M1 mortar explained

M1 mortar
Origin:	United States
Type:	Infantry mortar
Is Ranged:	yes
Is Artillery:	yes
Service:	1935–1952^[1]
Used By:	United States Vietnam Other users
Wars:	World War II Korean War Algerian War^[2] Vietnam War
Weight:	see general data
Length:	3feet
Crew:	8 (squad leader, gunner, assistant gunner, 5 ammunition bearers)
Cartridge:	see ammunition
Caliber:	81mm
Rate:	18 rpm sustained 30-35 rpm maximum
Velocity:	700ft/s
Max Range:	3300yd
Sights:	M4

The M1 mortar is an American 81 millimeter caliber mortar. It was based on the French Brandt mortar. The M1 mortar was used from before World War II until the 1950s when it was replaced by the lighter and longer ranged M29 mortar.

General data

Weight:

• Tube 44.5 lb (20 kg)
• Mount 46.5 lb (21 kg)
• Base plate 45 lb (20 kg)
  • Total 136lb

Ammunition

• M43A1 light HE: 6.87 lb (3.11 kg); range min 200 yd (183 m); range max 3290 yd (3010 m); 80% frag radius 25 yd (23 m) (compared favorably with the 75 mm howitzer). M53 Short Delay fuze (explode on surface).
• M43A1 light training: an empty version of the M43A1 light HE with an inert fuze. It was used as a training shell until it was replaced by the M68 training practice shell.
• M45 heavy HE: 10.62 lb (4.82 kg); range max 2558 yd (2064 m); bursting radius comparable to the 105 mm howitzer. Equipped with a delay fuze so some penetration is possible for demolition use.
• M56 heavy HE: 15.01 lb (6.81 kg); range max 1300 yards (1200 m). Early shells used the M53 fuze, but it was replaced by the M77 Timed Super Quick (TSQ) fuze.
• M57 WP (white phosphorus) "bursting smoke": 10.74 lb (4.87 kg); range max 2470 yd (2260 m); designed to lay down screening smoke, but had definite anti-personnel and incendiary applications.
• M57 FS (a solution of sulfur trioxide in chlorosulfonic acid) chemical smoke: 10.74 lb (4.87 kg), range max 2470 yd (2260 m); laid down dense white fog consisting of small droplets of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. In moderate concentrations, it is highly irritating to the eyes, nose, and skin.
• M68 training practice: 9.50 lb to 10.10 lb. An inert teardrop-shaped cast iron shell without provision for a fuze well that was used to simulate the M43 light HE shell. The casing on early models was painted black but post-World War 2 versions are painted blue. It came in 9 different weights (engraved on the shell) to allow it to simulate shell firing with and without booster charges. Weight zone one (9.5 lbs.) simulated a shell with the maximum of 8 booster charges and weight zone nine (10.10 lbs.) simulated the shell being fired without booster charges.
• M301 illuminating shell: range max 2200 yd (2012 m); attached to parachute; burned brightly (275,000 candelas) for about 60 seconds, illuminating an area of about 150 yards (137 m) diameter. It used the M84 time fuze, which was adjustable from 5 to 25 seconds before priming charge detonated, releasing the illuminator and chute.

Fuzes

The M1 mortar's shells sometimes used the same fuzes as the shells for the M2 60 mm mortar. An adapter collar was added to the smaller fuzes to allow them to fit the larger shells.

• M43 mechanical timing (MT) fuze: clockwork timed delay fuze. Models M43A5.
• M45 point detonating (PD) fuze: selective fuze that could be set for time delay or super-quick (less than a second) detonation on impact. Replaced by the M52 and M53 fuzes.
• M48 point detonating (PD) fuze: selective powder train burning fuze that can be set to super quick or delay ignition on impact. The factory pre-set delay time was stamped on the shell body. If the super-quick flash ignition failed, the delay fuse kicked in. If set on delay, the super-quick flash igniter mechanism was immobilized to prevent premature ignition. Models: M48, M48A1, M48A2 (either 0.05 or 0.15 second Delay), & M48A3 (0.05 second delay).
• M51 point detonating (PD) fuze: selective powder train burning fuze that can be set to super quick or delay ignition after impact. It is a modification of the M48 fuze with the addition of a booster charge. Models: M51A4, M51A5 (M48A3 Fuze with M21A4 booster).
• M52 point detonating super-quick (PDSQ) fuze: super-quick fuze that activates less than a second after impact. The pre-war M52 was made of aluminum, the M52B1 model was made of Bakelite, and the M52B2 model had a Bakelite body and an aluminum head; the suffix would be added to the shell designation.
• M53 point detonating delay (PDD) fuze: delay fuze that activates after impact.
• M54 time and super-quick (TSQ) fuze: powder train burning fuze that can be set for time delay (slow burn) or super-quick (flash ignition) detonation on impact.
• M77 time and super quick (TSQ) fuze: powder train burning fuze that can be set for time delay (slow burn) or super-quick (flash ignition) detonation on impact.
• M78 concrete penetrating (CP) fuze: delay fuze that was set off after the shell had impacted and buried itself to increase the damage done.
• M84 mechanical timing (MT) fuze: clockwork fuze that can be set from 0 to 25 seconds in 1-second intervals; seconds were indicated by vertical lines and 5-second intervals were indicated by metal bosses to allow it to be set in low-light or night-time conditions.
• M84A1 mechanical timing (MT) fuze: clockwork fuze that can be set from 0 to 50 seconds in 2-second intervals.

Users

It may be found in nearly all the non-Communist countries,^[3] including:

• Austria: used on M21 mortar motor carriage^[4]
• Belgium: made under license^[3]
• ^[5]
• Colombia^[6]
• Dominican Republic^[7]
• Ethiopia^[8]
• France^{[2] [9]}
• Greece^{[10] [11]}
• Guatemala^[12]
• Haiti^{[13] [14]}
• Honduras^[15]
• Japan^[16]
• ^[17]
• Libya^[18]
• ^[19]
• Myanmar:M-43^{[20] [21] [22]}
• : The Armed Forces was equipped with 386 M1s before the Korean War, and 822 were in service with the Army by the end of the war. Began replacing with M29A1 or KM29A1 in 1970s.^[23]
• Turkey^[10]
• Thailand
• United States
• Uruguay^[24]
• ^[25]
  • ^[26]

See also

• M2 Mortar
• List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation SNL A-33
• M3 Half-track

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

• Ordnance ML 3 inch Mortar British equivalent
• 8 cm Granatwerfer 34 German equivalent

References

• FM 23-90
• TM 9-1260
• SNL A-33

External links

• 90th Infantry Division Preservation Group - page on 81 mm mortars and equipment
• Popular Science, August 1943, Pill Boxes Destroyer article on M1 81mm mortar

Notes and References

1. Web site: Mortar, 81mm M1 81mm Medium Infantry Mortar (1935) . Military Factory . MilitaryFactory.com . 6 June 2021.
2. fr. Gazette des Armes . 220 . March 1992. L'armement français en A.F.N.. 12–16. Jean. Huon.
3. Encyclopedia: 81mm M1 mortar. Jane's Infantry Weapons 1994-1995. 5684–5685. 1994.
4. Web site: Rearming Austria: WWII weapons. 14 June 2015. wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com.
5. Book: Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45. Helion & Company . 9781910294420. July 2016. Leland. Ness. Bin. Shih. 346.
6. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Colombia. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 1601. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
7. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Dominican Republic. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 1509. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
8. Book: [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]. 2021. The Military Balance. 465. Taylor & Francis . 9781032012278.
9. Le bataillon de Corée (1950/1953) . Michel. Rossi. 227. November 1992. 10–15. La Gazette des Armes. fr.
10. Book: Wiener, Friedrich . The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment. Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3. 1987. 468. Herold Publishers. Vienna.
11. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Greece. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 2344. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
12. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Guatemala. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 2359. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
13. Web site: Uphold Democracy 1994: WWII weapons encountered. 9 June 2015. wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com.
14. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Haiti. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 2363. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
15. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Honduras. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 2364. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
16. Book: Kenji Jyoshima . Yusuke Tsuge . 陸自車両50年史 (50 Years of JGSDF's Vehicles) . Argonauts Publications . October 2007 . Tokyo, Japan . 126 . Japanese .
17. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Laos. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 3086. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
18. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Libya. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 3090. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
19. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Mexico. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 3105. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
20. Web site: Myanmar. 29 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025311/http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/order-of-battle/myanmar. 29 November 2014. dead. dmy-all.
21. Book: Maung, Aung Myoe. 978-981-230-848-1 . Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948. 107. 2009. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies .
22. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Myanmar (Burma). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 3112. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
23. Book: Bak, Dongchan . Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations . Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History . March 2021 . 979-11-5598-079-8 . Republic of Korea . 85–87 . Korean . 2022-07-07 . 2022-09-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170621/http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf . dead .
24. Encyclopedia: National inventories, Uruguay. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. 5797. 22 November 2000. Terry J.. Gander.
25. Book: Rottman, Gordon L. . Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1955–75. limited. Osprey Publishing. Men at Arms 458 . 2010. 9. 9781849081818.
26. Book: Rottman, Gordon L. . North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958–75. Warrior 135. 10 Feb 2009. Osprey Publishing. 9781846033711. 32.