Loxodonta atlantica explained

Loxodonta atlantica is an extinct African species of elephant in the genus Loxodonta (which includes living African elephants). It was larger than modern African elephants, with more progressive dentition.^[1] It includes Pleistocene fossils from Ternifine, Algeria,^[2] Middle Pleistocene fossils from Elandsfontein, South Africa and Late Pliocene fossils from the Omo River, Ethiopia.^[3] It is suggested to have an extinction date of around 400,000 years ago, during the Middle Pleistocene.^[4] L. atlantica has been suggested to have probably derived from L. adaurora;^[5] or L. exoptata. It is likely ancestral to the living African bush elephant, L. africana,^[6] with which it coexisted during the Middle Pleistocene prior to its extinction.^[3] The species is divided into two subspecies: L. atlantica atlantica (northern Africa) and L. atlantica zulu (southern Africa).^[5] The type for Loxodonta atlantica is housed in the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris, but is listed without a specimen number.^[6]

Notes and References

1. Book: Owen-Smith, R. Norman . Megaherbivores: the influence of very large body size on ecology . Cambridge University Press . 1988 . 0-521-36020-X .
2. D. . Geraads . 1987 . Dating the Northern African cercopithecid fossil record . Human Evolution . 2 . 19–27 . 10.1007/BF02436528 . 84223113 .
3. Book: Jane . Carruthers . André . Boshoff . Rob . Slotow . Harry C. . Biggs . Graham . Avery . Wayne . Matthews . 1 . The Elephant in South Africa: History and Distribution . Elephant management: A Scientific Assessment for South Africa . R. J. . Scholes . K. G. . Mennell . 23–83 . Wits University Press . 2008 . 978-1-86814-479-2 . 10.18772/22008034792. https://web.archive.org/web/20120426023455/http://www.elephantassessment.co.za/files/03_ch1_Elephant%20Management.pdf . 26 April 2012 . http://www.elephantassessment.co.za/files/03_ch1_Elephant%20Management.pdf .
4. Stewart . Mathew . Louys . Julien . Price . Gilbert J. . Drake . Nick A. . Groucutt . Huw S. . Petraglia . Michael D. . May 2019 . Middle and Late Pleistocene mammal fossils of Arabia and surrounding regions: Implications for biogeography and hominin dispersals . Quaternary International . en . 515 . 12–29 . 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.11.052. 2019QuInt.515...12S .
5. Book: Coppens . Y. . V. J. . Maglio . C. T. . Madden . M. . Beden . 1978 . Proboscidea . V. J. . Maglio . H. B. S. . Cooke . Evolution of African mammals . Harvard University Press . Cambridge MA . 336–367 . 0-674-27075-4 .
6. Nancy E. . Todd . 2010 . New Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family Elephantidae Based on Cranial-Dental Morphology . The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology . 293 . 1 . 74–90 . 10.1002/ar.21010 . 19937636 . free .