| Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias | |
| Office: | 1st President of the Republic of Acre |
| Term Start: | July 14, 1899 |
| Term End: | January 1, 1900 |
| Predecessor: | Office Established |
| Successor: | Antônio de Sousa Braga |
| Office1: | 3rd President of the Republic of Acre |
| Term Start1: | January 30, 1900 |
| Term End1: | March 15, 1900 |
| Predecessor1: | Antônio de Sousa Braga |
| Successor1: | Joaquim Vítor da Silva |
| Birth Date: | 1864 |
| Birth Place: | San Fernando, Andalusia, Spain |
| Death Date: | 1935 (aged 71) |
| Death Place: | Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain |
| Occupation: | Journalist, diplomat |
Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias (1864–1935) was a Spanish journalist, diplomat and adventurer who proclaimed the Republic of Acre in 1899. He ruled Acre between July 14, 1899 and January 1, 1900 for the first time, and between January 30 and March 15, 1900, for the second and last time.
Gálvez studied legal and social sciences at the University of Seville and later worked in the Spanish diplomatic service in Rome and Buenos Aires.[1] He migrated to South America to look for the El Dorado of the Amazon rainforest, in 1897. In Belém, he worked as a journalist at the Correio do Pará.[1] In Manaus, he wrote for the newspaper Commercio do Amazonas.
Soon after the Bolivian government signed a rubber trade and export agreement, through a Lease Agreement with a union of foreign capitalists, the Bolivian Syndicate, chaired by the son of the then president of the United States, Gálvez received a copy of the document to be translated into English, as an employee of the Bolivian Consulate in Belém.[2]
He then took the matter to the attention of Governor Ramalho Júnior and revealed his intention to promote the independence of Acre. The Governor clandestinely supported the idea, providing financial resources, weapons, ammunition, provisions, a specially chartered ship equipped with a cannon and a twenty-man garrison.[2]
He then led a rebellion in Acre, with rubber tappers and veterans of the Cuban War of Independence on July 14, 1899, purposely the date of the one hundred and tenth anniversary of the Fall of the Bastille. He founded the independent Republic of Acre, justifying that "not being Brazilian, rubber tappers in Acre did not accept becoming Bolivian". He implemented the government of the country, which the United States classified as a "rubber country".
Called "Emperor of Acre", he assumed the provisional position of president, instituted the Arms of the Republic, the flag, organized ministries, created schools, hospitals, an army, fire department, served as a judge, issued postage stamps and idealized a modern country for that time, with social, environmental and urban concerns. He also issued decrees and sent dispatches to every country in Europe, in addition to appointing diplomatic representatives.[2]
A coup d'état in his government with just six months of existence removed him from office, being replaced by the Brazilian rubber tapper Antônio de Sousa Braga, who a month later returned power to Gálvez.
The Treaty of Ayacucho, signed in 1867 between Brazil and Bolivia recognized Acre as a Bolivian possession. Therefore, Brazil dispatched a military expedition consisting of four warships and another leading infantry troops to arrest Luis Gálvez, end the Republic of Acre and return the region to Bolivian rule. On March 11, 1900, Luis Gálvez surrendered to the task force of the Brazilian Navy, at the headquarters of the Caquetá rubber plantation, on the banks of the Acre River, to later be exiled to Recife, Pernambuco. He was later deported to Europe.
Gálvez returned to Brazil years later, but the government of Amazonas arrested him and sent him back to the Fort of São Joaquim do Rio Branco, today in the state of Roraima, from where he would later flee. He died in Spain.