Ludwigia grandiflora explained

Ludwigia grandiflora, the water primrose, is an aquatic plant of the order Myrtales.[1]

It is closely related and easily confused with Ludwigia hexapetala.[2] The two species can be distinguished at a chromosomal level, because L.grandiflora is hexaploid and L.hexapetala is decaploid.[3] However, they can be distinguished morphologically. L.grandiflora has villous hairs, smaller flowers and smaller pollen grains. Some authorities consider that these differences are too slight to consider these different species and so separate these taxa as two varieties or two subspecies.[4] [5]

Invasive species

Ludwigia grandiflora has been listed on the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern since 2016[6] and in the United States it is on the South Carolina State-listed Noxious Weed list.[7] It out-competes other plants by forming dense mats at the margins and in ponds.[8] It is introduced to warm temperate areas of North America, Japan and Europe and has formed large stable populations, particularly in France.[9] As of summer 2024, the Portuegese city of Arganil announces measures against the species in its river Alva.[10]

Life history

Ludwigia grandiflora can, and does, produce viable seed, but it is also highly effective at vegetative reproduction and apparently recruitment of new plants from seed is low.[11] The large showy flowers attract a wide variety of insects. A study in Belgium, where L.grandiflora is introduced, showed that the flowers are visited by a wide variety of insects including bees, Lepidoptera, beetles and hoverflies.[12]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species . The Plant List . 27 January 2020 . 27 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200127143906/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-23201747 . live .
  2. Web site: Identification of common aquatic water-primrose species, Ludwigia, in Florida . Jacono . Colette . https://web.archive.org/web/20200131150233/http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/files/caip/pdfs/LudwigiaIDGuide.pdf . 2020-01-31 . 2020-01-27 . live .
  3. Zardini . Elsa M. . Gu . Hongya . Raven . Peter H. . 1991 . On the separation of two species within the Ludwigia uruguayensis complex (Onagraceae) . Systematic Botany . 16 . 2 . 242 . 10.2307/2419276 . 2419276.
  4. Ward . Daniel Bertram . 2012 . New combinations in the Florida Flora III . Phytologia . 94 . 3 . 459–485 . Biodiversity Heritage Library . 2020-01-28 . 2020-01-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200128091517/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47218840 . live .
  5. Nesom . Guy . Kartesz . John . 2000 . Observations on the Ludwigia uruguayensis complex (Onagraceae) in the United States . Castanea . 65 . 2 . 123–125 . 4034110.
  6. Web site: List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission . ec.europa.eu . 2020-01-27 . 2019-12-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230154209/https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm . live .
  7. Web site: South Carolina State Noxious Weeds List USDA PLANTS . plants.usda.gov . 2020-01-28 . 2020-09-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919132522/https://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=State&statefips=45 . live .
  8. Web site: Ludwigia grandiflora - Bugwoodwiki . wiki.bugwood.org . 2020-01-28 . 2020-01-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200128091518/https://wiki.bugwood.org/Ludwigia_grandiflora . live .
  9. Dandelot . Sophie . Verlaque . Régine . Dutartre . Alain . Cazaubon . Arlette . Ecological, dynamic and taxonomic problems due to Ludwigia (Onagraceae) in France . Hydrobiologia . 551 . 1 . 2005 . 131–136 . 10.1007/s10750-005-4455-0 . 46339363 .
  10. https://correiodabeiraserra.sapo.pt/arganil-esta-a-proceder-ao-combate-das-especies-invasoras-no-rio-alva/
  11. Okada . Miki . Grewell . Brenda J. . Jasieniuk . Marie . 2009-10-01 . Clonal spread of invasive Ludwigia hexapetala and L. grandiflora in freshwater wetlands of California . Aquatic Botany . en . 91 . 3 . 123–129 . 10.1016/j.aquabot.2009.03.006. 2009AqBot..91..123O .
  12. Stiers . Iris . Triest . Ludwig . 2017-10-01 . Low interspecific pollen transfer between invasive aquatic Ludwigia grandiflora and native co-flowering plants . Biological Invasions . en . 19 . 10 . 2913–2925 . 10.1007/s10530-017-1494-1 . 2017BiInv..19.2913S . 7022310 . 2020-02-03 . 2023-07-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230720225706/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Low-interspecific-pollen-transfer-between-invasive-Stiers-Triest/60d358006d338474554a9c1abd287151f58950ce . live .

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