Lop County Explained

Lop County
Settlement Type:County
Pushpin Map:China Xinjiang Southern#Xinjiang#China
Pushpin Label:Lop
Pushpin Map Caption:Location of the seat in Xinjiang
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:China
Subdivision Type1:Autonomous region
Subdivision Name1:Xinjiang
Subdivision Type2:Prefecture
Subdivision Name2:Hotan
Seat Type:County seat
Seat:Lop Town
Area Total Km2:14287
Population Total:286,900
Population As Of:2020
Population Footnotes:[1]
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Density Urban Km2:auto
Demographics Type2:Ethnic groups
Demographics2 Title1:Major ethnic groups
Demographics2 Info1:Uyghur
Timezone:China Standard
Utc Offset:+8
Postal Code Type:Postal code
Postal Code:848200

Lop County[2] [3] [4] [5] ([6] Uyghur: Uighur; Uyghur: لوپ ناھىيىسى), also Luopu[7] [8] (from Mandarin Chinese), is a county in Hotan Prefecture, in the southwest of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Almost all the residents of the county are Uyghur and live around oases situated between the desolate Taklamakan Desert and Kunlun Mountains. The county is bordered to the north by Aksu and Awat County in Aksu Prefecture,[9] to the east by Qira/Chira County, to the northwest by Karakax County, to the west by Hotan (Khotan) and to the south and west by Hotan County.

History

Local inhabitants at Sampul cemetery (Shanpula; Uighur; Uyghur: سامپۇل /) around 14km (09miles) where art such as the Sampul tapestry has been found,[10] buried their dead from roughly 217 BCE to 283 CE.[11] The analysis of mtDNA haplogroup distribution showed that the Sampula inhabitants had a large mixture of East Asian, West-Asian and European characteristics.[12] According to Chengzhi et al. (2007), analysis of maternal mitochondrial DNA of the human remains has revealed genetic affinities at the maternal side to Ossetians and Iranians, an Eastern-Mediterranean paternal lineage.[13] [14]

Archaeologist Aurel Stein visited Rawak Stupa during his First Central Asian expedition in April 1901.[15]

Lop County was established in August 1902.

In May 1956, Abdimit, a Sufi shaykh from Khotan, attempted to incite insurrection in the county which was put down by armed troops and police forces.[16] [17]

The Sampul tapestry was discovered in Sampul in the mid-1980s.

Between August 1986 and May 1987, an outbreak of viral hepatitis occurred in Dol (Duolu) township resulting in 9,371 cases of acute hepatitis and 47 deaths.[18]

In 2004, an official who declined to be identified from the Lop county religious affairs committee told Radio Free Asia that fasting was not allowed during Ramadan, and that high school students in his town would be given candy before they left school at 4:30 p.m.. The official confirmed reports that Chinese authorities were continuing a program of heavy religious control and censorship.[19]

On July 11, 2006, the townships of Jiya and Yurungqash (Yulongkashi), then part of Lop County, were transferred to Hotan City.[20]

According to the World Uyghur Congress, in the lead-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics, authorities in Lop county forced women to remove head coverings in a stated effort to promote "women for the new era".[21]

On October 21, 2014, Sampul township was re-designated as a town.

At 9 PM on May 11 and 8:15 AM on May 12, 2015, two suicide bombings at a security checkpoint station in the county resulted in six deaths and four injured.[22] [23]

On November 20, 2016, Hanggiya (Hanggui) was changed from a township into a town.[24]

Marriages between Uyghurs and Han Chinese persons are encouraged with subsidies by the government. In October 2017, the marriage of a Han Chinese man from Henan Province to a Uyghur woman from the county was celebrated on the county's social media page.[25]

Hetian Haolin Hair Accessories, a company first registered at the Lop County Beijing Industrial Park (Chinese: 洛浦县北京工业园区) in 2018, employed 5,000 new workers in its first year of business, making 159 international shipments. The Lop County Beijing Industrial Park has been associated with re-education camp photographs.[26]

According to The Guardian, as of early 2019, there were eight internment camps, officially labelled "vocational training centres", in the county.

To increase aid delivery to Xinjiang, places in Xinjiang are paired with other areas of China which can provide aid. Tianjin and Hotan are paired in this program. In July 2019, football equipment and training materials with pictures and videos to local youth players and football coaches were provided for primary school students in the county.[27]

On September 14, 2020, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security blocked imports of products from four entities in Xinjiang including all products made with labor from the Lop County No. 4 Vocational Skills Education and Training Center and hair products made in the Lop County Hair Product Industrial Park.[28] [29]

Geography

The northern part of Lop County is made up of sand dunes and ends in a straight line drawn in the Taklamakan Desert that forms part of the boundary between Hotan Prefecture and Aksu Prefecture. The Hotan River forms the boundary with Karakax County. The National Closed Sandified Land Protected Area is located in Northern Hanggiya Township.

The towns and townships are clustered around the oases around the highways in the southern part of the county.

The southern tip of the county reaches the Kunlun Mountains. At 5466m (17,933feet) above sea level, the highest point in the county is Tekiliktag[30] (Tiekelekeshan, T'ieh-k'o-li-k'o Shan; Uighur; Uyghur: تەكىلىكتاغ[31] / Chinese: 铁克勒克山).[9]

Administrative divisions

The county includes 1 subdistrict, 4 towns, 5 townships, and 1 other area:[32] [33] [34]

NameSimplified ChineseHanyu PinyinUyghur (UEY)Uyghur Latin (ULY)Administrative division codeNotes
Subdistrict
Chengqu SubdistrictChinese: 城区街道Uighur; Uyghur: شەھەر رايونى كوچا باشقارمىسى653224001
Towns
Lop TownChinese: 洛浦镇Uighur; Uyghur: لوپ بازىرى653224100
Sampul Town[35] Chinese: 山普鲁镇Uighur; Uyghur: سامپۇل بازىرى653224101formerly Sampul Township (Chinese: 山普鲁乡)
Hanggiya TownChinese: 杭桂镇Uighur; Uyghur: ھاڭگىيا بازىرى653224102formerly Hanggiya Township (Chinese: 杭桂乡)
Charbagh Town[36] Chinese: 恰尔巴格镇Uighur; Uyghur: چارباغ بازىرى653224103formerly Charbagh Township (Uighur; Uyghur: چارباغ يېزىسى / Chinese: 恰尔巴格乡)
Townships
Buya TownshipChinese: 布亚乡Uighur; Uyghur: بۇيا يېزىسى653224201
Dol Township[37] [38] Chinese: 多鲁乡Uighur; Uyghur: دول يېزىسى[39] 653224205
Nawa Township[40] Chinese: 纳瓦乡Uighur; Uyghur: ناۋا يېزىسى[41] 653224206
Beshtoghraq TownshipChinese: 拜什托格拉克乡Uighur; Uyghur: بەشتوغراق يېزىسى653224207
Aqqik Township[42] Chinese: 阿其克乡Uighur; Uyghur: ئاچچىق يېزىسى[43] 653224208

Other:

Economy

The county is known for its silk and carpets. The county's economy is primarily agricultural, producing cotton, wheat, corn and silkworm cocoons. Industries in the county include tractor repair, concrete, carpets, and silk reeling.[44]

, there was about 44,300 acres (293,944 mu) of cultivated land in Lop.[45]

Demographics

According to the 2002 census, it had a population of 240,000.

At the end of 2008, 98% of the population of Lop County was Uyghur and 1.9% of the population was Han Chinese.[32]

As of 2015, 282,513 of the 287,590 residents of the county were Uyghur, 4,895 were Han Chinese and 182 were from other ethnic groups.[46]

As of the 2010s, the population of the county, reported as 280,000 by The Guardian, was almost entirely Uyghur.[47]

As of 1999, 98.6% of the population of Lop (Luopu) County was Uyghur and 1.36% of the population was Han Chinese.[48]

In 1952, the population of Lop was 123,608.[49]

Transportation

Notes and References

  1. http://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/xinjiang/admin/ Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
  2. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  3. Book: Complete Atlas Of The World. 3. Penguin Random House. 238. Lop. Internet Archive. 2016. 978-1-4654-4401-1.
  4. Book: The Silk Road, Past and Present . registration. Internet Archive. Beijing. Today in Hotan Prefecture, including Pishan, Moyu, Lop, Qira, Yutian and Minfeng counties–places under the jurisdiction of ancient Khotan State which once dominated the southern route of the Silk Road–818 cobbled canals with a combined length of 1,500 kilometres have been built.. Foreign Languages Press. 286. 0-8351-2100-3. 1989. Che Muqi .

    zh:车慕奇

    .
  5. Epidemiological investigation of sudden cardiac death in multiethnic Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region in Northwest China. 28 January 2019 . Jianghua Zhang . Xianhui Zhou . Qiang Xing . Yaodong Li . Ling Zhang . Qina Zhou . Yanmei Lu . Yinwen Fan . Abu Lizi . Wenhong Yan . Hongyan Wang . Meiling Zhai . Jianfu Bao . Liping Chen . Maihe Tuoti . Haidong Cui . Jian Wang . Baopeng Tang. BMC Public Health. 19. 1. 116. 10.1186/s12889-019-6435-8. 30691418. 6348672. Thus, 11 survey sites were finally selected, as follows: the Saybagh District of Ürümqi city; in Ili Prefecture, Yining city and Xinyuan County; within Bayingolin Prefecture, Korla city and Yanqi County; in Hami Prefecture, Hami city and Barkol County; within the Hotan Prefecture, Hotan city and Lop County; and of the Bingtuan, the cities of Aral and Wujiaqu. . free .
  6. Book: Lop. Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World. Lop (lōp). 1081. Internet Archive. 1952. Morningside Heights, New York, Columbia University Press, by arrangement with J.B. Lippincott Co. .
  7. Web site: 洛浦县政府网 Luopu County Government Network. 18 December 2019. zh-hans,en.
  8. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  9. Web site: http://www.xjlpx.gov.cn/index.php/cms/item-list-category-743.shtml. zh:政府概况. zh:洛浦县政府网 . Luopu County Government Network. zh-hans. 18 December 2019. Chinese: 西以玉龙喀什河为界与和田县、和田市隔河相望，北伸延入塔克拉玛干大沙漠与阿克苏市、阿瓦提县为邻{....
  10. Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 15-16, ISSN 2157-9687.
  11. Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27, ISSN 2157-9687.
  12. Trading Genes along the Silk Road: mtDNA Sequences and the Origin of Central Asian Populations; David Comas1, 2, *, Francesc Calafell1, 3, *, Eva Mateu1, Anna Pérez-Lezaun1, 4, Elena Bosch1, Rosa Martínez-Arias1, Jordi Clarimon1, Fiorenzo Facchini5, Giovanni Fiori5, Donata Luiselli5, Davide Pettener5 and Jaume Bertranpetit1, The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 63, Issue 6, 1824–1838, 1 December 1998
  13. 10.1080/10002007088537493. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient Sampula population in Xinjiang. Progress in Natural Science. 17. 8. 927–933. 2007. Chengzhi. Xie. Chunxiang. Li. Yinqiu. Cui. Dawei. Cai. Haijing. Wang. Hong. Zhu. Hui. Zhou.
  14. Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27 & footnote #46, ISSN 2157-9687.
  15. Book: Stein, M. Aurel. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Eastern Turkestan. 1907. Clarendon Press. 482ff.
  16. Book: Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. Michael Dillon. RoutledgeCurzon. 2004. 55. Google Books. London and New York. 9781134360956.
  17. Web site: Protracted Counterinsurgency: Chinese COIN Strategy in Xinjiang. MAJ J.Scott LaRonde. 22 May 2008. 19 December 2019. 41. Internet Archive.
  18. Web site: Science & Technology China. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 22 March 1988. 19 December 2019. Internet Archive. 25. Wang Mingyi.
  19. Web site: THE INTERNET IN CHINA: ATOOL FOR FREEDOM OR SUPPRESSION?. 15 February 2006 . Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives. 186. Internet Archive.
  20. Web site: http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22441.html. zh:和田市历史沿革 . Hotan City Historical Development . XZQH.org . 2 December 2014 . zh-hans . 20 December 2019 . Chinese: 2006年7月11日，洛浦县吉亚乡、玉龙喀什镇与和田县吐沙拉乡正式划归和田市管辖。.
  21. Web site: Authorities Increase Repression in Xinjiang in Lead-up to and During Olympics. 25 November 2008. 19 December 2019. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. Authorities in Lop county, Hoten district, have been forcing women to remove head coverings in a stated effort to promote "women for the new era" according to the World Uyghur Congress, as cited in an August 27 report from RFA..
  22. Web site: Six Dead, Four Injured in Two Successive Suicide Attacks in China's Xinjiang. Radio Free Asia. Roseanne Gerin, Shohret Hoshur. Shohret Hoshur. 13 May 2015. 18 December 2019. Two successive suicide bombing attacks have killed six people and injured four others at a security checkpoint station in northwestern China's restive Xinjiang region, according to area police officials. The attacks in Hotan (in Chinese, Hetian) prefecture's Lop (Luopu) county, occurred at 9 p.m. on Monday and 8:15 a.m. on tuesday, killing three suicide attackers and three police officers and wounding four other policemen, said Osman Toxtixelil, the police chief of the Konabazar (Old Town) police station in Lop town. No bystanders were killed or injured in the attacks, he told RFA's Uyghur Service..
  23. Web site: Chinese Police Shoot Two Uyghurs Dead in Xinjiang Bomb Attack. Radio Free Asia. Joshua Lipes, Eset Sulaiman. Eset Sulaiman. 28 May 2015. 17 December 2019. Hotan prefecture in southwestern Xinjiang has been a hotbed of violent stabbing and shooting incidents between ethnic Uyghurs and Chinese security forces, with attacks coming amid a string of assaults and bombings across the region. Two successive suicide bombings on May 11 and 12 at a security checkpoint station in Hotan's Lop (Luopu) county killed three attackers and three police officers, and wounded four other policemen, according to local authorities, who said the incidents were likely "politically motivated.".
  24. Web site: http://www.xjmca.gov.cn/xzqhtzgg/31197.jhtml?path=xzqhtzgg. https://web.archive.org/web/20180816183654/http://www.xjmca.gov.cn/xzqhtzgg/31197.jhtml?path=xzqhtzgg. zh:关于同意洛浦县杭桂乡撤乡设镇的批复（新政函［2016］292）. zh-hans. 5 December 2016. 19 December 2019. zh:新疆民政 . Chinese: 2016年11月20日，自治区人民政府同意撤销洛浦县杭桂乡建制，设立杭桂镇，其行政区域界线、政府驻地及隶属关系不变。. 16 August 2018. Internet Archive.
  25. Web site: China's Uighurs told to share beds, meals with party members. Dake Kang . Yanan Wang . 1 December 2018. 18 December 2019. Associated Press. In recent years, the government has even encouraged Uighurs and Han Chinese to tie the knot. Starting in 2014, Han-Uighur spouses in one county were eligible to receive 10,000 yuan ($1,442) annually for up to five years following the registration of their marriage license. Such marriages are highly publicized. The party committee in Luopu county celebrated the marriage of a Uighur woman and a "young lad" from Henan in an official social media account in October 2017. The man, Wang Linkai, had been recruited through a program that brought university graduates to work in the southern Xinjiang city of Hotan. "They will let ethnic unity forever bloom in their hearts," the party committee's post said. "Let ethnic unity become one's own flesh and blood.".
  26. Web site: Tracking Down the Fruits of Xinjiang's Forced Labor Industry. 16 November 2019. 17 December 2019. Juozapas Bagdonas. The Diplomat. Hetian Haolin Hair Accessories was registered in the Beijing Industrial Park in Hotan's Lop county on January 19, 2018. A re-education camp in the same compound was identified by Radio Free Asia as the location of the famous picture showing hundreds of detainees listening to a de-radicalization speech. According to Haolin's spokesman, the company has already employed 5,000 new workers in its first year of business – more than 2 percent of the entire county's population. Data from ImportGenius shows that the company has made a total of 159 international shipments, which first went through ports in Vietnam and on to buyers from four U.S. cities. All of these companies belong to an entity called I&I Hair Corporation with headquarters in Newcastle, Georgia. With the last shipment having taken place on October 28, possibly more than a thousand tons of synthetic hair products made by detainees in Lop county have been ordered by the American company. I&I Hair runs a brand called "Oh Yes Hair" with a wide selection of braids and other hair products advertised on its Facebook page..
  27. Web site: Tianjin helping Xinjiang's football development in China. https://web.archive.org/web/20190708134056/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/08/c_138208976.htm. July 8, 2019. 8 July 2019. 16 December 2019. Xinhua News Agency. Shi Yinglun. Tianjin, paired with Hetian city, provided football equipment and training materials with pictures and videos to local youth players and football coaches this month. Two professional football coaches from Tianjin also guided students' training sessions. Lgamberdi, a football coach in a primary school of Luopu County, said though the equipment and coaches were limited, students still showed great enthusiasm in playing football. "With this new equipment, we will strive to perform better in competitions and cultivate more footballing talents," Lgamberdi said..
  28. Web site: DHS Cracks Down on Goods Produced by China's State-Sponsored Forced Labor. 14 September 2020. 19 September 2020. Department of Homeland Security.
  29. Web site: Albert . Eleanor . Citing Forced Labor Concerns, US Issues Ban on Xinjiang Cotton . thediplomat.com . The Diplomat . 4 December 2020.
  30. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  31. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  32. Web site: http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22425.html. zh:洛浦县历史沿革 . Lop County Historical Development . XZQH.org . 2 December 2014 . zh-hans . 17 December 2019 . Chinese: 光绪二十八年（1902年8月），析和阗东境玉河以东十五庄，于阗西境乙根兰杆以西二十三庄置洛浦县（《新疆图志·建置一》），仍属和阗直隶州，下设三普拉、阿提良、塔瓦克等三明（大庄）。{....
  33. Web site: http://www.xjlpx.gov.cn/html/1361/2019-12-13/content-1524.html. zh:洛浦县县域简介. 13 December 2019. 18 December 2019. Chinese: 清光绪二十八年（1902年8月），设置洛浦县。{.... zh-hans. zh:洛浦县政府网 . Luopu County Government Network.
  34. Web site: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/65/32/653224.html . zh:2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：洛浦县 . 2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Lop County . zh-hans . . 2018 . 17 December 2019 . Chinese: 统计用区划代码 名称 653224001000 城区街道办事处 653224100000 洛浦镇 653224101000 山普鲁镇 653224102000 杭桂镇 653224201000 布亚乡 653224203000 恰尔巴格乡 653224205000 多鲁乡 653224206000 纳瓦乡 653224207000 拜什托格拉克乡 653224208000 阿其克乡 653224401000 良种场 653224402000 洛浦县北京农业科技示范园区 653224403000 洛浦县北京工业园区|.
  35. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  36. Web site: Full Text: Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang. 17 September 2020. 20 September 2020. Xinhua News Agency. huaxia. For example, a villager named Arapat Ahmatjan from Charbagh Township, Lop County, Hotan Prefecture.
  37. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  38. Book: zh:地名中的新疆. zh-hans. 2003. 7-228-08004-1. Xie Yuzhong . Ürümqi. 新疆人民出版社. 252. Chinese: 杭桂 Hanggiya
    Chinese: 多鲁 Dol
    Chinese: 山普鲁 Sampul .
  39. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  40. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  41. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  42. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  43. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  44. Book: 夏征农. 陈至立. zh:辞海：第六版彩图本 . Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color) . September 2009. 上海. Shanghai. 上海辞书出版社. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House.. 9787532628599. zh. 1490. Chinese: 昆仑山北麓、玉龙喀什河沿岸。{....
  45. Cultivation Development and Expansion in China's Colonial Realm in Central Asia. Herold J. Wiens. The Journal of Asian Studies. 26. 1. November 1966. 75. 10.2307/2051832 . 2051832. 162339064 . free.
  46. Web site: http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html . zh-CN . zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 . Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Bureau of Statistics . 2017-09-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101904/http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html . 2017-10-11 . live .
  47. Web site: 'If you enter a camp, you never come out': inside China's war on Islam. The Guardian. 11 January 2019. 16 December 2019. Lily Kuo. Luopu, a sparsely populated rural county of about 280,000 that is almost entirely Uighur, is home to eight internment camps officially labelled "vocational training centres", according to public budget documents seen by the Guardian..
  48. Book: Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers. 2004. 0-295-98390-6. Morris Rossabi. Morris Rossabi. University of Washington Press. 180.
  49. Book: The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World. Leon E. Seltzer. Columbia University Press. 1952. 1081. Internet Archive.

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