MALAT1 explained

Conserved secondary structure in Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1
Symbol:	MALAT1
Rfam:	RF01871
Rna Type:	Gene
Tax Domain:	Eukaryota

MALAT 1 (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) also known as NEAT2 (noncoding nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 2) is a large, infrequently spliced non-coding RNA, which is highly conserved amongst mammals and highly expressed in the nucleus.^[1] It regulates the expression of metastasis-associated genes.^[2] It also positively regulates cell motility via the transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional regulation of motility-related genes.^[3] MALAT1 may play a role in temperature-dependent sex determination in the Red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta).^[4]

Expression in alcoholic brains

Transcripts of MALAT1 are significantly increased in the cerebellum of human alcoholics, as well as in similar regions of rat brains after the withdrawal of ethanol vapours. This alcohol-induced upregulation of MALAT1 may be responsible for differential expression of a number of proteins which contribute to ethanol tolerance and dependency in humans.^[5]

Prognostic potential in cancer

Elevated MALAT1 expression is correlated with poor overall survival in various types of cancer, suggesting that this gene is a prognostic factor for different types of cancer.^{[6] [7]}

See also

• Long non-coding RNA
• MALAT1-associated small cytoplasmic RNA

Further reading

• Guo F, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Li Y, Li G . Inhibition of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 in CaSki human cervical cancer cells suppresses cell proliferation and invasion . Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica . 42 . 3 . 224–229 . March 2010 . 20213048 . 10.1093/abbs/gmq008 . free .
• Ji Q, Liu X, Fu X, Zhang L, Sui H, Zhou L, Sun J, Cai J, Qin J, Ren J, Li Q . Resveratrol inhibits invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via MALAT1 mediated Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway . PLOS ONE . 8 . 11 . e78700 . Nov 2013 . 24244343. 10.1371/journal.pone.0078700 . 3823921 . 2013PLoSO...878700J . free .
• Tseng JJ, Hsieh YT, Hsu SL, Chou MM . Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 is up-regulated in placenta previa increta/percreta and strongly associated with trophoblast-like cell invasion in vitro . Molecular Human Reproduction . 15 . 11 . 725–731 . November 2009 . 19690017 . 10.1093/molehr/gap071 . free .
• van Asseldonk M, Schepens M, de Bruijn D, Janssen B, Merkx G, Geurts van Kessel A . Construction of a 350-kb sequence-ready 11q13 cosmid contig encompassing the markers D11S4933 and D11S546: mapping of 11 genes and 3 tumor-associated translocation breakpoints . Genomics . 66 . 1 . 35–42 . May 2000 . 10843802 . 10.1006/geno.2000.6194 .
• Koshimizu TA, Fujiwara Y, Sakai N, Shibata K, Tsuchiya H . Oxytocin stimulates expression of a noncoding RNA tumor marker in a human neuroblastoma cell line . Life Sciences . 86 . 11–12 . 455–460 . March 2010 . 20149803 . 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.02.001 .
• Guru SC, Agarwal SK, Manickam P, Olufemi SE, Crabtree JS, Weisemann JM, Kester MB, Kim YS, Wang Y, Emmert-Buck MR, Liotta LA, Spiegel AM, Boguski MS, Roe BA, Collins FS, Marx SJ, Burns L, Chandrasekharappa SC . A transcript map for the 2.8-Mb region containing the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 locus . Genome Research . 7 . 7 . 725–735 . July 1997 . 9253601 . 310681 . 10.1101/gr.7.7.725 .
• Tripathi V, Ellis JD, Shen Z, Song DY, Pan Q, Watt AT, Freier SM, Bennett CF, Sharma A, Bubulya PA, Blencowe BJ, Prasanth SG, Prasanth KV . The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation . Molecular Cell . 39 . 6 . 925–938 . September 2010 . 20797886 . 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.08.011 . 4158944 .
• Kuiper RP, Schepens M, Thijssen J, van Asseldonk M, van den Berg E, Bridge J, Schuuring E, Schoenmakers EF, van Kessel AG . Upregulation of the transcription factor TFEB in t(6;11)(p21;q13)-positive renal cell carcinomas due to promoter substitution . Human Molecular Genetics . 12 . 14 . 1661–1669 . July 2003 . 12837690 . 10.1093/hmg/ddg178 . free .
• Yamada K, Kano J, Tsunoda H, Yoshikawa H, Okubo C, Ishiyama T, Noguchi M . Phenotypic characterization of endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus . Cancer Science . 97 . 2 . 106–112 . February 2006 . 16441420 . 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00147.x . 25815889 . free . 11158577 .
• Wilusz JE, Freier SM, Spector DL . 3′ end processing of a long nuclear-retained noncoding RNA yields a tRNA-like cytoplasmic RNA . Cell . 135 . 5 . 919–932 . November 2008 . 19041754 . 2722846 . 10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.012 .
• Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, Böing S, Metzger R, Schneider PM, Tidow N, Brandt B, Buerger H, Bulk E, Thomas M, Berdel WE, Serve H, Müller-Tidow C . MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer . Oncogene . 22 . 39 . 8031–8041 . September 2003 . 12970751 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1206928 . 34070842 .
• Miyagawa R, Tano K, Mizuno R, Nakamura Y, Ijiri K, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Masuo Y, Mayeda A, Hirose T, Akimitsu N . Identification of cis- and trans-acting factors involved in the localization of MALAT-1 noncoding RNA to nuclear speckles . RNA . 18 . 4 . 738–751 . April 2012 . 22355166 . 10.1261/rna.028639.111 . 3312561 .

External links

• OMIM page for MALAT1
• HGNC page for MALAT1
  • Relevance of MALAT1 in single-cell RNA sequencing data

Notes and References

1. Hutchinson JN, Ensminger AW, Clemson CM, Lynch CR, Lawrence JB, Chess A . A screen for nuclear transcripts identifies two linked noncoding RNAs associated with SC35 splicing domains . BMC Genomics . 8 . 39 . 2007 . 17270048 . 1800850 . 10.1186/1471-2164-8-39 . free .
2. Gutschner T, Hämmerle M, Eissmann M, Hsu J, Kim Y, Hung G, Revenko A, Arun G, Stentrup M, Gross M, Zörnig M, MacLeod AR, Spector DL, Diederichs S . The noncoding RNA MALAT1 is a critical regulator of the metastasis phenotype of lung cancer cells . Cancer Research . 73 . 3 . 1180–1189 . February 2013 . 23243023 . 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2850 . 3589741.
3. Tano K, Mizuno R, Okada T, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Masuo Y, Ijiri K, Akimitsu N . MALAT-1 enhances cell motility of lung adenocarcinoma cells by influencing the expression of motility-related genes . FEBS Letters . 584 . 22 . 4575–4580 . November 2010 . 20937273 . 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.008 . 207575862 . free .
4. Chojnowski JL, Braun EL . An unbiased approach to identify genes involved in development in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination . BMC Genomics . 13 . 308 . Jul 15, 2012 . 22793670 . 3434017 . 10.1186/1471-2164-13-308 . free .
5. Kryger R, Fan L, Wilce PA, Jaquet V . MALAT-1, a non protein-coding RNA is upregulated in the cerebellum, hippocampus and brain stem of human alcoholics . Alcohol . 46 . 7 . 629–634 . November 2012 . 22560368 . 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.04.002 .
6. Tian X, Xu G . Clinical value of lncRNA MALAT1 as a prognostic marker in human cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis . BMJ Open . 5 . 9 . e008653 . 2015 . 26423854 . 4593150 . 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008653 .
7. Wei Y, Niu B . Role of MALAT1 as a Prognostic Factor for Survival in Various Cancers: A Systematic Review of the Literature with Meta-Analysis . Disease Markers . 2015 . 164635 . 2015 . 26420912 . 4572489 . 10.1155/2015/164635 . free .