Lucchese crime family explained

Lucchese crime family
Founded: 1920s
Founder:Tommy Gagliano
Named After:Tommy Lucchese
Founding Location:New York City, New York, United States
Territory:Primarily New York City, with additional territory in Long Island, Westchester County, New Jersey, South Florida and Las Vegas
Ethnicity:Italians as "made men" and other ethnicities as associates
Membership Est:110–140 made members and 1,000+ associates (2004)[1]
Activities:Racketeering, robbery, illegal gambling, drug trafficking, truck hijacking, bribery, loan sharking, fraud, assault, fencing, money laundering, extortion, murder, arms trafficking, theft, prostitution and pornography[2]
Allies:
Rivals:
Notable Members:
  • List of current members
  • List of former members

The Lucchese crime family (pronounced pronounced as /it/) is an Italian-American Mafia crime family and one of the "Five Families" that dominate organized crime activities in New York City, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the American Mafia. Members refer to the organization as the Lucchese borgata; borgata (or brugard) is Mafia slang for criminal gang, which itself was derived from a Sicilian word meaning close-knit community.[7] The members of other crime families sometimes refer to Lucchese family members as "Lukes".[8]

The family originated in the early 1920s; Gaetano Reina served as its boss until his murder in 1930.[9] It was taken over by Tommy Gagliano during the Castellammarese War, and led by him until his death in 1951. Known as the Gagliano crime family under Gagliano, the family kept their activities low-key, with their efforts concentrated in the Bronx, Manhattan, and New Jersey.

The next boss was Tommy Lucchese, who had served as Gagliano's underboss for over 20 years. Lucchese led the family to become one of the most powerful families to sit on the Commission. Lucchese teamed up with Gambino crime family boss Carlo Gambino to control organized crime in New York City. Lucchese had a stronghold on the garment industry in New York and took control of many crime rackets for the family.[10]

When Lucchese died of a brain tumor in 1967, Carmine Tramunti controlled the family for a brief time; he was arrested in 1973 for funding a major heroin network and died five years later.[11] Anthony Corallo then gained control of the family. Corallo was very secretive and soon became one of the most powerful members of the Commission. He was arrested and convicted in the famous Mafia Commission Trial of 1986.

For most of its history, the Lucchese family was reckoned as one of the most peaceful crime families in the nation. However, that changed when Corallo named Victor Amuso as his successor shortly before going to prison. Amuso later promoted one of his closest allies, Anthony Casso, to underboss. Starting in 1986, Amuso and Casso instituted one of the bloodiest reigns in Mafia history, ordering virtually anyone who crossed them to be murdered. It is estimated that Casso himself murdered between 30 and 40 people and ordered over 100 murders during his reign; he was sentenced to 455 years in prison. Casso also had authority over NYPD detectives Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa; both carried out at least eight murders for him.

Amuso was arrested in 1991 and sentenced to life in prison. Several Lucchese family members, fearing for their lives, turned informant. The highest-profile of these was acting boss Alphonse D'Arco, who became the first boss of a New York crime family to testify against the mob. This led to the arrests of the entire Lucchese family hierarchy, with Casso also becoming an informant. Testimony from these informants nearly destroyed the family, with as many as half of its members winding up incarcerated. Amuso continues to rule the family from prison.

History

Early history

The early history of the Lucchese crime family can be traced back to the Morello crime family which was based in East Harlem and the Bronx. Durning the 1910s, the bosses of Morello family lost power and control which allowed Gaetano "Tommy" Reina, along with Salvatore D'Aquila and Joe Masseria, to split off and form their own crime families. The Morello family lost more control of the Mafia during the Mafia-Camorra War as many top leaders were imprisoned and murdered.

By 1920, Reina ruled as boss of his own crime family controlling criminal operations in The Bronx and parts of East Harlem. Reina's crime family held a monopoly over the ice box distribution in The Bronx.[9] In 1920, with Prohibition getting passed Reina's wealth and power grew as he aligned himself with Joseph Masseria, who became the most powerful Italian American crime boss in New York City. In 1930, the Castellammarese War began as Masseria fought with rival Sicilian boss Salvatore Maranzano. At this point, Masseria started demanding a share of Reina's criminal profits, prompting Reina to consider changing allegiance to Maranzano. When Masseria learned of Reina's possible betrayal, he plotted with Reina lieutenant Tommy Gagliano to have Reina murdered.

On February 26, 1930, a gunman (suspected to be Vito Genovese or Joseph Pinzolo) murdered Reina outside his aunt's apartment.[9] With Reina dead, Masseria bypassed Gagliano, who expected to take control of the Reina family, and installed his underling Joseph "Fat Joe" Pinzolo as boss. Furious with this betrayal, Gagliano and Tommy Lucchese secretly defected to Maranzano. In September 1930, Lucchese lured Pinzolo to a Manhattan office building, where Pinzolo was killed. This allowed Gagliano to take control of the Reina family, months later on April 15, 1931, Masseria was murdered ending the war.

The Two Tommies

After the murder of Masseria, a Mafia meeting was hosted by Maranzano and he proclaim himself the new Capo di tutti capi (boss of all bosses) of the American Mafia.[12] Maranzano outlined a peace plan to all the Sicilian and Italian Mafia leaders in the United States. There would be 24 organizations (to be known as "families") throughout the country who would elect their own bosses. Maranzano also reorganized all the Italian-American gangs in New York City into five families to be headed by Lucky Luciano, Vincent Mangano, Joseph Profaci, Gagliano, and himself. Gagliano was awarded the old Reina organization, with Lucchese as his underboss.

However, Luciano and other mob members were not willing to serve under Maranzano. When Maranzano learned about Luciano's disaffection, he hired a gunman to kill him. However, in September 1931 Luciano struck first. Several Jewish assassins provided by Luciano associate Meyer Lansky murdered Maranzano in his office. Luciano now became the most powerful mobster in New York.

Luciano kept the family structure as created by Maranzano, but removed the boss of bosses in favor of a ruling body, The Commission. The Commission's responsibility was to regulate the families' affairs and resolve all differences between the families. The first Commission members included Luciano, Gagliano, Bonanno, Profaci, Mangano, Chicago Outfit boss Al "Scarface" Capone and Buffalo family boss Stefano Magaddino, with Luciano as chairman. Although the Commission was technically a democratic institution, it was actually controlled by Luciano and his allies.

During the 1930s and 1940s, Gagliano and Lucchese led their family into profitable areas of the trucking and clothing industries.[9] When Luciano was sent to prison for pandering in 1936, a rival alliance took control of the Commission. The alliance of Mangano, Bonanno, Buffalo crime family boss Stefano Magaddino, and Profaci used their power to control organized crime in America. Understanding his vulnerability, Gagliano was careful to avoid opposing this new alliance. Gagliano was a quiet man who avoided the media and stayed off the streets. He preferred to pass his orders to the family through Lucchese and a few other close allies.

In contrast, Lucchese was the public face of the family who carried out Gagliano's orders. In 1946, Lucchese attended the Cosa Nostra Havana Conference in Cuba on behalf of Gagliano.[13] Gagliano kept such a low profile that virtually nothing is known about his activities from 1932 until he retired or died between 1951 and 1953.

Lucchese era

After Gagliano's retirement or death, Lucchese became boss and appointed Vincenzo Rao as his consigliere and Stefano LaSalle as his underboss. Lucchese continued Gagliano's policies, making the now Lucchese family one of the most profitable in New York. Lucchese established control over Teamsters union locals, workers' co-operatives and trade associations, and rackets at the new Idlewild Airport. Lucchese also expanded family rackets in Manhattan's Garment District and in related trucking industry activities around New York City.

Lucchese built close relations with many powerful New York politicians, including Mayors William O'Dwyer and Vincent Impellitteri and members of the judiciary, who aided the family on numerous occasions. Throughout his regime, Lucchese kept a low profile and saw to it that his men were well taken care of.[9]

During the 1950s, Lucchese controlled a narcotic trafficking network with Santo Trafficante Jr., the boss of the Tampa crime family.[14] Trafficante Jr. would frequently meet with Lucchese in New York City for dinner.[14]

When Lucchese became boss, he helped Vito Genovese and Carlo Gambino in their fights to take control of their families. The three plotted to take over the Mafia Commission by murdering family bosses Frank Costello and Albert Anastasia. On May 2, 1957 Costello survived an assassination attempt and immediately decided to retire as boss in favor of Genovese. Then on October 25, 1957, the Gallo brothers (from the Colombo family) murdered Anastasia, allowing Gambino to become boss.

Lucchese and Gambino then started conspiring to remove their former ally Genovese. After the disastrous 1957 Apalachin meeting of mob leaders in Upstate New York, Genovese lost a great deal of respect in the Commission. In 1959, with the assistance of Luciano, Costello, and Meyer Lansky, Genovese was arrested on drug charges.

Gambino and Lucchese assumed full control of the Mafia Commission. In 1960, they backed the Gallo brothers in their rebellion against Profaci family boss Joe Profaci. Gambino and Lucchese saw the war as a way to take over rackets from the distracted Profacis. After uncovering a plot by Joseph Bonanno to assassinate them, Lucchese and Gambino used the Commission to strip Bonanno of his role as boss. This power play started a war within the Bonanno family and served to strengthen both the Lucchese and Gambino families.

In 1962, Gambino's oldest son Thomas married Lucchese's daughter Frances, strengthening the Gambino-Lucchese alliance.[15] Lucchese led a quiet, stable life until his death from a brain tumor on July 13, 1967. At the time of his death, he had not spent a day in jail in 44 years.[9]

Lucchese left his family in a very powerful position in New York City. The Lucchese family had a stronghold in East Harlem and the Bronx and consisted of about 200 made members.[16] Lucchese intended for longtime capo Anthony Corallo to succeed him. However, since he was imprisoned at the time, he named another longtime capo, Carmine Tramunti, as acting boss until Corallo's release.

Tramunti and the French Connection

Around the time of his appointment as temporary boss, Carmine "Mr. Gribbs" Tramunti was in ill health. With boss-in-waiting Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo in prison, Tramunti was expected to hold power until Corallo's release. Tramunti faced a number of criminal charges during his time as acting boss and was eventually convicted of financing a large heroin smuggling operation, the infamous French Connection. This scheme was responsible for distributing millions of dollars in heroin along the East Coast during the early seventies.

Before the French Connection trial, the seized heroin was stored in the NYPD property/evidence storage room pending trial. In a brazen scheme, criminals stole hundreds of kilograms of heroin worth $70 million from the room and replaced them with bags of flour. Officers discovered the theft when they noticed insects eating the so-called heroin. The scope and depth of this scheme is still unknown, but officials suspect the thieves had assistance from corrupt NYPD officers. Certain plotters received jail sentences, including Vincent Papa (later assassinated while in prison in Atlanta, Georgia), Virgil Alessi and Anthony Loria. In 1974, after Tramunti's incarceration, Corallo finally took charge of the family.[9]

Corallo and the Jaguar

After Tramunti's incarceration in 1974, Anthony Corallo finally took control of the Lucchese family. Corallo came from the Queens faction of the family. Known as "Tony Ducks" from his ease at 'ducking' criminal convictions, Corallo was a boss squarely in Lucchese's mold. Corallo had been heavily involved in labor racketeering and worked closely with Jimmy Hoffa, the Teamsters president, during the 1940s and 1950s. Corallo also enjoyed close ties to the Painters and Decorators Union, the Conduit Workers Union, and the United Textile Workers Union. Corrallo appointed Salvatore "Tom Mix" Santoro as the underboss and supervisor of all labor and construction racketeering operations in New York, and Christopher "Christie Tick" Furnari as the reputed consigliere. The family prospered under Corallo's leadership, particularly in narcotics trafficking, labor racketeering, and major illegal gambling.

Corallo never discussed business during sit-downs, fearing that the FBI was monitoring the conversations. Instead, he used the car phone in the Jaguar owned by his bodyguard and chauffeurs. Corallo was driven around New York while on the phone discussing business. Salvatore "Sal" Avellino and Aniello "Neil" Migliore shifted as Corallo's chauffeurs during the 1970s and 1980s.[17]

Corallo, a huge fan of the New Jersey faction of the family, reputedly inducted and promoted Anthony "Tumac" Accetturo and Michael "Mad Dog" Taccetta into the organization and put them in charge of the Jersey Crew, which reportedly controlled most of the loansharking and illegal gambling operations in Newark, New Jersey at the time.[17]

In the early 1980s, the FBI finally managed to plant a bug in the Jaguar. The FBI recorded Corallo speaking at great length about mob affairs, including illegal gambling, labor racketeering, drug trafficking, and murder. Corallo was arrested and put on trial along with all the heads of the Five Families at the time. This trial became known as the Mafia Commission Trial.

On December 16, 1985, Gambino crime family boss Paul Castellano was murdered without Commission approval.[18] The Genovese and Lucchese family teamed up and plotted John Gotti's murder. The alliance had Gambino underboss Frank DeCicco murdered but failed in its attempts to kill Gotti.

Corallo, Santoro and Furnari were indicted in the Mafia Commission Trial in 1986. As the trial wore on, Corallo realized that the entire Lucchese hierarchy was about to be decimated. Not only was it all but certain that he, Santoro and Furnari would be convicted, but they faced sentences that, at their ages, would all but assure they would die in prison. In the fall of 1986, Corallo chose Anthony "Buddy" Luongo as acting boss. However, Luongo disappeared in 1986.

Corallo's ultimate choice was Vittorio "Vic" Amuso, the capo of Furnari's old crew.[17] Allegedly both Amuso and another longtime protègé of Furnari's, Anthony "Gaspipe " Casso, were candidates for the job. Evidence suggests that Corallo wanted Casso, but Casso convinced him to select Amuso instead. Amuso officially became boss in January 1987, when Corallo, Santoro and Furnari were sentenced to 100 years in prison. Amuso made Casso his underboss in 1989, allowing him to exert great influence over family decisions. Corallo and Santoro died in prison in 2000, while Furnari was released in 2014.

The iron fists of Amuso and Casso

During the late 1980s, the Lucchese family underwent a period of great turmoil. Vittorio "Vic" Amuso and his fierce underboss, Anthony "Gaspipe" Casso, the first members of the family's Brooklyn wing to head the family, instituted one of the most violent reigns in American Mafia history. Both men were heavily involved in labor racketeering, extortion, and drug trafficking and both had committed many murders. Amuso and Casso were strong rivals of Gambino crime family boss John Gotti and strong allies of Genovese crime family boss Vincent "Chin" Gigante.

They made their reputations earlier in 1986. Angry over the murder of Gambino boss Paul Castellano, Corallo and Gigante conspired to murder Gotti. Corallo gave the contract to Amuso and Casso. On April 13, 1986, a car-bombing killed Gambino underboss Frank DeCicco, but missed Gotti. This assassination attempt sparked a long and confusing 'tension' between these three crime families with many deaths reported on all sides.[19] [20]

During the late 1980s, Amuso began demanding 50% of the profits generated by the Jersey Crew. New Jersey leaders Anthony Accetturo and Michael Taccetta refused Amuso's demand. In retaliation, Amuso and Casso ordered the entire Jersey Crew killedthe now-infamous "whack Jersey" order. He summoned them to a meeting in Brooklyn. Fearful for their lives, all the Jersey crew members skipped the meeting and went into hiding. Taccetta and Accetturo were later put on trial in 1990.

Both Amuso and Casso were implicated in a case involving the fitting of thousands of windows in New York at inflated prices, and the pair went into hiding of that same year, naming Alphonse "Little Al" D'Arco as acting boss. For the next few years, Amuso and Casso ruled the family from afar and ordered the execution of anyone they deemed troublesome, typically because they were considered rivals or potential informants. All of this convinced many Lucchese wiseguys that Amuso and Casso were no longer acting or thinking rationally.[19] [20]

What followed next was a series of botched hits on family members suspected of being informants. Ironically, these hits caused several family members to actually turn informer. Amuso ordered the slaying of capo Peter "Fat Pete" Chiodo, who, along with Casso, was in charge of the Windows Case operation. He was shot 12 times, but still survived. After Amuso ordered hits on Chiodo's wife and sister in violation of longstanding rules against women being harmed, Chiodo turned state's evidence and provided the entire windows operation that eventually controlled $150 million in window replacements, sold in New York City. As Amuso also sanctioned the hit on Anthony Accetturo, who was on trial in 1990, he also cooperated with the government.[19] [20]

The planned executions went as high as acting boss D'Arco. Furious over the failed hit on Chiodo, Amuso set up D'Arco to be killed at a Manhattan hotel. However, this hit also came undone after D'Arco saw a man hide a gun in his shirt, then slip it into the bathroom. Recognizing this as a classic setup for a hit, D'Arco fled for his life and turned himself over to the authorities to spare him and his family from Amuso and Casso and their increasingly erratic demands. He was the first boss of a New York crime family, acting or otherwise, to become an informant.[20]

Casso had reportedly conspired with reputed consigliere Frank Lastorino and Brooklyn faction leaders George Zappola, George Conte, Frank "Bones" Papagni and Frank Gioia Jr. into murdering Steven "Stevie" Crea, Amuso's acting underboss of the Bronx, as well as Gambino crime family acting boss John "Junior" Gotti, son of the imprisoned John Gotti, along with members of the Genovese crime family once again. But due to massive indictments, none of the plots were committed.[20]

Law enforcement eventually caught up with the two fugitives. On July 29, 1991, the FBI captured Amuso in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and on January 19, 1993, the FBI captured Casso in Mount Olive, New Jersey.[20] Amuso steadfastly refused all offers from the government to make a deal and become a government witness. He was convicted on all charges in 1992 and sentenced to life in prison.[21] Believing that Casso had tipped off the FBI in hopes of taking over the family, Amuso removed Casso as underboss and declared him an outcast. Facing the prospect of spending the rest of his life in prison, Casso agreed to a deal on March 1, 1994 and started revealing family secrets.[22] [23] [24]

One of the biggest secrets was that two New York Police Department detectives, Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa, had been on Casso's payroll. For years, Eppolito and Caracappa had provided Casso with sensitive police information; Casso had even used them on hits. Casso related how Eppolito and Caracappa, on Christmas Day 1986, murdered an innocent Brooklyn man who had the same name as a suspected government informant.[25] Casso told the government that in 1992 Lucchese hit men tried to kill the sister of another suspected informant, violating the alleged Mafia "rule" barring violence against family members.[26]

Casso was thrown out of the witness protection program in 1998 after prosecutors alleged numerous infractions, in 1997, including bribing guards, assaulting other inmates and making "false statements" about Sammy "the Bull" Gravano and D'Arco. Casso's attorney tried to get Judge Frederic Block to overrule federal prosecutors in July 1998, but Block refused to do so.[23] [27] Shortly afterward, Judge Block sentenced Casso to 455 years in prison without possibility of parole—the maximum sentence permitted under sentencing guidelines.[27] On December 15, 2020 Casso died in prison from complications related to previous health issues and COVID-19.[28]

Mafia cops

In 1994, Casso revealed that two respected New York City police detectives worked as hitmen and informants for Casso during the 1980s and early 1990s before their retirement. They were Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa, who spent much of their combined 44 years with the NYPD committing murders and leaking confidential information to the Lucchese family. Between 1986 and 1990, Eppolito and Caracappa participated in eight murders and received $375,000 from Casso in bribes and payments for murder 'contracts'. Casso used Caracappa and Eppolito to pressure the Gambino crime family by murdering several of their members. This is because Casso, along with the imprisoned Amuso and Genovese crime family boss Vincent Gigante, wanted their rival John Gotti out of the way. Caracappa and Eppolito are now seen as the main source of 'tension' between these three families during the late 1980s and early 1990s.[29] [30]

For one contract, Eppolito and Caracappa kidnapped mobster James Hydell, forced him into their car trunk, and delivered him to Casso for torture and murder. Hydell's body was never found. The two detectives also shot Bruno Facciolo, who was found in Brooklyn in the trunk of a car with a canary in his mouth. After pulling Gambino crime family captain Edward "Eddie" Lino for a routine traffic check, the detectives murdered him on the expressway in his Mercedes-Benz. In April 2006, Eppolito and Caracappa were convicted of murdering Hydell, Nicholas Guido, John "Otto" Heidel, John Doe, Anthony DiLapi, Facciolo, Lino, and Bartholomew Boriello on the orders of Casso and the Lucchese family. They were sentenced to life imprisonment.[30]

Acting bosses DeFede and Crea

While in prison Amuso was able to regain control of the family, after Anthony Casso was imprisoned. Amuso chose Joseph "Little Joe" DeFede to become his new acting boss. DeFede, who supervised the powerful Garment District racket, reportedly earned more than $40,000 to $60,000 a month. DeFede placed Steven Crea in charge of the family's labor and construction racketeering operations. Crea increased the Lucchese family earnings from these rackets between $300,000 and $500,000 every year. Throughout the mid-1990s Amuso maintained control of the family from prison with his two allies DeFede and Crea running the rackets. In 1998, as US law enforcement kept pressuring the organized crime activities in New York, DeFede was arrested and indicted on nine counts of racketeering. DeFede pleaded guilty to the charges and was sentenced to five years in prison. Amuso was angered at DeFede's guilty plea and promoted Crea as the new acting boss.[31]

Steven "Stevie" Crea's success with the labor and construction rackets convinced Amuso that DeFede had been previously skimming off these profits. In late 1999, Amuso placed a contract on DeFede's life. On September 6, 2000, Crea and seven other Lucchese members were arrested and jailed on extortion charges, mostly to the supervising of the construction sites with various capos Dominic Truscello and Joseph Tangorra.[31] [32]

After Crea's imprisonment, the consigliere Louis "Lou Bagels" Daidone, took control of the family. However, Daidone's tenure was short-lived. After his release from prison, the scared DeFede became a government witness and helped the government convict Daidone of murder and conspiracy.[33] Daidone's conviction was also helped by the testimony from Alphonse D'Arco in September 2004.[31]

Ruling panel

With the arrest of acting boss Louis Daidone in 2003, imprisoned boss Vic Amuso created a three-man ruling panel to run the family. The panel consisted of capos Aniello Migliore, Joseph DiNapoli and Matthew Madonna, who brought the family's power back into the Bronx.[34] In February 2004 a New York Post article stated that, the Lucchese family consisted of about 9 capos and 82 soldiers.[35] In March 2009, an article in the New York Post stated that the Lucchese family consisted of approximately 100 "made" members.[34]

On December 18, 2007, two members of the panel, Joseph DiNapoli and Matthew Madonna, were arrested, along with New Jersey faction capo Ralph V. Perna, soldier Nicodemo Scarfo Jr., and others.[36] The arrests came after New Jersey law enforcement agencies revealed through investigation Operation Heat that the New Jersey faction controlled a $2.2 billion illegal gambling, money laundering and racketeering ring based in New Jersey and Costa Rica.[37] [38]

On October 1, 2009, the Lucchese family was hit with two separate indictments charging 49 members and associates with bribery and racketeering.[39] In the first indictment, 29 members and associates of the Lucchese family were arrested. The indictment charged Joseph DiNapoli, Matthew Madonna and acting capo Anthony Croce with running operations that grossed nearly $400 million from illegal gambling, loansharking, gun trafficking, bribery and extortion.[40] In the second indictment obtained from investigation "Operation Open House" 12 more Lucchese mobsters were charged with bribery. The indictment charged acting capo Andrew Disimone and other mobsters with bribing New York Police Department (NYPD) detective and sergeant posing as crooked cops to protect illegal poker parlors.[39] [41]

On November 18, 2009, family members were indicted under "Operation Night Gallery". Capo Anthony Croce, soldier Joseph Datello, and his brother, Frank Datello, were charged with loan sharking and bookmaking from the bar "Night Gallery" on Staten Island.[42]

Madonna and Crea

After the ruling panel was disbanded in 2009, Matthew Madonna took over as acting boss and Joseph DiNapoli became the new consigliere. In late 2009, the parole restrictions expired on longtime underboss Steven Crea and he was able to rejoin the family's leadership again.

On January 16, 2013, the FBI arrested 29 members and associates of the Genovese, Lucchese and Gambino crime families on racketeering charges related to their involvement in carting companies in Westchester County, Rockland County and Nassau County in New York, and Bergen County and Passaic County in New Jersey.[43] Members and associates of the Genovese, Lucchese and Gambino crime families controlled waste disposal businesses by dictating which companies could pick up trash at certain locations and extorting protection payments preventing further extortion from other mobsters.[44]

In June 2013, the New York FBI office reduced the number of agents focused on investigating the five crime families to thirty-six agents, divided into two squads.[45] In the past the FBI had a separate squad of 10 to 20 agents investigating each crime family.[45] Currently, the FBI has "squad C5", which at one time solely investigated the Genovese family, but will now also be investigating the Bonanno and Colombo families, and "squad C16", which previously investigated just the Gambino family, but will now be investigating the Lucchese family as well.[45]

On May 31, 2017, 19 members and associates of the Lucchese crime family were indicted and charged by the FBI and NYPD with racketeering, assault, attempted murder, armed robbery, murder, firearms, fraud, witness tampering, money laundering, illegal gambling, narcotics and contraband cigarettes trafficking offences, which dated back to at least 2000.[46] [47] [48] Members of the Lucchese leadership Matthew Madonna, Steven Crea and Joseph DiNapoli were among the accused.[47] [48] Lucchese associate Terrence Caldwell and soldier Christopher Londonio were accused of participating in the shooting and murder of Michael Meldish, a former leader of the East Harlem Purple Gang and Lucchese Bronx-based hitman, on November 15, 2013.[49] [50] [51] Caldwell was already in custody for the May 29, 2013, attempted murder of Bonanno crime family soldier Enzo Stagno, who was shot in the chest in East Harlem, Manhattan.[52] [53] In late 2012, Crea ordered Vincent Bruno and soldier Paul Cassano to murder a Bonanno associate who disrespected him, the two men went to his home with guns, but the contract was not carried out. According to the FBI, Crea gave his approval in October 2016 to soldier Joseph Datello to murder an informant in New Hampshire but he was unsuccessful in finding the informer. Datello himself was accused of operating a drug smuggling ring from South America into the United States with other Lucchese mobsters, with five kilograms of cocaine, more than one kilogram of heroin and over 1,000 kilograms of marijuana allegedly brought into the country.[54] Crea was personally charged with mail and wire fraud in connection with a skimming operation involving the construction of a New York City hospital.[47] [48] [55] [56] Originally all but two of the defendants faced the death penalty or life in prison, however in May 2018 the U.S. Attorney's Office announced that they would not seek the death penalty for Crea, Madonna, Londonio, Steven Crea Jr. and Caldwell.

On January 4, 2019 Joseph Datello was received a 14-year prison sentence,[57] after pleading guilty to conspiracy to commit racketeering, including the attempted murder of the witness, narcotics trafficking, and collecting debts through the threat of violence on September 24, 2018.[58] On August 20, 2019, Steven Crea Jr. pleaded guilty to racketeering and murder conspiracy charges and was later sentenced to 13 years in prison.[59] [60] [61]

On November 15, 2019, Matthew Madonna, Steven Crea, Christopher Londonio and Terrence Caldwell were convicted in White Plains federal court of murdering Michael Meldish.[62] [63] On July 27, 2020, Madonna, Londonio and Caldwell were sentenced to life in prison for the Meldish murder.[64] [65] On August 27, 2020, Crea was sentenced to life in prison, along with a $400,000 fine and the forfeit of $1 million.[66] [67]

Current leadership

Although in prison for life, Victor Amuso remains the official boss of the Lucchese crime family.[68]

On March 27, 2018, Lucchese crime family soldier, Dominick Capelli, and nine associates were arrested as part of Operation "The Vig Is Up". Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman announced that it was the biggest loan sharking case investigated by the United States Attorney General Office.[69] Over 47 people were identified as loansharking victims, who were allegedly charged exorbitant weekly loan rates averaging over 200 percent per year, effectively creating a high-cost debt trap for all individuals taking out such loans. The accused were alleged to have operated out of New Rochelle, New York and the Bronx. It was also said that the defendants ran an illegal bookmaking operation which generated over $1.5 million in annual wagers.[70]

In a separate indictment in April 2018, Lucchese soldier Anthony Grado and associate Lawrence "Fat Larry" Tranese were arrested for forcing a doctor to prescribe them with over 230,000 oxycodone pills from 2011 through to 2013. It was noted that Grado ordered one of his peers to stab the unidentified Brooklyn-based doctor during a visit, who complied with the task. Grado was recorded threatening the doctor, saying, "If the prescriptions go in anybody’s hands besides mine, I’ll put a bullet right in your head”.[71] Both men pleaded guilty on April 5, 2018.[72] The investigation was conducted by wiretaps, surveillance cameras, car bugs, undercover officers, hidden cameras and cost over $1 million. Grado was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment and Tranese to over three years.[73]

In October 2018, associate Vincent Zito was murdered at his home in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn.[74] He was found shot twice in the back of his head and a handgun was recovered beside his body.[75] Zito was allegedly a loanshark. His brother Anthony Zito was jailed for extortion in 1971 and was a known associate of current Lucchese boss Vic Amuso.[76]

In May 2019, government witness and former Lucchese soldier John Pennisi testified in the trial against Eugene Castelle and revealed the current leadership of the crime family.[77] [78] Pennisi testified that in 2017, imprisoned for life boss Vic Amuso sent a letter to Underboss Steven Crea which stated that Brooklyn based mobster Michael “Big Mike” DeSantis would take over as acting boss replacing Bronx based Matthew Madonna.[77] The testimony from Pennisi stated that if the Bronx faction refused to step aside, imprisoned boss Amuso had approved of a hit list that included a captain and several members of the Bronx faction.[77] [78] During Pennisi's testimony, he revealed that the Lucchese family operates with a total of seven crews – two in The Bronx, two on Long Island, one in Manhattan, one in New Jersey, and John Castellucci's-Brooklyn crew (formerly Amuso-Casso's old crew), which is now based in Tottenville section of Staten Island.[77] Law-enforcement agents have stated that Brooklyn based mobster Patrick "Patty" Dellorusso is the new acting underboss and that the Bronx-based mobster Andrew DiSimone is the new Consigliere.[77] [78]

On December 16, 2020, soldier John Perna pled guilty to aggravated assault of the husband of Dina Cantin, who has appeared on Real Housewives of New Jersey.[79] Perna was hired by Thomas Manzo, who is the ex-husband of Cantin; Perna carried out the assault in exchange for a discounted price for his wedding reception.[80] [81]

On September 13, 2022, five Lucchese members and associates were indicted and accused of running an extensive and long-running illegal gambling operation. Arrested for the scheme was family soldier Anthony Villani, and associates James "Quick" Coumoutsos, Dennis Filizzola, Michael "Platinum" Praino, and Louis "Tooch" Tucci, Jr. The five men faced charges included racketeering, money laundering, illegal gambling, and attempted extortion.[82]

Historical leadership

Boss (official and acting)

Street boss

The street boss is considered the go-to-guy for the boss and is responsible to pass on orders to lower ranking members. In some instances a Ruling panel (of capos) substituted the Street boss role.

Underboss (official and acting)

An underboss, as the name suggests, is a lower ranking 'boss' and usually considered second in command.[93]

Consigliere (official and acting)

A consigliere acts as an important adviser to the leader(s) of the Mafia.[105]

Current family members

Administration

Caporegimes

According to the May 2019, testimony of government witness and former Lucchese soldier John Pennisi the Lucchese family operates with a total of seven crews – two in The Bronx, two on Long Island, one in Manhattan, one in New Jersey, and one Brooklyn crew.[77]

The Bronx faction

Long Island faction

Brooklyn-Staten Island faction

Manhattan faction

New Jersey faction

Government informants and witnesses

Activities

Labor racketeering

The Lucchese family used members to take control of various unions in the United States. The members extorted money from the unions by blackmail, strong-arming, violence and other methods. Similar to the other four crime families of New York City they worked on controlling entire unions. With the mob having control over a union, they controlled the entire market. Bid-rigging allows the mob to get a percentage of the income on the construction deal, only allowing certain companies to bid on jobs after they pay them first. The mob also allows companies to use non-union workers to work on jobs, in which case the companies must give a kickback to the mob. Unions give mob members jobs on the books to show a legitimate source of income. The Mafia members get into high union positions and embezzling money from the organization.

French Connection

The French Connection Crew (1967–1973) was an organization, closely aligned with the Lucchese family, who were responsible for the theft of approximately $70 million in heroin taken from the NYPD property room.[192]

In popular culture

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Changing Face of organize crime in New Jersey. State of New Jersey Commission of Investigation. May 2004.
  3. https://medium.com/tftunderworld/the-legacy-of-east-harlems-purple-gang-is-one-of-fear-and-violence-039c7754f8fc#:~:text=Named%20after%20the%20famous%20Purple,the%20Bonanno%20and%20Genovese%20families. The Legacy of East Harlem’s Purple Gang Is One of Fear and Violence
  4. https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/history/steven-crea-wonderboy-lucchese-underboss-prison-westchester/ End of an Era: Lucchese Underboss Gets Life in Prison
  5. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/20/nyregion/man-tied-to-mafia-guilty-on-10-counts.html Man Tied to Mafia Guilty on 10 Counts
  6. https://www.nydailynews.com/2004/10/27/moving-in-on-the-mob-say-albanian-gangsters-muscled-out-lucheses/ Muscling out the mob
  7. Book: Raab, Selwyn . Five Families The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires . May 13, 2014 . St. Martin's Press . 9781429907989 . 1 . 26 December 2020.
  8. Book: Joaquin 'Jack' Garcia . Michael Levin . Making Jack Falcone An Undercover FBI Agent Takes Down a Mafia Family . Simon & Schuster UK . December 11, 2012 . 9 October 2021 . 9781471108525.
  9. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/lucchese1/1.html "The Lucchese Family: Blood and Gravy"
  10. News: Raab . Selwyn . Police Say Their Chinatown Sting Ties Mob to the Garment Industry . The New York Times . March 20, 1990 . 16 October 2017.
  11. Web site: 'Negotiator' walked away from mob for love. TBO. 16 October 2017. July 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170702192130/http://www.tbo.com/news/politics/negotiator-walked-away-from-mob-for-love-20160228/. dead.
  12. DeStefano, Anthony M. Gangland New York: The Places and Faces of Mob History p. 128
  13. http://americanmafia.com/Allan_May_6-19-00.html Gaetano Gagliano A Mafia Short Story
  14. Book: Raab . Selwyn . Five Families The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires . 4 October 2016 . St. Martin's Publishing Group . 9781250101709 . 105–106 . 26 December 2022.
  15. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/20/nyregion/police-say-their-chinatown-sting-ties-mob-to-the-garment-industry.html?scp=18&sq=Joseph%20Lucchese%20dies&st=cse "Police Say Their Chinatown Sting Ties Mob to the Garment Industry"
  16. News: McPhee. Michele. Fuggeddaboud the Old Mob After Gotti, Mafia ordered to clean house. 15 April 2012. New York Daily News. July 7, 2002.
  17. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/lucchese1/4.html "The Lucchese Family; Tony Ducks and the Jaguar"
  18. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/30/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-seeking-castellano-s-killers.html?scp=6&sq=paul%20castellano&st=cse "New York Day by Day; Seeking Castellano's Killers"
  19. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/lucchese1/5.html "The Lucchese Family: Off With Everyone's Head"
  20. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/lucchese1/7.html "The Lucchese family: The Gaspipe Backfires"
  21. Carlo, Philip Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss p. 246
  22. Web site: leagle.com . U.S. v. Casso . June 29, 1998 . Leagle.com . 2012-11-16.
  23. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/01/nyregion/plea-deal-rescinded-informer-may-face-life.html Plea Deal Rescinded, Informer May Face Life
  24. News: Peterson. Helen. Wiseguy Won't Get Fed Aid on Sentence. 15 April 2012. New York Daily News. July 1, 1998. May 15, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120515004746/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/wiseguy-fed-aid-sentence-article-1.804601. dead.
  25. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A02E0D91031F937A25750C0A9609C8B63 "Of Murder, Mob Witnesses And Shouting in the Court"
  26. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/28/nyregion/most-ruthless-mafia-leader-left-leader-lam-runs-lucchese-family-agents-say.html?pagewanted=all "'Most Ruthless Mafia Leader Left; Leader on the Lam Runs the Lucchese Family, Agents Say"
  27. Web site: Mafia Informer's 2nd Appeal Says His Plea Deal Was Undercut. The New York Times. November 23, 2000.
  28. Web site: Mobster Anthony 'Gaspipe' Casso, who murdered dozens and caught COVID-19 behind bars, dead at 78. nydailynews.com. December 16, 2020.
  29. Drury, Bob. Mafia Cop: The Story of an Honest Cop Whose Family Was the Mob.
  30. Lawson, Guy. The Brotherhoods: The True Story of Two Cops Who Murdered for the Mafia. 2007.
  31. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/lucchese1/8.html "The Lucchese family: A Revolving Door"
  32. http://www.ipsn.org/ny_%20indictments_press_release.htm "Construction Indictments"
  33. http://www.state.nj.us/sci/pdf/ocreport.pdf The Changing Face of Organized Crime in New Jersey – A Status Report
  34. http://www.nypost.com/seven/03082009/news/regionalnews/its_a_mob_family_circus_158597.htm "It's a Mob Family Circus"
  35. Al Guart."Mob Wants You; Recruiting drive sends Wiseguys tally to 651" (February 8, 2004) New York Post
  36. http://www.newjerseynewsroom.com/state/nj-mob-indictments-handed-to-lucchese-crime-family "N.J. mob indictments handed to Lucchese crime family"
  37. Web site: State of New Jersey . Nj.gov . 2006-07-19 . 2012-01-02.
  38. Web site: Claire Heininger. Names of those charged in $2.2B gambling ring . Statehouse Bureau. December 18, 2007. August 9, 2013.
  39. News: Martinez. Jose. 49 indicted for bribery, racketeering schemes on a crazy Lucchese mob day. https://archive.today/20121206043300/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/49-indicted-bribery-racketeering-schemes-a-crazy-lucchese-mob-day-article-1.381511. dead. December 6, 2012. 13 April 2012. New York Daily News. October 2, 2009.
  40. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/lucchese_crime_family_members_busted_od3YYdjK4pGwIxKt9PHK9H "Lucchese crime family members busted in mob raid"
  41. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/dozens-arrested-in-raids-against-luchese-crime-family/?partner=MYPERSONAL&ei=5027&_LT=HOME_HPNWR07M1_ONEWS "Dozens Arrested in Raids Against Luchese Crime Family"
  42. https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/attorney-general-cuomo-and-police-commissioner-kelly-net-22-massive-takedown-organized Attorney General Cuomo and Police Commissioner Kelly Net 22 in Massive Takedown of Organized Crime in Staten Island
  43. News: McShane. Larry. Gearty, Robert. Mob sweep! Feds clean up the garbage with arrest of 30 suspected wise-guys in solid waste industry probe; two more expected to surrender. New York Daily News. January 16, 2013. August 3, 2013.
  44. News: Rashbaum. William. Goldstein, Joseph. Extortion Charges for 29 Tied to Trash-Hauling Industry. The New York Times. January 16, 2013. August 3, 2013.
  45. News: Rashbaum. William. F.B.I. Will Fight the Mafia With Fewer Investigators. The New York Times. June 28, 2013 . August 3, 2013.
  46. Web site: Huge Mob Bust Snares Top Members of Lucchese Crime Family in New York: Sources . NBC San Diego. May 31, 2017 . 17 July 2018.
  47. News: United States Attorney’s Office Southern District of New York. Alleged Street Boss And Underboss Of La Cosa Nostra Family Charged With Murder And Racketering Offenses In White Plains Federal Court. May 31, 2017. June 4, 2017.
  48. News: Jacobs. Shayna. Luchese bosses among 15 cuffed in massive New York mob takedown. New York Daily News. May 31, 2017. June 4, 2017.
  49. Web site: Police arrest two in connection with 2013 mob hit . Bronx Times . Robert Wirsing . 17 July 2018 . July 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180717155308/https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2015/20/20-hitman-2015-05-15-bx.html . dead .
  50. Web site: Two Men Charged With Racketeering, Including A 2013 Mob Murder And An Attempted Murder Of A Bonanno Soldier . Justice.gov . February 13, 2017 . 17 July 2018.
  51. News: Whitehouse. Kaja. Lucchese crime family members busted in murder of relative. New York Post. February 13, 2017. June 4, 2017.
  52. Web site: Mobsters charged with murder: Feds . Times Ledger . Gina Martinez . 17 July 2018 . July 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180717154001/https://www.timesledger.com/stories/2017/7/whitestonemobsters_2017_02_17_q.html . dead .
  53. Web site: Lucchese crime family members busted in murder of relative. February 14, 2017 . 14 September 2017.
  54. Web site: Feds: Mobster Went to NH to Kill Informant. Nashua Telegraph . Damien Fisher . 17 July 2018.
  55. News: Whitehouse. Kaja. Nearly two dozen Lucchese crime family members arrested. New York Post. May 31, 2017. June 4, 2017.
  56. News: Vincent. Isabel. Lucchese crime family funneled millions from hospital project. New York Post. June 4, 2017. June 4, 2017.
  57. News: Wassef. Mira. Reputed S.I. mobster who planned to whack witness gets 14 years in prison. September 26, 2018. Staten Island Advance. May 27, 2019.
  58. News: Wassef. Mira. Staten Island mobster admits to trying to whack federal witness. September 26, 2018. Staten Island Advance. May 27, 2019.
  59. News: Annese . John . Son of mob underboss pleads guilty to racketeering, conspiring to whack mafia associate . August 25, 2019 . New York Daily News . August 20, 2019.
  60. News: Saul . Emily . Reputed Lucchese mobster dodges life in prison with guilty plea . August 25, 2019 . New York Post . August 20, 2019.
  61. News: Woyton . Michael . New Rochelle Mobster Sentenced To Prison: Steven Crea Jr. pleaded guilty to racketeering and murder conspiracy in August. May 31, 2020 . Patch Media . January 31, 2020.
  62. News: Brown. Stephen Rex. Four Lucchese gangsters convicted of murder of notorious wiseguy Michael Meldish. November 15, 2019. nydailynews.com. November 16, 2019.
  63. News: U.S. Attorney’s Office Southern District of New York. Leaders And Members Of Mafia Family Convicted Of Murder, Racketeering, And Other Crimes. November 15, 2019. Justice.gov. November 16, 2019.
  64. Web site: 'Veal shank' mobster and two other Luccheses get life in prison. nypost.com. July 27, 2020.
  65. Web site: 3 Lucchese gangsters, including acting boss, get life for murder of notorious wiseguy Michael Meldish. New York Daily News. July 31, 2020.
  66. Web site: Eberhart. Christopher J.. Federal judge sentences Luchese family underboss to life in prison. 2020-08-30. The Journal News. en-US.
  67. Web site: U.S. Attorney’s Office Southern District of New York . Final Mafia Member In 2017 Takedown Sentenced To Life In Prison For Murder, Racketeering, And Other Crimes . Department of Justice . 30 August 2020 . August 27, 2020.
  68. News: Capeci. Jerry. Vic Amuso Begins 24th Year In Federal Custody As Luchese Family Boss. July 24, 2014. Gangland. July 27, 2014.
  69. News: Largest Investigated Loan Shark Operation in New York Leads to Multiple Arrests. 7 April 2018. NBC News. March 27, 2018.
  70. Web site: A.G. Schneiderman Announces Indictments Of 10 Individuals With Alleged Ties To The Lucchese Organized Crime Family For Large-Scale Illegal Loan Sharking And Bookmaking Activities. New York State Office of Attorney General. 7 April 2018. June 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180613040937/https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/ag-schneiderman-announces-indictments-10-individuals-alleged-ties-lucchese-organized. dead.
  71. Web site: Mob threatened doctor to write scripts for 230K Oxycodone pills:feds. New York Post. April 6, 2018 . Christopher Sadowski. 7 April 2018.
  72. Web site: Two mobsters plead guilty to oxycodone peddling scheme in which they threatened doctor for prescriptions. The New York Daily News. April 6, 2018 . Andrew Keshner. 7 April 2018.
  73. Web site: Luchese Crime Family Soldier Sentenced to 12 Years and Colombo Crime Family Associate Sentenced to 40 Months' Imprisonment for Conspiring to Distribute Oxycodone . United States Department of Justice . December 6, 2018 . 16 December 2018.
  74. News: Elderly Man With Mob Ties Killed in Sheepshead Bay . Bklyner . October 29, 2018 . Paul Stremple . 16 December 2018.
  75. Web site: Elderly man gunned down at home in suspected mob hit . NY Post. October 27, 2018 . Ben Feuerherd . 16 December 2018.
  76. News: Shelters Investigated on Possible Mob Link . 16 December 2018 . NY Times . David Firestone . April 26, 1997.
  77. News: Capeci. Jerry. Lucheses leadership changed hands in bloodless coup orchestrated from prison. May 30, 2019. New York Post. June 2, 2019.
  78. News: Annese . John . Ailing Luchese mobster Vic Amuso insists he’s no longer boss in push for compassionate release . 10 December 2023 . New Paper . New York Daily News . 31 July 2023.
  79. Web site: District of New Jersey . Department of Justice U.S. Attorney’s Office . Lucchese Crime Family Soldier Admits Aggravated Assault . Justice.gov . Department of Justice . December 16, 2020 . 19 December 2020.
  80. News: Lucchese Crime Family Soldier John Perna, 43, of Cedar Grove, Admits Guilt in Assault Case . 16 December 2020 . West Essex Now . December 16, 2020 . October 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020201358/https://www.westessexnow.com/police/lucchese-crime-family-soldier-john-perna-43-of-cedar-grove-admits-guilt-in-assault-case . dead.
  81. News: Reputed Mobster Pleads Guilty in Assault on 'Real Housewives' Star's Husband . 19 December 2020 . News . NBC New York . December 16, 2020.
  82. Web site: Five charged in illegal gambling operation allegedly run by infamous New York crime family . 2022-09-16 . www.cbsnews.com . September 14, 2022 . en-US.
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  98. News: Capeci. Jerry. Dumb Fellas Grads' Dream of Mob Glory Died Behind Prison Bars . 15 April 2012. New York Daily News. May 4, 1998.
  99. Luchese Underboss and Captain Plead Guilty to Extortion Charges in Federal Court District Attorney of New York (October 1, 2003)
  100. http://mafianewstoday.com/whos-the-boss-todays-mafia-leadership "Who's the boss today?"
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  103. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000-11-29/news/18154768_1_castelle-luchese-law-enforcement "Suspect's Styled as Old-Time Gangster"
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  108. Gangbusters: The Destruction of America's Last Great Mafia Dynasty by Ernest Volkman (pp. 125–32)
  109. Wiseguy: life in a Mafia family By Nicholas Pileggi p. 163
  110. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/10/archives/vario-convicted-of-tax-evasion-reputed-mafioso-could-get-11year.html?sq=Paul%2520Vario&scp=12&st=cse "Vario Convicted of Tax Evasion; Reputed Mafioso Could Get 11-Year Prison Term"
  111. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/07/archives/vario-is-snetenced-to-6-years-in-jail.html?sq=Paul%2520Vario&scp=16&st=cse "Vario is Sentenced to 6 Years in Jail"
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  116. Capeci, Robbins p. 334
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  122. Web site: Federal Bureau of Prisons: Inmate Locator "Joseph Lubrano" . Bop.gov. May 14, 2015.
  123. News: McShane . Larry . Luchese crime family scion hopes polygraph, severance from namesake dad's case can produce acquittal . June 9, 2019 . New York Daily News . December 9, 2018.
  124. Web site: Capeci . Jerry . Gang Land News 6 October 2022: Surprise End-Of-Summer Contest . Gang Land News . 9 October 2022.
  125. News: Notorious gangster charged with using mob goons to collect money from 70-year-old deadbeat. 16 May 2016. The New York Daily News. John Marzulli. May 13, 2014.
  126. Web site: Member And Associates Of The Lucchese Crime Family Plead Guilty To Extortion Conspiracy. FBI. August 16, 2016 . 4 November 2017.
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  128. Web site: Philly Mob Boss Skinny Joey's Bodyguard Has Capo Uncle In The NY Mafia . August 29, 2019 . Scott Burnstein . Gangster Report . en-us. June 21, 2020.
  129. Web site: Feds Pound "Pal Joey" With Additional Charges, NY Wiseguy Getting Punished For Friendship With Philly Boss . January 10, 2020 . Scott Burnstein . Gangster Report . en-us. June 21, 2020.
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  131. News: Peterson. Helen. B'Klyn Mob Crack Ring Busted. October 2, 1996. New York Daily News. February 16, 2014.
  132. Web site: V - OIG Case Studies of Inmate Telephone Abuse (Part 2) . 2022-04-01 . oig.justice.gov.
  133. Web site: Federal Bureau of Prisons: Inmate Locator "George Zappola" . Bop.gov. April 6, 2014.
  134. Web site: Patrolman Arthur P. Rasmussen. Officer Down Memorial Page.
  135. Book: Albarelli. H. P.. A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments. 11 May 2018. 978-0984185887. 2009.
  136. Book: Miller. Wilbur. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. 11 May 2018. 978-1483305936. 2012.
  137. News: Mobster Dutch Schultz found refuge at Dominick Petrilli's Newburgh home. Poughkeepsie Journal. Anthony P. Musso. 11 May 2018.
  138. News: A Young Boy Discovers The Mob And Realizes He's Found A Home. 11 May 2018. Chicago Tribune. 16 March 1986.
  139. News: $420,000 Is Missing From Locked Room at Kennedy Airport . PDF . The New York Times . New York . April 12, 1967 . November 19, 2009 .
  140. News: Leslie . Maitland . Airport Cash Loot Was $5 Million; Bandits' Van Is Found in Canarsie . The New York Times . New York . A1 . December 14, 1978 . 26 August 2009 .
  141. News: The Offer He Could Not Refuse. 11 May 2018. The Washington Post. Jonathan Yardley. 19 January 1986.
  142. Book: Hill, Henry. Gangsters and Goodfellas. 2007. 978-1590771297. 61.
  143. Book: Pileggi, Nicholas . Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family . Simon & Schuster . 1986 . 395 . 0-671-44734-3 . Gives most of the arrest story.
  144. Book: On the Run: A Mafia Childhood. Hill, Gregg and Gina. 2004. Warner Books. 0-446-52770-X.
  145. News: James (Jimmy the Gent) Burke, Gangster, 64, of 'Wiseguy' Fame. The New York Times . 19 April 2018. The New York Times. 17 April 1996.
  146. Web site: 'Jimmy the Gent,' Legendary Gangster, Dies . . February 12, 2019 . April 16, 1996.
  147. Web site: The Associated Press . James (Jimmy the Gent) Burke, Gangster, 64, of 'Wiseguy' Fame . . February 12, 2019 . April 17, 1996.
  148. Obituary in New York Times: Paul Vario, 73; Called a Leader Of Crime Group
  149. News: Fox . Margalit . Henry Hill, Mobster and Movie Inspiration, Dies at 69 . June 14, 2012 . The New York Times . June 14, 2012 . B19.
  150. News: Mob Defector's Sister Shot in Brooklyn : Crime: The attack is viewed as a message to potential 'rats.' The 'code' protecting women and children is broken.. Los Angeles Times. 11 May 2018.
  151. News: Clues sought in rubout of mob turncoat's uncle. UPI. 11 May 2018.
  152. News: Killer mob canary Peter Chiodo receives probation. 11 May 2018. New York Daily News. 12 September 2007.
  153. News: Mob Witness Talks of Murder as Management Tool. 11 May 2018. The New York Times. Michel Marriott. 28 May 1992.
  154. News: Mob Boss Said to Have Fled Over Botched Assassination. 11 May 2018. The New York Times. Selwyn Raab. 3 October 1991.
  155. News: Man Said to Rule Mob Family With Terror. 11 May 2018. The New York Times. Arnold Lubasch. 19 May 1992.
  156. News: Longest Mob Trial Ends in Acquittals : 20 Alleged N.J. Crime Figures Freed; 21-Month Case a Big Setback for U.S.. 11 May 2018. Los Angeles Times. Paul Richter. 27 August 1988.
  157. News: Dead End In Suburbia. Sun Sentinel. Larry Keller. 11 May 2018. May 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180513011311/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1992-02-09/features/9201070701_1_caesar-vitale-family-room-mercedes/4. dead.
  158. News: Mafia Defector Says He Lost His Faith. 11 May 2018. The New York Times. Selwyn Raab. 2 March 1994.
  159. News: Asbury Park Press . 7 . Asbury Park Press from Asbury Park, New Jersey on October 20, 1993 · Page 7 . registration . Newspapers.com . 11 May 2018.
  160. News: Mobsters Turn Tipsters About Hits. Tulsa World. George Anastasia. 11 May 2018.
  161. News: Body Found and 2d Is Sought As Convicted Mobsters Talk. 11 May 2018. The New York Times. Iver Peterson. 12 September 1993.
  162. News: In the Mob, Undercover, Out of Control. 11 May 2018. Los Angeles Times. Mike Clary. 9 January 1999.
  163. News: 26 Indicted on Charge of Running Organized-Crime Group in Jersey. 11 May 2018. The New York Times. Robin Toner. 22 August 1985.
  164. News: Reputed Mobster Sentenced. Sun Sentinel. Warren Richey. 11 May 2018. May 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180513011355/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-10-29/news/9410280617_1_lucchese-crime-family-schwartz. dead.
  165. News: Dispatches From a Mob Trial. Slate. Dan Ackman. 11 May 2018.
  166. News: 'Most Ruthless Mafia Leader Left; Leader on the Lam Runs the Lucchese Family, Agents Say. 11 May 2018. The New York Times. Selwyn Raab. 28 November 1992.
  167. News: F.B.I. Arrests A Mafia Boss In New Jersey. 11 May 2018. The New York Times. Selwyn Raab. 20 January 1993.
  168. News: Reputed Lucchese mobster found dead in Jaguar trunk. UPI. 11 May 2018.
  169. Web site: Lucchese Class of '91. Gangland. Jerry Capeci. 12 May 2018. March 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202132/http://www.ipsn.org/characters/patriarca/Lucchese%20Class%20of%20%2791.htm. dead.
  170. News: With the Boss Behind Bars, a Borough Battle Brews. New York Sun. Jerry Capeci. 12 May 2018. October 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211020212302/https://www.nysun.com/new-york/with-the-boss-behind-bars-a-borough-battle-brews/47392/. dead.
  171. News: Canary to Sing on Feds' Case vs. Jr. as Valuable as Sammy Bull. 12 May 2018. New York Daily News. Jerry Capeci. 29 November 1998.
  172. News: Guilty Plea in Mob Shakedown. 12 May 2018. New York Daily News. Greg Smith. 8 December 1998.
  173. News: Mob Rat Chose Kin Ov er 'Family' . New York Post.
  174. News: After the Mob, He's Just Scraping By. 12 May 2018. The New York Times . Alan Feuer . 30 April 2010.
  175. News: The Year of the Rat. New York Sun. Jerry Capeci. 12 May 2018. October 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211020212303/https://www.nysun.com/new-york/year-of-the-rat/6946/. dead.
  176. News: FEDS BUST L.I. 'SOPRANOS' Say mobsters put bite on restaurant. 12 May 2018. New York Daily News. John Marzullio. 11 December 2002.
  177. News: A Turncoat's Risks, Rewards. New York Sun. Jerry Capeci. 12 May 2018. October 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211020212313/https://www.nysun.com/new-york/turncoats-risks-rewards/30517/. dead.
  178. News: New Jersey Cops Bust Mob. New York Post. 12 May 2018.
  179. News: Years Later, Reputed Mobster's Death Stoking Court Battle. 12 May 2018. NBC News. David Porter. 1 April 2018.
  180. News: Ratting out the Mafia. 12 May 2018. Los Angeles Times. David Ulin. 9 February 2008.
  181. News: Judge Rips Her Mob-rat Father – She's Livid He Invited Wiseguys to Her Nups. Zach. Haberman. 12 May 2018. New York Post.
  182. News: Gangster who ratted out 'Mafia Cops' dies. 12 May 2018. New York Daily News. John Marzulli. 21 July 2009.
  183. News: Marks Names New Administrative Judges in New York City. New York Law Journal. 12 May 2018.
  184. Web site: Eight Luchese Organized Crime Family Members and Associates Indicted for Racketeering and Other Offenses. US Attorney Office. 11 May 2018.
  185. http://www.nlpc.org/stories/2005/10/24/top-official-has-close-ties-nyc-garment-industry-mobsters "Top Official Has Close Ties to NYC Garment Industry Mobsters"
  186. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/25/business/us-court-rejects-appeal-by-brooklyn-garment-workers.html?pagewanted=1 "U.S. Court Rejects Appeal by Brooklyn Garment Workers"
  187. http://www.villagevoice.com/1998-10-20/news/feds-finger-labor-boss/ "Feds Finger Labor Boss Apparel Union Tied to Mafia Shakedown"
  188. Bruce Shapiro. Shaking the foundations: 200 years of investigative journalism in America. pp. 433–36
  189. http://www.thelaborers.net/newspapers/DARCO.html "United States of America vs. Mason Tenders District Council of Greater New York"
  190. http://mafiatoday.com/lucchese-family/mafia-unions-and-nyc-newspapers/ "Mafia, Unions, and NYC Newspapers"
  191. http://www.nlpc.org/stories/2009/11/17/police-raid-circulation-offices-nyc-newspapers-seek-evidence-union-probe "Raid Circulation Offices of NYC Newspapers; Seek Evidence in Union Probe"
  192. Book: ((The Editors of Newsday)). The Heroin Trail (NY Newsday "The Heroin Trail" Investigative journalism Series). New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1975. 0-03-013841-8.
  193. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082434/ "Gangster Wars"
  194. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102460/fullcredits#cast "Mobsters"
  195. News: Bruno. Anthony. Real Life Sopranos. TrueTV Crime Library. October 28, 2012.

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