26-218 . live .
  97. News: Theen . Andrew . Voters reject Metro's payroll tax to fund billions in transportation projects . The Oregonian . November 3, 2020 . November 24, 2020 . November 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126021442/https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2020/11/voters-appear-to-reject-metros-payroll-tax-to-fund-billions-in-transportation-projects.html . live .
  98. News: Mesh . Aaron . June 13, 2018 . The Price Tag on Light Rail to Bridgeport Village Has Grown by Nearly a Billion Dollars . . June 13, 2018 . June 14, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021527/http://www.wweek.com/news/2018/06/13/the-price-tag-on-light-rail-to-bridgeport-village-has-grown-by-nearly-a-billion-dollars/ . live .
  99. Web site: The MAX Tunnel Study: Examining the feasibility of faster light rail . Metro . November 4, 2019 . September 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200904165651/https://www.oregonmetro.gov/sites/default/files/2019/10/25/MAX%20Tunnel%20Study%20Findings.pdf . live .
  100. News: Njus. Elliot. City planners float idea of subway tunnel through downtown Portland. June 24, 2017. The Oregonian. June 14, 2017. June 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170619081753/http://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/06/city_floats_subway_tunnel_thro.html. live.
  101. News: Peel . Sophie . The Idea for MAX Tunnel Under Downtown Emerged From Examination of How to Fix the Steel Bridge Bottleneck . . June 28, 2019 . June 28, 2019 . June 29, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190629142055/https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/06/28/the-idea-for-max-tunnel-under-downtown-emerged-from-examination-of-how-to-fix-the-steel-bridge-bottleneck/ . live .
  102. News: Rivera . Dylan . MAX Green Line signals decades of rail growth . September 5, 2009 . The Oregonian . May 15, 2019 . March 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193755/http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/green_line_max_signals_decades.html . live .
  103. Web site: MAX Light Rail Project History . TriMet . April 28, 2023 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502012622/https://trimet.org/history/maxoverview.htm . live .
  104. News: Shedd . Tom . MAX: Portland's Light Rail Is an Instant Success . November 1987 . . 14–15 . International Thomson Transport Press . Chicago, Illinois . 0736-2064.
  105. Book: Special Report 221 – Light Rail Transit: New System Successes at Affordable Prices . . 1989 . 0-309-04713-7 . 25, 34, 90, 92, 317, 319, 468 . May 14, 2019 . July 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180710103622/http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/sr/sr221/221.pdf . live .
  106. News: Wade . Michael . Popularity of MAX spearheads boost in Tri-Met ridership . The Oregonian . November 17, 1986 . B4.
  107. Web site: Westside MAX Blue Line Extension . TriMet . July 2016 . April 22, 2019 . March 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302190959/http://trimet.org/publications/pdf/factsheets/max-blueline-westside.pdf . dead .
  108. Book: Sebree, Mac . Mac Sebree . 1994 . Portland's Westside Tunnel: An LRT Breakthrough . 1994 Light Rail Annual & User's Guide . Passenger Train Journal . 10–14 . Pasadena, CA . . 0160-6913 .
  109. Web site: Interstate MAX Yellow Line . TriMet . July 2016 . February 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102319/https://trimet.org/publications/pdf/factsheets/max-yellowline.pdf . July 10, 2018.
  110. Web site: I-205/Portland Mall MAX Green Line . TriMet . July 2016 . April 22, 2019 . March 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302191021/http://trimet.org/publications/pdf/factsheets/max-greenline.pdf . live .
  111. News: . Finance [part of monthly news section] . Railway Gazette International. August 2007 . 470.
  112. Web site: Portland–Milwaukie MAX Orange Line . TriMet . July 2016 . May 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423063026/https://trimet.org/publications/pdf/factsheets/max-orangeline.pdf . April 23, 2019 . live.
  113. Rail System Map with transfers . TriMet . July 25, 2018 . February 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190210194620/https://trimet.org/maps/pdf/railsystem.pdf . live .
  114. News: Briggs . Kara . Airport MAX light-rail service in sight . The Oregonian . August 29, 2001 . C2.
  115. . Steel Bridge Transit Improvements: Long-Term Concept Final Report . December 8, 2017 . Metro . 2-1 . April 16, 2023 . April 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230416204933/https://www.oregonmetro.gov/sites/default/files/2019/06/27/SBTI_final_memo_022018.pdf . live .
  116. Morgan . Steve . Expansion for Portland's MAX: New routes and equipment . . 2010 . 33 . 1 – First quarter 2010 . 38–40 . White River Productions, Inc..
  117. Web site: MAX Blue Line Map and Sechdule . TriMet . November 2, 2008 . December 16, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081216065718/http://trimet.org/schedules/maxblueline.htm . live .
  118. Web site: MAX Green Line Map and Sechdule . TriMet . September 12, 2009 . September 14, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090914113529/http://trimet.org/schedules/maxgreenline.htm . live .
  119. Web site: MAX Orange Line Map and Sechdule . TriMet . February 18, 2016 . February 25, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160225164159/http://trimet.org/schedules/maxorangeline.htm . live .
  120. Web site: MAX Red Line Map and Sechdule . TriMet . November 2, 2008 . December 16, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081216065723/http://trimet.org/schedules/maxredline.htm . live .
  121. Web site: MAX Yellow Line Map and Sechdule . TriMet . November 2, 2008 . December 7, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081207192704/http://www.trimet.org/schedules/maxyellowline.htm . live .
  122. . . Research Report and Findings: Light Rail Technology Scan and Case Studies . Federal Transit Administration . October 2022 . 97–112 . April 17, 2023 . March 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230313164949/https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/2022-10/FTA-Report-No-0234.pdf . live .
  123. Web site: How MAX Moves Downtown . Earisman . Misty . August 7, 2019 . TriMet . April 17, 2023 . April 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418000317/https://blog.trimet.org/2019/08/07/how-max-moves-downtown/ . live .
  124. Web site: Ask TriMet: Are Cars Allowed on MAX or Streetcar Tracks? . Flynn . Alyssa . Jan 17, 2020 . TriMet . April 17, 2023 . April 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418000318/https://blog.trimet.org/2020/01/17/ask-trimet-cars-on-max-tracks/ . live .
  125. Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon . Banfield Light Rail Project: Conceptual Design Information for the City of Portland . TriMet Collection . 9 . November 1, 1981 . July 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150928184313/http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=oscdl_trimet . September 28, 2015 . live .
  126. News: Stewart . Bill . Don't look up, but MAX bridge going in over I-205; strict safety measures are in place to protect motorists, and as the span is built, tracks will start going in on Airport Way . The Oregonian . December 17, 1999 . A1.
  127. News: Stewart . Bill . Leeson . Fred . Interstate MAX may cross one of city's longest spans . The Oregonian . February 26, 2001 . C3.
  128. News: Mayer. James . Board picks light-rail tunnel . The Oregonian . April 13, 1991 . 1.
  129. News: Redden . Jim . Steel Bridge reopened with changes . July 16, 2019 . Portland Tribune . August 23, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181107103941/https://pamplinmedia.com/component/content/article?id=73269 . November 7, 2018. live.
  130. Web site: Tilikum Crossing, Bridge of the People, brings new connections and new options in 2015 . TriMet . June 2014 . February 7, 2020 . March 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302213206/http://trimet.org/pdfs/pm/Fact-sheets-timelines/TC_2Page_June2014.pdf . dead .
  131. News: Federman . Stan . Going to the MAX: Your ticket to light rail . The Oregonian . September 5, 1986 . T10.
  132. News: Federman . Stan . Tri-Met stresses safety of light-rail system . The Oregonian . September 5, 1986 . T7.
  133. Web site: Light Rail Stations . TriMet . August 2016 . August 5, 2019 . March 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302191027/http://trimet.org/publications/pdf/factsheets/rail-stations.pdf . live .
  134. News: Running . Jim . 16-block tear-up for light-rail delayed . The Oregonian . August 18, 1983 . B1.
  135. News: Howell . Jim . Analyze subway benefits before tearing up transit mall . The Oregonian . August 13, 2003 . C9.
  136. News: Lindblom . Mike . Shooting brings attention to light rail's fare inspection force . July 8, 2014 . . March 13, 2020 . October 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028172353/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/shooting-brings-attention-to-light-railrsquos-fare-inspection-force/ . live .
  137. News: Rose . Joseph . Fare turnstiles coming to Portland-Milwaukie MAX stations . The Oregonian . March 20, 2015 . August 6, 2019 . January 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210105083412/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/2015/03/trimet_turnstiles_orange_line.html . live .
  138. Web site: Station furnishings, equipment and signage . TriMet . February 2010 . 89 . August 6, 2019 . March 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190303002432/http://trimet.org/pdfs/pm/CDR/PMLR_CDR_Art_PE_End.pdf . live .
  139. News: Blevins . Drew . We're adding arrival screens at more Blue and Red Line MAX stations . April 5, 2015 . How We Roll . TriMet . July 23, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160411095814/http://howweroll.trimet.org/2013/07/23/were-adding-arrival-screens-at-more-blue-and-red-line-max-stations/ . April 11, 2016.
  140. Web site: Beaverton Transit Center . TriMet . April 17, 2018 . April 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031600/http://trimet.org/transitcenters/beaverton.htm . live .
  141. Web site: Sunset Transit Center . TriMet . April 17, 2018 . August 23, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180823074608/http://trimet.org/transitcenters/sunset.htm . live .
  142. News: Chan . Kenneth . Former SkyTrain manager trying to speed up Portland's street-level LRT . . March 16, 2019 . August 6, 2019 . August 7, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190807004428/https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/portland-max-train-speeds-downtown-stations . live .
  143. News: Becker . Tim . TriMet launching multi-year, multi-million dollar elevator improvement program . TriMet . May 1, 2018 . August 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190806230626/http://news.trimet.org/2018/05/trimet-launching-multi-year-multi-million-dollar-elevator-improvement-program/ . August 6, 2019.
  144. News: Altstadt . Roberta . UPDATE: TriMet to replace elevators at the deepest transit station in North America . TriMet . August 2, 2019 . August 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190806230516/http://news.trimet.org/2019/08/trimet-to-replace-elevators-at-the-deepest-transit-station-in-north-america/ . August 6, 2019.
  145. Book: Wozniak, Owen. Biking Portland: 55 Rides From the Willamette Valley to Vancouver. 2012. Mountaineers Books. 9781594856532. 57.
  146. Web site: Transit Centers . TriMet . December 3, 2018 . December 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005654/https://trimet.org/transitcenters/ . live .
  147. WES Commuter Rail . TriMet . December 1, 2018 . December 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181201222833/https://trimet.org/schedules/img/wes.png . live .
  148. Portland City Center and Transit Mall . TriMet . July 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190210193921/https://trimet.org/maps/pdf/citycenter.pdf . February 10, 2019.
  149. Web site: Maps + Schedules - Portland Streetcar . Portland Streetcar . October 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190210194359/https://portlandstreetcar.org/schedules . February 10, 2019.
  150. Web site: Stop ID 10579 – Portland Int'l Airport MAX Station . TriMet . August 5, 2019 . May 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180509053711/http://trimet.org/ride/stop.html?stop_id=10579 . live .
  151. News: . Arriving with a smash [photo and caption only] . The Oregonian . March 27, 1990 . A Metropolitan Area Express train breaks through a banner Monday afternoon marking the opening of a new light-rail station in front of Pioneer Place....
  152. News: Mayer. James. Dedication kicks off Convention Center fete. The Oregonian. September 20, 1990. A1.
  153. News: Rose . Joseph . Joseph Rose (journalist) . TriMet trains start picking up riders at Gresham's Civic Drive Station . The Oregonian . December 1, 2010 . May 9, 2013 . October 12, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121012015647/http://www.oregonlive.com/gresham/index.ssf/2010/12/trimet_trains_start_picking_up.html . live .
  154. News: Theen. Andrew. 2 downtown MAX stations close permanently next week; changes coming to more than a dozen TriMet bus routes. February 25, 2020. The Oregonian. March 9, 2020. March 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200309011757/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/2020/02/2-downtown-max-stations-close-permanently-next-week-changes-coming-more-than-a-dozen-trimet-bus-routes.html. live.
  155. News: Altstadt . Roberta . TriMet to make MAX service more efficient with closure of three stations in Downtown Portland in March 2020 . . July 24, 2019 . July 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190724212820/http://news.trimet.org/2019/07/trimet-to-make-max-service-more-efficient-with-closure-of-three-stations-in-downtown-portland-in-march-2020/ . July 24, 2019 . live .
  156. News: Christ . Janet . Two wheelchair lifts at every stop allow access for disabled . The Oregonian . September 5, 1986 . T5.
  157. Web site: Westside Light Rail MAX Blue Line extension (fact sheet) . November 2009 . TriMet . January 23, 2011 . December 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211211054609/http://trimet.org/pdfs/history/railfactsheet-westside.pdf . dead .
  158. News: Corselli . Andrew . Siemens Receives Two LRV Orders . Railway Age . July 29, 2019 . July 29, 2019 . July 29, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190729184455/https://www.railwayage.com/passenger/light-rail/siemens-receives-two-lrv-orders/ . live .
  159. Web site: Accessibility Features on MAX . TriMet . August 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190808221443/https://trimet.org/access/max.htm . August 8, 2019.
  160. Web site: TriMet's Rail Vehicle Fleet . TriMet . July 2016 . December 19, 2018 . December 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230445/https://trimet.org/publications/pdf/factsheets/rail-fleet.pdf . dead .
  161. News: Nunez . Jenifer . TriMet begins pedestrian safety upgrades along MAX Blue Line . RT&S . November 14, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194445/https://www.rtands.com/passenger/rapid-transit-light-rail/trimet-begins-pedestrian-safety-upgrades-along-max-blue-line/ . August 3, 2018 . August 2, 2018.
  162. News: Murphy . Angela . Renew the Blue moving forward along Eastside MAX Blue Line . TriMet News . November 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194256/http://news.trimet.org/2013/11/renew-the-blue-moving-forward-along-eastside-max-blue-line/ . August 3, 2018 . August 3, 2018.
  163. Web site: Southwest Corridor Light Rail Project: A Primer on Station Access and Park & Rides . TriMet . June 2019 . February 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200220161037/https://trimet.org/swcorridor/openhouse/parkandride/pdf/ParkandRide-Primer.pdf . February 20, 2020 . live.
  164. Web site: Park & Ride Locations . TriMet . August 12, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812152822/https://trimet.org/parkandride/ . August 12, 2019.
  165. News: Longeteig . Andrew . TriMet expands parking options in Milwaukie with new Park & Ride opening Aug. 1 near MAX Orange Line . TriMet . July 25, 2016 . August 12, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812152450/http://news.trimet.org/2016/07/trimet-expands-parking-options-in-milwaukie-with-new-park-ride-opening-aug-1-near-max-orange-line/ . August 12, 2019.
  166. Web site: Bikes and TriMet . TriMet . August 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190813150103/https://trimet.org/bikes/ . August 13, 2019.
  167. Web site: TriMet Bike & Rides . TriMet . August 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201029182324/https://trimet.org/bikes/bikeandride.htm . October 29, 2020.
  168. News: York . Tia . Bike-to-ride culture, community pride reflected in dynamic new mural at Orenco Station Bike & Ride . August 16, 2017 . TriMet . August 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190813151646/http://news.trimet.org/2017/08/bike-to-ride-culture-community-pride-reflected-in-dynamic-new-mural-at-orenco-station-bike-ride/ . August 13, 2019.
  169. Web site: Reserved Bike Lockers . TriMet . August 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190813152206/https://trimet.org/bikes/lockersavailable.htm . August 13, 2019.
  170. Web site: Bike Racks . TriMet . August 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190813152552/https://trimet.org/bikes/bikeracks.htm . August 13, 2019.
  171. News: Federman . Stan . Light-rail cars' colors to be 'brightened up' . The Oregonian . May 7, 1983 . C3.
  172. News: . 'Roomy, good-looking' light-rail cars please Tri-Met official . The Sunday Oregonian . November 27, 1983 . B5.
  173. Web site: The 200 foot Block: Creating a more walkable Portland . Miskimins . Laurie . . August 5, 2019 . August 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190805164032/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/167703.
  174. Wilkins . Van . Portland's MAX . Spring 1995 . 27 . . 14 . 1048-3845.
  175. News: . Tri-Met plans more cars; $1.5 million savings to be spent . The Oregonian . August 11, 1983 . B8.
  176. News: Federman . Stan . Tri-Met abandons plans to buy more rail cars . The Oregonian . November 4, 1983 . C6.
  177. News: Federman . Stan . Banfield officials cite foreign expertise in light-rail contracts . The Oregonian . September 12, 1982 . B7.
  178. News: . First car for light rail delivered . April 11, 1984 . The Oregonian . C4.
  179. News: . First car for light-rail on way . The Oregonian . March 29, 1984 . B2.
  180. News: Federman . Stan . Riding the light rails . The Sunday Oregonian . February 12, 1984 . C6.
  181. News: Oliver . Gordon . April 15, 1993 . Tri-Met prepares to purchase 37 low-floor light-rail cars . The Oregonian . D4.
  182. Vantuono . William C. . July 1993 . Tri-Met goes low-floor: Portland's Tri-Met has broken new ground with a procurement of low-floor light rail vehicles. The cars will be North America's first low-floor LRVs. . . 49–51 . 0033-8826.
  183. . October 1993 . LA And Portland Get New-Design LRVs . . 26–27 . 0744-5326.
  184. News: Vantuono . William C. . Retractable bridge plates a first for Brightline . July 9, 2018 . . February 12, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180710020032/https://www.railwayage.com/passenger/intercity/retractable-bridge-plates-a-first-for-brightline/ . July 10, 2018.
  185. News: O'Keefe . Mark . September 1, 1997 . New MAX cars smooth the way for wheelchairs . The Oregonian . B12.
  186. News: Leeson . Fred . Hyphen and '70s hues left by the wayside . The Oregonian . August 14, 2002 . C1.
  187. News: Redden . Jim . TriMet puts new light-rail cars on track . Portland Tribune . August 6, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090831121611/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=124959768388491400 . August 31, 2009 . May 17, 2015.
  188. Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, July 2015, p. 289. UK: LRTA Publishing. ISSN 1460-8324.
  189. News: Rose. Joseph. TriMet asks cramped MAX riders to help design next-generation train's seating. The Oregonian. July 31, 2012. September 4, 2012. August 4, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120804002951/http://blog.oregonlive.com/commuting/2012/07/trimet_asks_cramped_max_riders.html. live.
  190. Web site: PMLR Type 5 LRV Fact Sheet. TriMet. May 17, 2015. March 2015. May 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150503093823/http://trimet.org/pdfs/max/Type5_LRVs.pdf. live.
  191. News: . Siemens rebadges North American low-floor cars . September 2020 . . 336 . Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. . UK . 993 . 1460-8324 .
  192. News: . Worldwide Review [regular news section] . August 2021 . . 350 . UK . Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. 1460-8324.
  193. Web site: Meet the New MAX . 2023-01-16 . trimet.org . en-US . December 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221227054450/https://trimet.org/max6/index.htm . live .
  194. News: Preusch . Matthew . TriMet's Ruby Junction maintenance yard continues to grow with MAX . The Oregonian . April 23, 2010 . April 23, 2019 . May 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170504142830/http://www.oregonlive.com/gresham/index.ssf/2010/04/trimets_ruby_junction_maintena.html . live .
  195. News: Carson . Teresa . Ruby keeps MAX sparkling . April 23, 2019 . . July 29, 2016 . Gresham, Oregon . https://web.archive.org/web/20161001172242/http://portlandtribune.com/go/42-news/316878-195816-ruby-keeps-max-sparkling . October 1, 2016 . live.
  196. Web site: Rail Maintenance Facilities . TriMet . July 2016 . March 2, 2020 . July 14, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170714055602/https://trimet.org/publications/pdf/factsheets/rail-maintenance.pdf . live .
  197. News: Rose . Joseph . TriMet on verge of sending Portland's vintage holiday trolleys to St. Louis . April 23, 2019 . The Oregonian . December 6, 2013 . December 10, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131210113245/http://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2013/12/trimet_on_verge_of_sending_hol.html . live .
  198. News: Federman . Stan . Light-rail complex almost complete: Ruby Junction due to open in July; track work beginning . The Oregonian . June 2, 1983 . C7.
  199. News: Colby . Richard N. . Light-rail milestone: The $16 million Westside MAX maintenance building in Elmonica is dedicated . The Oregonian . West Metro . January 22, 1996.
  200. Web site: MAX Lines & Schedules . TriMet . March 5, 2020 . February 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200222120957/http://trimet.org/max/index.htm#lines . live .
  201. Web site: Frequent Service . TriMet . August 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180509013853/http://trimet.org/maps/pdf/frequentservice.pdf . May 9, 2018 . live .
  202. Web site: TransitTracker . TriMet . March 2, 2020 . March 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200302173524/https://trimet.org/tools/transittracker.htm . live .
  203. Web site: TriMet Service and Ridership Information . TriMet . September 20, 2018 . August 8, 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200225100847/http://trimet.org/about/pdf/trimetridership.pdf . February 25, 2020.
  204. News: Keizur . Christopher . Safe travels? . Portland Tribune . June 12, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180804050017/https://portlandtribune.com/go/42-news/362854-242841-safe-travels . August 4, 2018 . August 3, 2018.
  205. Web site: Zielinski . Alex . You Know Portland's Transportation Woes Have Reached a Breaking Point When... . . May 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180804045911/https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2018/05/18/19925551/you-know-portlands-transportation-woes-have-reached-a-breaking-point-when . August 4, 2018 . August 3, 2018.
  206. Web site: Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2018 . . April 12, 2018 . March 2, 2020 . May 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190508212304/https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2018-Q4-Ridership-APTA.pdf . live .
  207. Lessons Learned from New LRT Start-Ups: The Portland Experience . Gerhart . Richard L. . 1988 . 1989 . Washington, D.C. . . Light Rail Transit: New System Successes at Affordable Prices . 325 . National Conference on Light Rail Transit . April 28, 2023.
  208. Web site: Larwin, Thomas F. . Koprowski, Yung . Off-Board Fare Payment Using Proof-of-Payment Verification . . November 26, 2018 . November 2013 . Since the late 1970s POP verification has become the standard fare collection technique employed by all modern light rail transit systems in North America. . November 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135250/https://trid.trb.org/view/1291220 . live .
  209. News: . NXP helps the Portland-Vancouver Metro region move intelligence to the cloud with the new Hop Fastpass™ Transit Card used on Buses, the Light Rail and Streetcars . NXP Blog . October 9, 2017 . July 31, 2018 .
  210. Web site: Where to Get and Reload a Hop Card . TriMet . March 25, 2022 . November 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211130165032/https://myhopcard.com/home/get-card . live .
  211. Web site: Altstadt . Roberta . Major retailers continue selling paper tickets as Hop Fastpass™ rollout continues . TriMet News . February 8, 2018 . August 1, 2018 . August 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180802071507/http://news.trimet.org/2018/02/major-retailers-continue-selling-paper-tickets-as-hop-fastpass-rollout-continues/ . live .
  212. News: Altstadt . Roberta . Portland's Virtual Hop Fastpass™ transit card now available to all Google Pay users . TriMet News . April 16, 2018 . August 1, 2018 . August 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180809021735/http://news.trimet.org/2018/04/portlands-virtual-hop-fastpass-transit-card-now-available-to-all-google-pay-users/ . live .
  213. News: Romero . Morgan . TriMet adds Hop Fastpass to Apple Wallet as paper tickets are phased out . . April 5, 2019 . August 1, 2019 . August 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190801145017/https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/trimet-adds-hop-fastpass-to-apple-wallet-as-paper-tickets-are-phased-out/283-38e7279c-11ea-481d-ab75-3b2084bdfc4c . live .
  214. News: Altstadt . Roberta . Hop Fastpass™ fare system takes more leaps forward with ticket machine, retail store transitions . TriMet News . May 16, 2018 . August 1, 2018 . August 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180802071702/http://news.trimet.org/2018/05/hop-fastpass-fare-system-takes-more-leaps-forward-with-ticket-machine-retail-store-transitions/ . live .
  215. Web site: Ticket Machines . TriMet . November 25, 2018 . January 3, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133615/https://trimet.org/fares/ticketmachines.htm . live .
  216. News: Lum . Brian . You Can Now Use Hop With Just Your Phone . How We Roll, TriMet . August 22, 2017 . August 1, 2018 . August 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180802101749/http://howweroll.trimet.org/2017/08/22/you-can-now-use-hop-with-just-your-phone/ . live .
  217. Web site: Fare Info: How to Purchase Fares. Portland Streetcar Inc.. March 11, 2019. March 11, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190311064824/https://portlandstreetcar.org/fares/purchasing-tickets. live.
  218. News: York . Tia . Tapping 101: TriMet coaches riders on using Hop Fastpass® . October 10, 2019 . TriMet News . December 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211229210453/https://news.trimet.org/2019/10/tapping-101-trimet-coaches-riders-on-using-hop-fastpass/ . December 29, 2021.
  219. Web site: Njus . Elliot . Hop Fastpass: The pros and cons of TriMet's new e-fare system . The Oregonian . July 10, 2017 . August 1, 2018 . August 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180802071545/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/07/hop_fastpass_reflections_after.html . live .
  220. Web site: Hop fares . TriMet . August 1, 2018 . August 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180809031745/http://trimet.org/hop/fares.htm . live .
  221. Web site: August 17, 2009. MAX Light Rail Service Begins on the Portland Mall. City of Portland's Office of Neighborhood Involvement. October 10, 2009.
  222. Web site: Portland Transit Mall Bus Stops and MAX Stations from Union Station to PSU. 2009. TriMet. https://web.archive.org/web/20100613002419/http://trimet.org/portlandmall/stopsandstations.htm. June 13, 2010. May 13, 2014.
  223. News: Rose . Joseph . TriMet will make several seasonal bus line adjustments Sunday . The Oregonian . June 3, 2011 . May 13, 2014 . October 7, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121007082437/http://blog.oregonlive.com/commuting/2011/06/trimet_will_make_several_seaso.html . live .
  224. Web site: MAX Mall Shuttle . 2011 . TriMet . May 13, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140513094806/http://trimet.org/schedules/mallshuttle.htm . May 13, 2014 .
  225. Web site: Vintage Trolley 2012 Schedule on the Portland Mall . Portland Vintage Trolley website . https://web.archive.org/web/20130201170503/http://myplace.frontier.com/~trolley503/VTSchedule.html . February 1, 2013 . February 6, 2014.
  226. Tramways & Urban Transit, April 2011, p. 152. LRTA Publishing Ltd.
  227. Web site: Vintage Trolley Has Ceased Operation. Portland Vintage Trolley website. January 2, 2015. September 2014. February 1, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130201170503/http://myplace.frontier.com/~trolley503/VTSchedule.html. live.
  228. News: Portland double-track is brought into use. Tramways & Urban Transit. LRTA Publishing. November 2014. 454.
  229. Web site: Keeping You Safe . TriMet . April 2017 . October 30, 2020 . November 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034638/https://trimet.org/pdfs/publications/security.pdf . live .
  230. News: Rose . Joseph . 10 things to know about TriMet's latest security-camera upgrade at MAX stations (video) . The Oregonian . April 2014 . October 30, 2020 . November 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201103235233/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/2014/04/10_things_to_know_about_trimet.html . live .
  231. News: Maxine . Bernstein . Portland MAX hero's last words: 'Tell everyone on this train I love them' . The Oregonian . https://web.archive.org/web/20170530001946/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2017/05/max_heros_last_words_tell_ever.html . May 29, 2017 . May 30, 2017.
  232. News: Maxine . Bernstein . MAX attack unfolded quickly: Extremist cut three in neck, police say . https://web.archive.org/web/20170528083058/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2017/05/horrific_scene_unfolds_on_max.html . May 28, 2017 . The Oregonian . May 27, 2017.
  233. News: Todd C. . Frankel . Suspected attacker Jeremy Joseph Christian stood out amid rising tensions in Portland . https://web.archive.org/web/20170529094518/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/05/27/suspected-attacker-jeremy-joseph-christian-stood-out-amid-rising-tensions-in-portland/ . May 29, 2017 . . May 27, 2017.
  234. News: Maxine . Bernstein . Indictment returned against accused MAX attack killer Jeremy Christian . https://web.archive.org/web/20170606224600/http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2017/06/indictment_returned_against_ac.html . June 6, 2017 . The Oregonian . June 7, 2017.
  235. News: Mimica . Mila . Vespa . Maggie . Maggie Vespa . Jeremy Christian found guilty on all counts in MAX stabbing attack . KGW . February 21, 2020 . February 22, 2020 . February 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200222081703/https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/trimet-attack/jeremy-christian-verdict/283-c99bdde8-7754-44e5-ae48-15a73b052f65 . live .
  236. Web site: A Year After Portland MAX Stabbing, A Mural To Remember And Grieve . opb . en.
  237. News: De Dios . Austin . MAX train collides with Portland Streetcar . The Oregonian . November 15, 2023 . November 15, 2023.
  238. News: Allison . Megan . TriMet MAX train derails near Lloyd Center in crash with Portland Streetcar . KATU . November 15, 2023 . November 15, 2023.
  239. News: . TriMet Max train, streetcar collide in Portland, injuring two . Oregon Public Broadcasting . November 15, 2023 . November 15, 2023.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "MAX Light Rail".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.