Maranao language should not be confused with Melanau language.
| Maranao | |
| Nativename: | Basa a Mëranaw باسا أ مراناو|rtl=yes |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /ˈmәranaw/ |
| Map: | Maranao language map.png |
| Mapcaption: | Area where Maranao is spoken |
| States: | Philippines |
| Region: | Lanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Northwest Bukidnon, Northwest Maguindanao del Norte, Northwest Cotabato, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga, Davao, Cebu, Ilocos, Quiapo, Manila and Sabah, Malaysia |
| Ethnicity: | Maranao |
| Dia1: | Iranaon (surrounding Lake Lanao) |
| Dia2: | Iranun (Southern Lanao) |
| Dia3: | Mëragatën (Taw sa Iragatën) |
| Dia4: | Bolokaon |
| Speakers: | 1,800,130 (2020) |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Philippine |
| Fam4: | Greater Central Philippine |
| Fam5: | Danao |
| Script: | Latin
|
| Nation: | Regional language in the Philippines |
| Agency: | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
| Iso3: | mrw |
| Glotto: | mara1404 |
| Glottorefname: | Maranao |
Maranao (Filipino; Pilipino: Mëranaw; Kirim: باسا أ مراناو|rtl=yes) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte and the cities of Marawi and Iligan City in the Philippines, as well as in Sabah, Malaysia. It is a subgroup of the Danao languages of the Moros in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.
Iranun was once considered a dialect of Maranao.
Unique among other Danao languages, Maranao is spoken with a distinct downstep accent, as opposed to stress accent. Additionally, Maranao features aspirated "hard consonants", which also raise the quality of following vowels.
Maranao is spoken in the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte and in northwestern Maguindanao, northwestern Cotabato, northwestern Bukidnon, and parts of Zamboanga del Sur[2] all of which are located in the island of Mindanao in southern Philippines.
Maranao was historically written in Arabic letters, which were known as . It is now written with Latin letters.[3] Though there is no officially proclaimed standard orthography, Maranao is more or less written as influenced by contemporary Filipino conventions. The following are the letters used in writing out native words:
A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y [4]
In general, double vowels are pronounced separately, for example, is pronounced as pronounced as //kapaʔaɾ//.
The final pronounced as //w// sound in diphthongs and "w" were marked with "-o" in older orthographies, as in other Philippine languages, but both are nowadays spelled as "w". Also, "i" was used in older orthographies to transcribe pronounced as //j//, which is currently spelled as "Y".
"H" is only used for Malay loanwords, and "sh" (pronounced as pronounced as //ʃ//) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such as (Isaac).
"Di" or "j" are used to transcribe the pronounced as //d͡ʒ// sound, such as radia/ (from the Sanskrit word for 'king', "Rāja") or the English name John.
In representing the mid central vowel (or schwa) pronounced as //ə//, different authors have employed various means to represent this sound (e.g. "E" or "U"). In social media, speakers use either of the two letters or just leave it blank (e.g. can also be spelled and on the internet). Meanwhile, the Commission on the Filipino Language recommends spelling this sound using "Ë" for different Philippine languages in its 2013 Ortograpiyang Pambansa.
In a revised Maranao Dictionary by McKaughan and Macaraya in 1996,[5] the digraph "'ae" was introduced and used to represent the supposed presence of the vowel pronounced as //ɨ//. However, analysis by Lobel (2009,[6] 2013) showed that this may actually be an allophone of pronounced as //ə// after hard consonants. McKaughan and Macaraya also used "q" for the glottal stop regardless of position. Diphthongs such as pronounced as /[aw, aj, oi]/ were spelled as "ao, ai, oi".
The orthography used in the study by Lobel (2009) was the one developed by Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano of Taraka (1943–2008), Senator Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto of Ramain (1914– 2002), and Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang of Tugaya (1923–2003). In this orthography, the "hard consonants" pronounced as //pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, sʰ// are written as "ph, th, kh, z".
Below is the sound system of Maranao including underlying phonetic features.[7]
Maranao has four vowel phonemes that can become more close or higher when in certain environments (see hard consonants below). The vowel raising effects of hard consonants may have led earlier studies to Although previous studies have analyzed the pronounced as /[ɨ]/ sound as a separate phoneme (written with ae) instead of a raised allophone of pronounced as //ə//.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /pronounced as /link//[{{IPA link|ɪ}} ~ {{IPA link|i}}] | |||
| Mid | /pronounced as /link//[{{IPA link|ə}} ~ {{IPA link|ɨ}}] | /pronounced as /link//[{{IPA link|o}} ~ {{IPA link|u}}] | ||
| Open | /pronounced as /link//[{{IPA link|a}} ~ {{IPA link|ɤ}}] |
Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay.
According to Lobel (2013), Maranao has the following consonants:
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Stop | Voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Heavy | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Heavy | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | ||||||
| Flap | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
Since the heavy consonants developed from consonant clusters, they are only found word-medially.
Orthography-wise, "r" is used for pronounced as //ɾ//, "y" is used for pronounced as //j//, and "ng" is used for pronounced as //ŋ//
According to Lobel (2013), pronounced as /[h]/ only occurs in a few recent Malay loanwords:
Earlier Arabic loanwords with "h" that entered Proto-Danao or earlier Maranao were realized as k.
Consonants are also pronounced longer if preceded with a schwa pronounced as //ə//. However, this process is not a form of gemination since consonant elongation in Maranao is not distinctive as seen in other Philippine languages such as Ilokano and Ibanag. Some of these are:
Since 2009, it has been proposed that previous studies on the phonology of Maranao had overlooked the presence of "heavy" consonants,[6] [8] these four "heavy" consonants being pronounced as //p’ t’ k’ s’//. Vowels that follow these consonants are raised in position.There are four possible environments for that determine whether the vowel will be raised or not:
Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex: *-gp- > *-bp-).
A study by Allison[9] noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex: *bp > *p), but preserved elsewehere.
Lobel noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (*pronounced as /[-bpa-]/ > pronounced as /[-pʰɤ-]/). Aspirated consonants also developed in a similar way in Southern (Lapuyan) Subanon, but without the vowel-raising.
|
| -bp- | -ph- | |
|
| -dt- | -th- | |
|
| -ds- | -z- [sʰ] | |
|
| -gk- | -kh- |
In contrast to Tagalog which has three case markers (Tagalog: ang/ng/sa), and Iloko which has two (Iloko: ti/iti), Maranao has four: (so/ko/o/sa).
| Personal | ||||
| Case | Indefinite | Definite | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative(Subject) | ||||
| Ergative(Direct Object) | ||||
| Oblique/Locative(Benefactor/Location) Genitive (Possessive) |
Maranao pronouns can be free or bound to the word/morpheme before it.[10]
| Meaning | Nominative(free) | Nominative(bound) | Genitive/Ergative(bound) | Oblique(free) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | |||||
| you (singular) | |||||
| he/she/it | |||||
| we (dual) | |||||
| we (including you) | |||||
| we (excluding you) | |||||
| you (plural) | |||||
| they |
Below are common words found in Maranao sentences, their translations in English, Cebuano, and Tagalog, and similar words in distant Philippine languages.
| Maranao | Cebuano | Tagalog | Other PH | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| is | |||||
| then | |||||
| that is | |||||
| piece | |||||
| (Kinaray-a) | already | ||||
| will, soon | |||||
| won't, isn't | |||||
| didn't | |||||
| haven't | |||||
| there is... | |||||
| (Bikol-Naga) | it is such | ||||
| and | |||||
| , | or | ||||
| , | ,, | however | |||
| nor (?) | |||||
| all |
Maranao:
.Cebuano:
.English:
.
These phrases were taken from Alonto's Maranao Drills.
Legend:,,,,
| (Literal) | (Literal) | |
| Kanus-a ra ka mibalik og Marawi? (Actual) | When did you arrive here in Marawi? (Actual) | |
| (Literal) | (Literal) | |
| Unsang orasa ka miadto sa sinehán? (Actual) | What time did you go to the movies? (Actual) | |
| (Literal) | (Literal) | |
| Kanus-a ka mobalik og Amerika? (Actual) | When will you return to Amerika? (Actual) | |
| (Literal) | (Literal) | |
| Anus-a ra ka mibalik sa Amerika gikan og Saudi? (Actual) | When did you return to America from Saudi? (Actual) |
| Present / Progressive | ||||
| Past | ||||
| Future | ||||
| Possessions | ba | |||
| Qualities | besen? | ba | ||
| is a | ||
| (Literal) | (Literal) | |
| (Actual) | (Actual) | |
| (Literal) | (Literal) | |
| (Actual) | (Actual) |
| Present | ||||
| Past | ||||
| Present | ||||
| Past | ||||
| Future (-en) | ||||
| Future (-en) | [11] | |||
| Future (i-) | ||||
| Future (i-) | ||||
| Future (-an) | ||||
| Future (-an) | ||||
| Command (-a) | ||||
| Command (-an) | ||||
| Command (-i) | ||||
Notes | ||||