The Type 051 destroyer (NATO/OSD Luda-class destroyer)[1] was a class of guided missile destroyers based on the hull of the Soviet deployed by China. It was the first guided missile destroyer fielded by the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), and the first designed and built in China. 17 were built from 1970 to 1990;[2] it was not until the 21st century that China would again build a class in such large numbers.[3]
NATO/OSD broadly grouped variants from refits and newer construction under the Luda I,[4] Luda II,[5] Luda III,[6] and Luda IV classes.[4]
The PLAN began designing a warship armed with guided missiles in 1960 based on the, with features from the, but the Sino-Soviet split stopped work. Work resumed in 1965[7] with nine ships being ordered.[8] [7] Construction started in 1968, with trials beginning in 1971. The ships nominally entered service in the early 1970s, but few were fully operational before 1985; workmanship was poor due to the Cultural Revolution.[7]
Construction of the second batch began in 1977,[9] with the last commissioning in 1991.[10] The second batch may have been ordered due to the Cultural Revolution disrupting development of a successor class.[7] These ships may be designated Type 051D.[9]
The PLAN initiated an abortive modernization program for the first batch in 1982. The ships would be reconstructed with British weapons and sensors acquired from British Aerospace. The Falklands War made the prospective upgrades less impressive and cost effective, and the project was cancelled in 1984. A 1986 upgrade project using American power plants, weapons, sensors, and computers was cancelled because of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[7]
Jinan, the first of class, became a trials ship in 1987; a helicopter hangar and flight deck replaced the rear armament.[8] This configuration was referred to as Luda II.[11]
The last two ships, Zhanjiang and Zhuhai, were upgraded with foreign – mainly French – systems,[11] possibly being designated as Type 051G, and referred to as Luda III.[12] They became test beds and many of the systems were later employed on the Type 052 and Type 051B destroyers.[11] Both ships were decommissioned on 3 September 2020, being the last of their class to retire from service.[13]
Twelve ships of the class – Jinan, Yinchuan, Nanjing, Nanchang, Chongqing, Xining, Zhanijiang, Zhuhai, Hefei, Zunyi, Dalian, and Xi'an – have been preserved as museum ships.
The Type 051 was the initial design using Soviet or Soviet-derived systems.
The anti-ship missiles were P-15 Termit derivatives (HY-1,[14] and possibly later HY-2) in two triple-launchers.[10] Guns were two twin 130abbr=onNaNabbr=on gun mounts (SM-2-1 derivatives), and four twin 37abbr=onNaNabbr=on anti-aircraft guns.[14]
Anti-submarine equipment were Soviet hull-mounted Pegas 2 and Tamir-2 sonars, depth charges, and FQF-2500 rocket launchers (Soviet RBU-1200 derivatives).[15]
The Type 051 was part of the Luda I class.[9]
The Type 051D was from the second batch. It had changes to electronics[9] and was equipped for underway replenishment.[7]
The Type 051D was part of the Luda I class.[9]
The Type 051DT was a modernized Type 051D. Kaifeng and Dalian were modernized to somewhat different designs.[10]
Kaifeng initially received the Thomson-CSF Tavitac combat data system, the Type 393 surface search radar, and HQ-7 (Crotale derivative) surface-to-air missiles (SAM); the missiles replaced "X" turret. In 1999, YJ-8 missiles replaced the HY-series, and electronic warfare systems were upgraded.[10]
Dalian received a similar modernization as Kaifeng. A notable difference was Dalian used the ZKJ-1 combat data system, which was also used on the Type 051Z.[10]
They were later equipped with YJ-83 anti-ship missiles.[2]
The Type 051DT was part of the Luda III class,[10] and later the Luda IV class.[4]
The Type 051Z was a command variant with the ZKJ-1 combat data system.[9] Anti-aircraft warfare capabilities were improved by replacing the 37 mm guns with Soviet 571NaN1 guns,[14] and fitting modern Type 381A 3-D radar.[9]
One Type 051D, Hefei, was converted to a Type 051Z.[9]
The Type 051Z was part of the Luda I class.[9]
The Luda II was a helicopter destroyer. The gun turrets aft of the aft missile launcher were replaced by a hangar and flight deck for two Harbin Z-9C helicopters.[8]
One Type 051, Jinan, was converted into a Luda II[11] in 1987 for trials.[8]
The Type 051G was an improved variant to which design the last two ships, Zhanjiang and Zhuhai, were completed.[12] They were equipped with Type 354 3-D air and surface search radar.[6] [10] Four twin YJ-8 launchers replaced the HY-1/HY-2 launchers.[6] The Soviet sonar was replaced by French DUBV-23 search sonar and DUBV-43 variable depth sonar (VDS).[16]
Zhuhai was modified in 1999. The Soviet 130 mm guns were replaced by Type 79A 100abbr=onNaNabbr=on guns,[10] derived from French Creusot-Loire Compact, with automated reloaders.[14] An HQ-7 SAM launcher replaced the "X" turret, as on the Type 051DT. Zhuhai was similarly modified.[10]
Zhanjiang and Zhuhai were equipped with the ZKG-4A and ZKG-4B combat data systems respectively.[10]
The Type 051G was also the first Chinese ship to deploy the YU-7 lightweight torpedo,[16] and the Italian 40abbr=onNaNabbr=on anti-aircraft gun.[14]
The Type 051G was part of the Luda III class,[10] and later the Luda IV class.[4]
All these ships were built at three shipyards: (1) the Luda Shipyard (since 2000 called the Dalian Shipyard) in Liaoning, (2) the Zhonghua Shipyard (now called the Hudong-Zhonghua Shipyard) in Shanghai, and (3) the Huangpu Shipyard,in Guangzhou. The number in the first column is the order of completion.[8]
| Number | Hull no. | Name | Builder | Launched | Commissioned | Decommissioned | Fleet | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 051 | ||||||||
| 2 | 160 | 广州 / Guangzhou | Dalian | 28 April 1971 | 30 June 1974[17] | 9 March 1978 | South Sea Fleet | Suffered an explosion in 1978, as a result of which she was sunk, then raised and scrapped. |
| 3 | 106 | 西安 / Xi'an | Luda | September 1970 | 28 November 1974 | 29 September 2007 | North Sea Fleet | Preserved as museum ship. |
| 4 | 161 | 长沙 / Changsha | Dalian | 28 June 1973 | 31 December 1978 | 26 August 2008 | South Sea Fleet | Inactive. |
| 5 | 107 | 银川 / Yinchuan | Luda | 30 July 1970 | 31 December 1971 | 15 November 2007 | North Sea Fleet | Preserved as a museum ship. |
| 6 | 162 | 南宁 / Nanning | Dalian | 27 October 1976 | 23 March 1979 | September 2012 | South Sea Fleet | Inactive. |
| 7 | 131 | 南京 / Nanjing | Zhonghua | 11 December 1973 | 6 February 1977 | 26 September 2012 | East Sea Fleet | Preserved as a museum ship. |
| Helicopter destroyer (Luda II) | ||||||||
| 1 | 105 | 济南 / Jinan | Luda | 30 July 1970 | 31 December 1971 | 15 November 2007 | North Sea Fleet | Built as Type 051. Converted in 1987. Preserved as a museum ship in Qingdao. |
| Type 051D | ||||||||
| 8 | 108 | 西宁 / Xining | Luda | 16 October 1978 | 29 January 1980 | 25 September 2013 | North Sea Fleet | Preserved as a museum ship. |
| 11 | 163 | 南昌 / Nanchang | Zhonghua | 22 December 1979 | 15 November 1982 | 26 September 2016[18] | South Sea Fleet | Preserved as military tourist attraction in Nanchang, Jiangxi. |
| 13 | 133 | 重庆 / Chongqing | 31 October 1980 | 15 November 1982 | 26 September 2014 | East Sea Fleet | Preserved as military tourist attraction in Tianjin. | |
| 14 | 134 | 遵义 / Zunyi | 25 November 1983 | 28 December 1984 | 16 May 2019 | North Sea Fleet | Preserved as a museum ship.[19] | |
| 15 | 164 | 桂林 / Guilin | Dalian | 20 June 1984 | 10 July 1987 | 16 May 2019 | North Sea Fleet | Transferred from the South Sea Fleet. To be expended as target ship. |
| Type 051DT | ||||||||
| 10 | 109 | 开封 / Kaifeng | Luda | 3 November 1979 | 25 December 1982 | 16 May 2019 | North Sea Fleet | Built as Type 051D. Converted in 1999. To be expended as target ship. |
| 12 | 110 | 大连 / Dalian | 20 August 1981 | 26 December 1984 | 16 May 2019 | North Sea Fleet | Built as Type 051D. Preserved as a museum ship. | |
| Type 051Z | ||||||||
| 9 | 132 | 合肥 / Hefei | Zhonghua | November 1978 | 18 March 1980 | 25 September 2013 | East Sea Fleet | Built as Type 051D. Preserved as a museum ship. |
| Type 051G | ||||||||
| 16 | 165 | 湛江 / Zhanjiang | Dalian | 1 August 1988 | 30 December 1989 | 28 August 2020 | South Sea Fleet | Inactive.[20] Will be transformed into a museum ship. |
| 17 | 166 | 珠海/ Zhuhai | 18 October 1990 | 21 November 1991 | 28 August 2020 | South Sea Fleet | Inactive. Will be transformed into a museum ship | |