Lycorma Explained

Lycorma is a genus of planthoppers native to Asia. The first species within the genus was described by Frederick William Hope in 1843 and the genus was formally established by Carl Stål in 1863.

L. delicatula, known as the spotted lanternfly, is an invasive species in the United States, Japan, and South Korea.

Discovery and taxonomy

The genus Lycorma is in the planthopper family Fulgoridae, subfamily Aphaeninae. Species within this genus are native to Asia.[1] Frederick William Hope, in 1843, described Lystra punicea, the first named species of the clade.[2] In 1845, Adam White classified two new species under the genus Aphaena, Aphaena imperialis and Aphaena delicatula.[3] White described the species as similar to Aphaena variegata, another planthopper species native to Asia, and referenced prior descriptions by George Tradescant Lay in his initial classification of the lanternflies.

Between 1846 and 1863, the species were reclassified by both John O. Westwood and Francis Walker. In 1863, the genus Lycorma was formally established by Carl Stål, with Lycorma imperialis designated as the type species.[4] In 1929, Masayo Kato described two additional Lycorma species in Taiwan: L. meliae and L. olivacea, but L. olivacea was later reclassified as a color form of L. meliae.[5] [6] Additional reclassifications occurred through the work of Edwin Felix Thomas Atkinson, William Lucas Distant, Robert L. Metcalf, and others, including the synonymization of all former subspecies in 1996,[7] so that only four species are now recognized by most authorities, and no subspecies.

The name Lycorma derives from the Lycormas river in Aetolia (Greek: Λυκόρμας - now the Evinos river: Εύηνος); in Greek mythology, Evenus drowned himself in the river Lycormas after being humiliated by his daughter Marpessa’s abduction at the hands of Idas. Members of this genus are often referred to colloquially as "lanternfly" or "lantern bug" due to their brightly colored hind wings.[8] [9] [10] L. delicatula (often called the spotted lanternfly) has received a number of different colloquial names because it is invasive in South Korea, the United States, and Japan.[11] [12]

Species

  1. Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845) (synonyms Lycorma jole, Lycorma operosa)
  2. Lycorma imperialis (White, 1845) (type species; synonym Lycorma placabilis)
  3. Lycorma punicea (Hope 1843) (synonym Lycorma delectabilis)
  4. Lycorma meliae Kato, 1929 (synonym Lycorma olivacea Kato, 1929)[13]

Distribution and evolution

Native range

The genus Lycorma has species distributed across South and Southeast Asia. Surveys in the 1930s found that L. delicatula is native to China's northern provinces of Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei, and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine since the 1100s.[14] [15] As of 2020, it has expanded its range to include Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang. L. delicatula has also been reported in Taiwan, Vietnam, and India, but ongoing research has yet to conclude if the species is native to these regions.[16] L. imperialis is native to China, Bangladesh, and India, specifically the Assam and Sikkim regions.[17] Lycorma punicea is known from Bangladesh and India (Assam, and Darjeeling), while L. meliae is native solely to Taiwan.

Phylogeny

The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of Lycorma among select genera of the Fulgoridae family:[18]

Accidental introduction

In 2006, L. delicatula was discovered to have invasively spread to South Korea.[19] In 2009, L. delicatula was discovered in Japan,[20] and in 2014, the species was discovered in the United States.[21] L. delicatula may have previously entered Japan sporadically since the 1930s, but only achieved a stable population in the early 2000s. It is believed that L. delicatula entered these countries via egg masses that were laid on exported goods.[22] Currently, these countries have implemented pest control efforts which have sought to limit population growth and spread, due to the threat L. delicatula poses to global agricultural industries.[23]

References

  1. Web site: Barringer . Lawrence . 17 December 2021 . Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly) . 9 January 2022 . www.cabi.org . 11 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091709/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110524#totaxonomicTree . live .
  2. Web site: n.d. . Genus Lycorma Stal, 1863 Planthoppers of North America . 2022-01-29 . . en-US . 2022-01-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220129050537/https://sites.udel.edu/planthoppers/north-america/north-american-fulgoridae/genus-lycorma-stal-1863/ . live .
  3. White . Adam . 1845 . Descriptions of a new genus and some new species of homopterous insects from the East in the collection of the British Museum . . 15 . 95 . 34–37 . 10.1080/037454809495244 . 2022-06-24 . 2021-10-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211005171324/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2248355 . live .
  4. Stål C (1863) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin. 24: 230-251 .
  5. https://hoppers.speciesfile.org/otus/71396/overview World Auchenorrhyncha Datbase: Lycorma
  6. Lin You-Sheng, Liao Jhih-Rong, Shiao Shiuh-Feng, Ko Chiun-Cheng (2023) Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 62(7): 1-37.
  7. Nagai, S.; Porion, T. (1996) Fulgoridae 2: Illustrated Catalogue of Asiatic and Australian Fauna. Science Nat, 80 pp.
  8. Web site: Cox . Art . The spotted lanternfly — yet another beautiful new pest . 2022-06-24 . The Journal . 8 March 2018 . en . 2023-09-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230906164328/https://www.journal-news.net/life/home-and-garden/the-spotted-lanternfly-yet-another-beautiful-new-pest/article_da4de8bf-1470-5b5c-b78d-489ad99e41b0.html . live .
  9. Web site: 2021-04-10 . The Fascinating Life of Lantern Bugs . 2022-02-02 . Natural History Curiosities . en-GB . 2022-02-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220202011750/https://www.naturalhistorycuriosities.com/insects/the-fascinating-life-of-lantern-bugs/ . live .
  10. Burrows . M. . Ghosh . A. . Sutton . G. P. . Yeshwanth . H. M. . Rogers . S. M. . Sane . S. P. . 2021-12-09 . Jumping in lantern bugs (Hemiptera, Fulgoridae) . Journal of Experimental Biology . 224 . 23 . jeb243361 . 10.1242/jeb.243361 . 0022-0949 . 8714067 . 34755862 . 2022-06-24 . 2022-09-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220910030903/https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/224/23/jeb243361/273677/Jumping-in-lantern-bugs-Hemiptera-Fulgoridae . live .
  11. Dara . Surendra K. . Barringer . Lawrence . Steven P. . Arthurs . 2015 . Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae): A New Invasive Pest in the United States . . 6 . 1 . 1–6 . 10.1093/jipm/pmv021 . free . 2022-06-24 . 2022-04-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220408125446/https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/6/1/20/2936989 . live .
  12. Han . Jung Min . Kim . Hyojoong . Lim . Eun Ji . Lee . Seunghwan . Kwon . Yong-Jung . Cho . Soowon . 2008 . Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae: Aphaeninae) finally, but suddenly arrived in Korea . Entomological Research . 38 . 4 . 281–296 . 10.1111/j.1748-5967.2008.00188.x . 86593102 . 2022-06-24 . 2022-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220122155717/http://delphacid.s3.amazonaws.com/8713.pdf . live .
  13. Lin You-Sheng, Liao Jhih-Rong, Shiao Shiuh-Feng, Ko Chiun-Cheng (2023) Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 62(7): 1-37.
  14. Web site: Western Farm Press . 10 November 2014 . Spotted lanternfly – a new threat to grapes, stone fruit? . Western Farm Press . Penton Agriculture Market . 24 June 2022 . 30 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180830075128/https://www.westernfarmpress.com/grapes/spotted-lanternfly-new-threat-grapes-stone-fruit . live .
  15. Wang . Rong-Rong . Liu . Jia-Jia . Li . Xin-Yu . Liang . Ai-Ping . Bourgoin . Thierry . 27 March 2018 . Relating antennal sensilla diversity and possible species behaviour in the planthopper pest Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) . . 13 . 3 . e0194995 . 2018PLoSO..1394995W . 10.1371/journal.pone.0194995 . 5871016 . 29584780 . free.
  16. Burne . Allan . 17 March 2020 . Pest risk assessment: Lycorma delicatula (Spotted lanternfly) . . 978-1-99-001754-4 . 24 June 2022 . 18 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230518043406/https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/39962-Pest-risk-assessment-Lycorma-delicatula-Spotted-lanternfly-Technical-paper . live .
  17. Web site: 2016 . Pest Risk Analysis for Lycorma delicatula . https://web.archive.org/web/20220129050525/https://cdn.canr.udel.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/25011025/EPPO-2016-pra_exp_LYCMDE.pdf . 29 January 2022 . European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.
  18. Figure 5 . Scientific Reports . en . 2022-06-30 . 2022-06-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629233241/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05541-z/figures/5 . live .
  19. Web site: Gill . Chuck . 17 November 2014 . Entomologists hope vigilance, research stop newly discovered spotted lanternfly . phys.org . Science X network . 24 June 2022 . 1 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230201235245/https://phys.org/news/2014-11-entomologists-vigilance-newly-lanternfly.html . live .
  20. BS1847: Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White 1845) review: biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit . Mauchline . C. . McKenna . C. . 2019 . . 2022-06-24 . 2022-01-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220128154306/https://kvh.org.nz/vdb/document/104808 . live .
  21. Web site: Spotted Lanternfly . 19 January 2021 . Penn State Extension . . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017213252/https://extension.psu.edu/spotted-lanternfly . live .
  22. Uyi . Osariyekemwen . Keller . Joseph A . Johnson . Anne . Long . David . Walsh . Brian . Hoover . Kelli . 17 October 2020 . Ranger . Christopher . Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) can complete development and reproduce without access to the preferred host, Ailanthus altissima . Environmental Entomology . 49 . 5 . 1185–1190 . 10.1093/ee/nvaa083 . 0046-225X . 32725170 . free . 24 June 2022 . 17 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220617151814/https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/49/5/1185/5877751 . live .
  23. Potential Economic Impact of the Spotted Lanternfly on Agriculture and Forestry in Pennsylvania . Kime . Lynn F. . Harper . Jayson K. . December 2019 . Pennsylvania State University . Stone . William . Kelsey . Timothy W. . 2022-06-24 . 2022-04-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220410233408/https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.udel.edu/dist/a/9656/files/2021/01/Harper-et-al-2019-Potential-Economic-Impact-of-the-Spotted-Lanternfly-on-Agriculture-and-Forestry-in-Pennsylvania.pdf . live .

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