Louise Glück Explained

Louise Glück
Birth Name:Louise Elisabeth Glück
Birth Date:1943 4, mf=y
Birth Place:New York City, U.S.
Death Place:Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Education:
Period:1968–2023
Notableworks:
Awards:
    Spouse:
      Relatives:Abigail Savage (niece)
      Children:1

      Louise Elisabeth Glück (;[1] [2] April 22, 1943 – October 13, 2023) was an American poet and essayist. She won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature, whose judges praised "her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal".[3] Her other awards include the Pulitzer Prize, National Humanities Medal, National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, and Bollingen Prize. From 2003 to 2004, she was Poet Laureate of the United States.

      Glück was born in New York City and raised on Long Island. She began to suffer from anorexia nervosa while in high school and later overcame the illness. She attended Sarah Lawrence College and Columbia University but did not obtain a degree. In addition to being an author, she taught poetry at several academic institutions.

      Glück is often described as an autobiographical poet; her work is known for its emotional intensity and for frequently drawing on mythology or nature imagery to meditate on personal experiences and modern life. Thematically, her poems have illuminated aspects of trauma, desire, and nature. In doing so, they have become known for frank expressions of sadness and isolation. Scholars have also focused on her construction of poetic personas and the relationship, in her poems, between autobiography and classical myth.

      Glück served as the Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry at Yale University and as a professor of English at Stanford University. She split her time between Cambridge, Massachusetts; Montpelier, Vermont; and Berkeley, California.[4] [5] [6]

      Biography

      Early life

      Louise Glück was born in New York City on April 22, 1943. She was the elder of two surviving daughters of Daniel Glück, a businessman, and Beatrice Glück (née Grosby), a homemaker.[7]

      Glück's mother was of Russian Jewish descent. Her paternal grandparents, Terézia (née Moskovitz) and Henrik Glück, were Hungarian Jews from Érmihályfalva, Bihar County, in what was then the Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Romania); her grandfather ran a timber company called "Feldmann és Glück".[8] [9] They emigrated to the United States in December 1900 and eventually owned a grocery store in New York.[10] Glück's father, who was born in the United States, had an ambition to become a writer, but went into business with his brother-in-law.[11] Together, they achieved success when they invented the X-Acto knife.[12] Glück's mother was a graduate of Wellesley College. In her childhood, Glück's parents taught her Greek mythology and classic stories such as the life of Joan of Arc.[13] She began to write poetry at an early age.[14]

      As a teenager, Glück developed anorexia nervosa, which became the defining challenge of her late teenage and young adult years. She described the illness, in one essay, as the result of an effort to assert her independence from her mother.[15] Elsewhere, she connected her illness to the death of an elder sister, an event that occurred before she was born. During the fall of her senior year at George W. Hewlett High School, in Hewlett, New York, she began psychoanalytic treatment. A few months later, she was taken out of school in order to focus on her rehabilitation, although she still graduated in 1961.[16] Of that decision, she wrote, "I understood that at some point I was going to die. What I knew more vividly, more viscerally, was that I did not want to die". She spent the next seven years in therapy, which she credited with helping her to overcome the illness and teaching her how to think.[17]

      As a result of her condition, Glück did not enroll in college as a full-time student. She described her decision to forgo higher education in favor of therapy as necessary: "… my emotional condition, my extreme rigidity of behavior and frantic dependence on ritual made other forms of education impossible".[18] Instead, she took a poetry class at Sarah Lawrence College and, from 1963 to 1966, she enrolled in poetry workshops at Columbia University's School of General Studies, which offered courses for non-degree students.[19] [20] [21] While there, she studied with Léonie Adams and Stanley Kunitz. She credited these teachers as significant mentors in her development as a poet.[22]

      Career

      While attending poetry workshops, Glück began to publish her poems. Her first publication was in Mademoiselle, followed soon after by poems in Poetry, The New Yorker, The Atlantic Monthly, The Nation, and other venues.[23] [24] After leaving Columbia, Glück supported herself with secretarial work.[25] She married Charles Hertz Jr. in 1967.[26] In 1968, Glück published her first collection of poems, Firstborn, which received some positive critical attention. In a review, the poet Robert Hass described the book as "hard, artful, and full of pain".[27] However, reflecting on it in 2003, the critic Stephanie Burt said the collection "revealed a forceful but clotted poet, an anxious imitator of Robert Lowell and Sylvia Plath".[28] Following the publication, Glück experienced a prolonged case of writer's block, which was not cured, she said, until 1971, when she began to teach poetry at Goddard College in Vermont.[29] The poems she wrote during this time were collected in her second book, The House on Marshland (1975), which many critics have regarded as her breakthrough work, signaling her "discovery of a distinctive voice".[30]

      In 1973, Glück gave birth to a son, Noah, with her partner, Keith Monley, who helped raise him for the first two years of his life.[31] Her marriage to Charles Hertz, Jr. had ended in divorce, and in 1977 she married John Dranow, an author who had started the summer writing program at Goddard College.[32] In 1980, Dranow and Francis Voigt, the husband of poet Ellen Bryant Voigt, co-founded the New England Culinary Institute as a private, for-profit college. Glück and Bryant Voigt were early investors in the institute and served on its board of directors.

      In 1980, Glück's third collection, Descending Figure, was published. It received some criticism for its tone and subject matter: for example, the poet Greg Kuzma accused Glück of being a "child hater" for her now anthologized poem, "The Drowned Children".[33] On the whole, however, the book was well received. In The American Poetry Review, Mary Kinzie praised the book's illumination of "deprived, harmed, stammering beings".[34] Writing in Poetry, the poet and critic J. D. McClatchy said the book was "a considerable advance on Glück's previous work" and "one of the year's outstanding books".[35] That same year, a fire destroyed Glück's house in Vermont, resulting in the loss of most of her possessions.

      In the wake of that tragedy, Glück began to write the poems that would later be collected in her award-winning work, The Triumph of Achilles (1985). Writing in The New York Times, the author and critic Liz Rosenberg described the collection as "clearer, purer, and sharper" than Glück's previous work.[36] The critic Peter Stitt, writing in The Georgia Review, declared that the book showed Glück to be "among the important poets of our age".[37] From the collection, the poem "Mock Orange", which has been likened to a feminist anthem,[38] has been called an "anthology piece" because of its frequent inclusion in poetry anthologies and college courses.[39]

      In 1984, Glück joined the faculty of Williams College in Massachusetts as a senior lecturer in the English Department.[40] The following year, her father died.[41] The loss prompted her to begin a new collection of poems, Ararat (1990), the title of which references the mountain of the Genesis flood narrative. Writing in The New York Times in 2012, the critic Dwight Garner called it "the most brutal and sorrow-filled book of American poetry published in the last 25 years".[42] Glück followed this collection with one of her most popular and critically acclaimed books, The Wild Iris (1992), which features garden flowers in conversation with a gardener and a deity about the nature of life. Publishers Weekly proclaimed it an "important book" that showcased "poetry of great beauty".[43] The critic Elizabeth Lund, writing in The Christian Science Monitor, called it "a milestone work".[44] It went on to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1993, cementing Glück's reputation as a preeminent American poet.[45]

      While the 1990s brought Glück literary success, it was also a period of personal hardship. Her marriage to John Dranow ended in divorce in 1996, the difficult nature of which affected their business relationship, resulting in Dranow's removal from his positions at the New England Culinary Institute.[46] Glück channeled her experience into her writing, entering a prolific period of her career. In 1994, she published a collection of essays called Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. She then produced Meadowlands (1996), a collection of poetry about the nature of love and the deterioration of a marriage.[47] She followed it with two more collections: Vita Nova (1999) and The Seven Ages (2001).

      In 2004, in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Glück published a chapbook entitled October. Consisting of one poem divided into six parts, it draws on ancient Greek myth to explore aspects of trauma and suffering. That same year, she was named the Rosenkranz Writer in Residence at Yale University.[48]

      After joining the faculty of Yale, Glück continued to publish poetry. Her books published during this period include Averno (2006), A Village Life (2009), and Faithful and Virtuous Night (2014). In 2012, the publication of a collection of a half-century's worth of her poems, entitled Poems: 1962–2012, was called "a literary event".[49] Another collection of her essays, entitled American Originality, appeared in 2017.[50]

      In October 2020, Glück was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, becoming the sixteenth female literature laureate since the prize was founded in 1901.[51] Due to restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, she received her prize at her home.[52] In her Nobel lecture, which was delivered in writing, she highlighted her early engagement with poetry by William Blake and Emily Dickinson in discussing the relationship between poets, readers, and the wider public.[53]

      In 2021, Glück's collection, Winter Recipes from the Collective, was published. In 2022, she was named the Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry at Yale.[54] In 2023, she was appointed a professor of English at Stanford University, where she taught in the Creative Writing Program.

      Personal life

      Glück's elder sister died young before Glück was born. Her younger sister, Tereze (1945–2018), worked at Citibank as a vice president and was also a writer, winning the Iowa Short Fiction Award in 1995 for her book, May You Live in Interesting Times.[55] Glück's niece is the actress Abigail Savage.[56]

      She remained a close confidant and friend to Vermont novelist Kathryn Davis throughout her life. The two often corresponded to share their developing works, seeking creative advice throughout their lengthy friendship and writing careers.

      Glück died from cancer at home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 13, 2023, at age 80.[57]

      Work

      Glück's work has been the subject of academic study. Her papers, including manuscripts, correspondence, and other materials, are housed at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.[58]

      Form

      Glück is best known for lyric poems of linguistic precision and dark tone. The poet Craig Morgan Teicher has described her as a writer for whom "words are always scarce, hard won, and not to be wasted".[59] The scholar Laura Quinney has argued that her careful use of words put Glück into "the line of American poets who value fierce lyric compression", from Emily Dickinson to Elizabeth Bishop.[60] Glück's poems shifted in form throughout her career, beginning with short, terse lyrics composed of compact lines and expanding into connected book-length sequences.[61] Her work is not known for poetic techniques such as rhyme or alliteration. Rather, the poet Robert Hahn has called her style "radically inconspicuous" or "virtually an absence of style", relying on a voice that blends "portentous intonations" with a conversational approach.

      Among scholars and reviewers, there has been discussion as to whether Glück is a confessional poet, owing to the prevalence of the first-person mode in her poems and their intimate subject matter, often inspired by events in Glück's personal life. The scholar Robert Baker has argued that Glück "is surely a confessional poet in some basic sense",[62] while the critic Michael Robbins has argued that Glück's poetry, unlike that of confessional poets Sylvia Plath or John Berryman, "depends upon the fiction of privacy".[63] In other words, she cannot be a confessional poet, Robbins argues, if she does not address an audience. Going further, Quinney argues that, to Glück, the confessional poem is "odious". Others have noted that Glück's poems can be viewed as autobiographical, while her technique of inhabiting various personas, ranging from ancient Greek gods to garden flowers, renders her poems more than mere confessions. As the scholar Helen Vendler has noted: "In their obliquity and reserve, [Glück's poems] offer an alternative to first-person 'confession', while remaining indisputably personal".[64]

      Themes

      While Glück's work is thematically diverse, scholars and critics have identified several themes that are paramount. Most prominently, Glück's poetry can be said to focus on trauma, as she wrote throughout her career about death, loss, suffering, failed relationships, and attempts at healing and renewal.[65] The scholar Daniel Morris notes that even a Glück poem that uses traditionally happy or idyllic imagery "suggests the author's awareness of mortality, of the loss of innocence". The scholar Joanne Feit Diehl echoes this notion when she argues that "this 'sense of an ending' … infuses Glück's poems with their retrospective power", pointing to her transformation of common objects, such as a baby stroller, into representations of loneliness and loss.[66] Yet, for Glück, trauma was arguably a gateway to a greater appreciation of life, a concept explored in The Triumph of Achilles. The triumph to which the title alludes is Achilles' acceptance of mortality—which enables him to become a more fully realized human being.[67]

      Another of Glück's common themes is desire. Glück wrote directly about many forms of desire—for example, the desire for love or insight—but her approach is marked by ambivalence. Morris argues that Glück's poems, which often adopt contradictory points of view, reflect "her own ambivalent relationship to status, power, morality, gender, and, most of all, language".[68] The author Robert Boyer has characterized Glück's ambivalence as a result of "strenuous self-interrogation". He argues that "Glück's poems at their best have always moved between recoil and affirmation, sensuous immediacy and reflection … for a poet who can often seem earthbound and defiantly unillusioned, she has been powerfully responsive to the lure of the daily miracle and the sudden upsurge of overmastering emotion".[69] The tension between competing desires in Glück's work manifests both in her assumption of different personas from poem to poem and in her varied approach to each collection of her poems. This led the poet and scholar James Longenbach to declare that "change is Louise Glück's highest value" and "if change is what she most craves, it is also what she most resists, what is most difficult for her, most hard-won".[70]

      Another of Glück's preoccupations was nature, the setting for many of her poems. In The Wild Iris, the poems take place in a garden where flowers have intelligent, emotive voices. However, Morris points out that The House on Marshland is also concerned with nature and can be read as a revision of the Romantic tradition of nature poetry.[71] In Ararat, too, "flowers become a language of mourning", useful for both commemoration and competition among mourners to determine the "ownership of nature as a meaningful system of symbolism".[72] Thus, in Glück's work nature is both something to be regarded critically and embraced. The author and critic Alan Williamson has said it can also sometimes suggest the divine, as when, in the poem "Celestial Music", the speaker states that "when you love the world you hear celestial music", or when, in "The Wild Iris", the deity speaks through changes in weather.[73]

      Glück's poetry is also notable for what it avoids. Morris argues that

      Influences

      Glück pointed to the influence of psychoanalysis on her work, as well as her early learning in ancient legends, parables, and mythology. In addition, she credited the influence of Léonie Adams and Stanley Kunitz. Scholars and critics have pointed to the literary influence on her work of Robert Lowell,[74] Rainer Maria Rilke, and Emily Dickinson,[75] among others.

      Honors

      Glück received numerous honors for her work. Below are honors she received for both her body of work and individual works.

      Honors for body of work

      Honors for individual works

      In addition, The Wild Iris, Vita Nova, and Averno were all finalists for the National Book Award.[108] The Seven Ages was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award.[109] A Village Life was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Griffin International Poetry Prize.[110]

      Glück's poems have been widely anthologized, including in the Norton Anthology of Poetry,[111] the Oxford Book of American Poetry,[112] and the Columbia Anthology of American Poetry.[113]

      Elected or invited posts

      In 1999, Glück, along with the poets Rita Dove and W. S. Merwin, was asked to serve as a special consultant to the Library of Congress for that institution's bicentennial. In this capacity, she helped the Library of Congress to determine programming to mark its 200th anniversary celebration.[114] In 1999, she was also elected a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, a post she held until 2005.[115] In 2003, she was appointed the judge of the Yale Series of Younger Poets, a position she held until 2010. The Yale Series is the oldest annual literary competition in the United States, and during her time as judge, she selected for publication works by the poets Jay Hopler, Peter Streckfus, and Fady Joudah, among others.[116]

      Glück was a visiting faculty member at many institutions, including Stanford University,[117] Boston University,[118] the University of North Carolina, Greensboro,[119] and the Iowa Writers Workshop.[120]

      Selected bibliography

      Poetry collections

      Omnibus editions

      Chapbooks

      Essay collections

      Fiction

      See also

      Further reading

      External links

      Notes and References

      1. Web site: Louise Glück wins Nobel Prize for Literature . . October 8, 2020 . October 8, 2020 .
      2. Web site: Say How? – National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled . . October 8, 2020 .
      3. Web site: Summary of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201008121718/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2020/summary/. October 8, 2020. October 8, 2020.
      4. Web site: Louise Glück Authors Macmillan. US Macmillan. en-US. October 9, 2020. June 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180613094431/https://us.macmillan.com/author/louisegluck/. live.
      5. Web site: Schley. Jim. Book Review: 'Winter Recipes From the Collective,' Louise Glück. January 26, 2022. Seven Days. en.
      6. Web site: Sanford . John . With five new appointments, Creative Writing Program undergoing 'amazing transformation' Stanford Humanities and Sciences . March 3, 2023 . humsci.stanford.edu . en.
      7. Book: Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. limited. University of Missouri Press. 2006. Columbia. 25. 9780826216939.
      8. News: Kiss. Gábor. AZ ÉRTŐL AZ ÓCEÁNIG – A NOBEL-DÍJAS LOUISE E. GLÜCK MAGYAR GYÖKEREI. October 10, 2020. szombat. January 23, 2021.
      9. News: Berger. Joel. Es war einmal in Érmihályfalva. December 10, 2020. Jüdische Allgemeine. January 23, 2021.
      10. Book: Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. limited. University of Missouri Press. 2006. Columbia. 67. 9780826216939.
      11. Book: Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. The Ecco Press. 1994. New York. 5.
      12. News: Weeks. Linton. Gluck to be Poet Laureate. August 29, 2003. The Washington Post. April 7, 2020. live. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220632/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/08/29/gluck-to-be-poet-laureate/c168beab-27d5-4b4d-8156-e5b6dbe99598/.
      13. Book: Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. 7.
      14. Book: Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. 8.
      15. Book: Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. 11.
      16. Web site: Louise Glück Biography and Interview. www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. April 7, 2020. March 8, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081240/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/#interview. live.
      17. Web site: 'A Voice of Spiritual Prophecy'. Louise Gluck Interview.. Washington D.C.. Gluck. Louise. October 27, 2012. Academy of Achievement. March 7, 2019. November 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161109232906/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/glu0int-1. live.
      18. Book: Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. 13.
      19. Book: Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. 28.
      20. Book: Haralson, Eric L.. Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The Twentieth Century. 2014. Routledge. 978-1-317-76322-2. 252. en. October 8, 2020. October 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201008134847/https://books.google.com/books?id=noCrAgAAQBAJ&q=%22louise+gluck%22+columbia+1963&pg=PA252. live.
      21. Web site: Louise Glück 2020 Winner of Nobel Prize in Literature. October 9, 2020. Columbia – School of the Arts. en.
      22. Chiasson. Dan. The Body Artist. The New Yorker. November 4, 2012. November 12, 2012. March 30, 2018. May 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200510124905/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/11/12/the-body-artist. live.
      23. Book: Zuba, Jesse. The First Book: Twentieth-Century Poetic Careers in America. Princeton University Press. 2016. 978-1-4008-7379-1. Princeton. 128. 932268118.
      24. News: Ratiner. Steven. December 27, 2012. Book World: Louise Gluck's 'Poems 1962–2012'. en-US. The Washington Post. October 25, 2020. 0190-8286.
      25. Web site: Louise Glück. National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). en. April 7, 2020. February 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200206103222/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2016/fall/feature/louise-gl%C3%BCck. live.
      26. Book: Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Gluck: A Thematic Introduction. 2006. 29.
      27. Miklitsch. Robert. October 1, 1982. Assembling a Landscape: The Poetry of Louise Gluck. Hollins Critic. 19. 4. 1. 0018-3644. November 25, 2020. October 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201011172259/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-133018719/assembling-a-landscape-the-poetry-of-louise-gluck. dead.
      28. Web site: Burt. Stephen. September 21, 2003. The Laureate: Why Louise Gluck's intensely private poetry is just what the public needs. November 25, 2020. The Boston Globe. en.
      29. Book: Duffy. John J.. The Vermont Encyclopedia. Hand. Samuel B.. Orth. Ralph H.. 2003. UPNE. 978-1-58465-086-7. 138. en.
      30. Book: Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. 4.
      31. Web site: Floersch . Larry . 2023-11-01 . State of Mind: Louise Glück (1943–2023): Food and Friendship: A Remembrance . 2023-11-14 . The Montpelier Bridge . en-US.
      32. Web site: Flagg. Kathryn. Vermont's Struggling Culinary School Plans Its Next Course. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180908061835/https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/vermonts-struggling-culinary-school-plans-its-next-course/Content?oid=2332056. September 8, 2018. April 7, 2020. Seven Days. en.
      33. George. E. Laurie. 1990. The "Harsher Figure" of Descending Figure: Louise Gluck's "Dive into the Wreck". Women's Studies. 17. 3–4. 235–247. 10.1080/00497878.1990.9978808. April 7, 2020. October 31, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171031162112/http://faculty.washington.edu/elgeorge/The%20harsher%20figure%20of%20descending%20figure.pdf. live.
      34. KINZIE. MARY. 1982. Review of Descending Figure; Memory; Monolithos; The Southern Cross; Sure Signs: New and Selected Poems; Letters from a Father; Antarctic Traveller; Worldly Hopes. The American Poetry Review. 11. 5. 37–46. 27777028. 0360-3709.
      35. McClatchy. J. D.. 1981. Figures in the Landscape. Poetry. 138. 4. 231–241. 20594296. 0032-2032. JSTOR.
      36. News: Rosenberg. Liz. Geckos, Porch Lights and Sighing Gardens. December 22, 1985. The New York Times. April 7, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220633/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/22/books/geckos-porch-lights-and-sighing-gardens.html. live.
      37. Stitt. Peter. 1985. Contemporary American Poems: Exclusive and Inclusive. The Georgia Review. 39. 4. 849–863. 41398888. 0016-8386.
      38. Web site: Speaking Against Silence. Abel. Colleen. January 15, 2019. The Ploughshares Blog. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220638/http://blog.pshares.org/index.php/speaking-against-silence/. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020.
      39. Hahn. Robert. Summer 2004. Transporting the Wine of Tone: Louise Gluck in Italian. Michigan Quarterly Review. XLIII. 3. 2027/spo.act2080.0043.313 . free . 1558-7266.
      40. Web site: Poet Louise Glück at Williams College Awarded Coveted Bollingen Prize. Williams College. Office of Communications. en-US. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407222137/https://communications.williams.edu/news-releases/poet-louise-gluck-at-williams-college-awarded-coveted-bollingen-prize/. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020.
      41. Web site: A zest for life: Beatrice Glück of Woodmere dies at 101. Herald Community Newspapers. May 26, 2011 . en. April 7, 2020.
      42. News: Garner. Dwight. Verses Wielded Like a Razor. November 8, 2012. The New York Times. April 7, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220634/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/09/books/louise-gluck-poems-1962-2012.html. live.
      43. Web site: Wild Iris. June 29, 1992. Publishers Weekly. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220632/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-88001-281-2. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020.
      44. News: Images of Now and Then in Poetry's Mirror. January 7, 1993. The Christian Science Monitor. April 7, 2020. 0882-7729. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220635/https://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0107/07141.html. live.
      45. Web site: The Wild Iris, by Louise Glück (The Ecco Press). Pulitzer.org. October 8, 2020. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003914/http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/louise-gluck. live.
      46. News: Bandler. James. January 26, 2000. Too Many Cooks. 5. 8. Seven Days. 22. Issuu.com.
      47. Web site: Louise Glück. Poetry Foundation. October 8, 2020. August 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200829201741/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/louise-gluck. live.
      48. Web site: Gluck waxes poetic on work. Speirs. Stephanie. November 9, 2004. yaledailynews.com. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220635/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2004/11/09/gluck-waxes-poetic-on-work/. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020.
      49. Web site: Creative Paralysis. December 6, 2013. The American Scholar. en-US. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220636/https://theamericanscholar.org/creative-paralysis/. live.
      50. Web site: American Originality: Essays on Poetry. Good Reads. October 8, 2020. July 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170702195609/http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/29939146-american-originality. live.
      51. Web site: October 8, 2020. Louise Glück wins the 2020 Nobel prize in literature. October 9, 2020. The Guardian. en.
      52. Web site: December 7, 2020. Nobel ceremonies go low-key this year because of coronavirus. December 7, 2020. AP NEWS.
      53. Web site: Glück. Louise. The Nobel Lecture in Literature 2020. December 7, 2020. NobelPrize.org. en-US.
      54. Web site: May 11, 2022 . Louise Glück named Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry . May 12, 2022 . YaleNews . en.
      55. https://writersworkshop.uiowa.edu/about/iowa-short-fiction-awards Iowa Writers' Workshop, List of Awards
      56. Web site: Obituary: Gluck, Tereze. December 19, 2018. legacy.com. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201008134841/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=tereze-gluck&pid=191030681&fhid=10713. October 8, 2020.
      57. News: Louise Glück, Nobel-Winning Poet Who Explored Trauma and Loss, Dies at 80. Risen. Clay. October 13, 2023. October 13, 2023. The New York Times. limited.
      58. Web site: Collection: Louise Glück papers Archives at Yale. archives.yale.edu. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220645/https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/5489/collection_organization. live.
      59. News: Teicher. Craig Morgan. Deep Dives Into How Poetry Works (and Why You Should Care). August 4, 2017. The New York Times. April 7, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220636/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/books/review/a-little-book-on-form-robert-hass-american-originality-louise-gluck.html. live.
      60. Like Dolls with Their Heads Cut Off. Quinney. Laura. July 21, 2005. London Review of Books. 27. 14. en. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220636/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v27/n14/laura-quinney/like-dolls-with-their-heads-cut-off. live.
      61. Book: Cucinella . Catherine . Contemporary American Women Poets: An A-to-Z Guide. https://web.archive.org/web/20200211164418/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/556e/88d648e8b39637eb4a33c8bae81334a83c66.pdf . dead . February 11, 2020 . Greenwood Press. 2002. 978-1-4294-7550-1. Westport. 150–151. 160036481 . 144590762.
      62. Baker. Robert. June 1, 2018. Versions of Ascesis in Louise Glück's Poetry. The Cambridge Quarterly. en. 47. 2. 131–154. 10.1093/camqtly/bfy011. 165358842. 0008-199X. April 7, 2020. October 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201008134912/https://academic.oup.com/camqtly/article-abstract/47/2/131/5026611?redirectedFrom=fulltext. live.
      63. Web site: The Constant Gardener: On Louise Glück. Robbins. Michael. Los Angeles Review of Books. December 4, 2012. April 7, 2020. August 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807103501/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-constant-gardener-on-louise-gluck. live.
      64. Book: Vendler, Helen. Part of Nature, Part of Us: Modern American Poets. registration. Harvard University Press. 1980. 978-0-674-65476-1. Cambridge. 311.
      65. Book: Cucinella . Catherine . Contemporary American Women Poets: An A-to-Z Guide. 2002. 149. Wounds—the death of a firstborn child, anorexia, failed relationships, sibling rivalry, a parent's death, divorce—form the foundation from which Glück's poetry arises..
      66. Book: On Louise Glück: Change What You See. University of Michigan Press. 2005. 978-0-472-11479-5. Diehl. Joanne Feit. Ann Arbor. 6–7.
      67. Web site: "The Ambivalence of Being in Gluck's The Triumph of Achilles" [by Caroline Malone]]. The Best American Poetry. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220638/https://blog.bestamericanpoetry.com/the_best_american_poetry/2012/01/the-ambivalence-of-being-in-glucks-the-triumph-of-achilles-opening-the-box-opening-the-book-opening-the-self-what-ofte.html. live.
      68. Book: Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. 73.
      69. News: Boyers. Robert. Writing Without a Mattress: On Louise Glück. November 20, 2012. The Nation. April 7, 2020. live. en-US. 0027-8378. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220634/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/writing-without-mattress-louise-glueck/.
      70. Longenbach. James. 1999. Louise Glück's Nine Lives. Southwest Review. 84. 2. 184–198. 43472558. 0038-4712.
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      73. Book: Williamson, Alan. On Louise Glück: Change What You See. University of Michigan Press. 2005. Diehl. Joanne Feit. Ann Arbor. 65–66. Splendor and Mistrust.
      74. Web site: Sounding Lowell: Louise Glück and Derek Walcott. Gargaillo, Florian. September 29, 2017. Literary Matters. en-US. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220637/https://www.literarymatters.org/10-1-sounding-lowell-louise-gluck-and-derek-walcott/. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020.
      75. Book: Diehl, Joanne Feit. On Louise Glück: Change What You See. University of Michigan Press. 2005. Diehl. Joanne Feit. Ann Arbor. 13, 20. Introduction.
      76. Web site: Rockefeller Foundation. 2003. The President's Review and Annual Report 1967. rockefellerfoundation.org.
      77. Web site: Literature Fellowships list. April 7, 2020. NEA. en.
      78. Web site: John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Louise Glück. en-US. April 7, 2020. June 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623095007/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/louise-gluck/. live.
      79. Web site: Awards – American Academy of Arts and Letters. en-US. April 7, 2020. July 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729004256/https://artsandletters.org/awards/. live.
      80. Web site: Honorary Degrees. Williams College. Commencement. en-US. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200427050903/https://commencement.williams.edu/honorary-degrees/. April 27, 2020. April 7, 2020.
      81. Web site: Louise Elisabeth Gluck. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. en. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220635/https://www.amacad.org/person/louise-elisabeth-gluck. live.
      82. Web site: Vermont – State Poet Laureate (State Poets Laureate of the United States, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress). www.loc.gov. April 7, 2020. November 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191113170232/https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/poets/vermont.html. live.
      83. Web site: Skidmore honorary degree recipient wins Nobel Prize. October 16, 2020. www.skidmore.edu.
      84. Web site: July 29, 1998. October 11, 2010. Middlebury. en. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220646/http://www.middlebury.edu/newsroom/archive/archive/1998/node/264220. live.
      85. Web site: Academy Members – American Academy of Arts and Letters. en-US. April 7, 2020. August 11, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190811120242/http://artsandletters.org/academy-members/. live.
      86. Web site: Lannan Foundation. Lannan Foundation. en. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220635/https://lannan.org/literary/detail/louise-gluck. live.
      87. Web site: Soundings: Spring 01. web.mit.edu. April 7, 2020. May 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160519020034/http://web.mit.edu/shass/soundings/issue_01s/dep_celebration_01s.html. live.
      88. Web site: Louise Gluck The Bollingen Prize for Poetry. bollingen.yale.edu. April 7, 2020. March 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190326190032/https://bollingen.yale.edu/poet/louise-gluck. live.
      89. Web site: Louise Glück: Online Resources – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress). www.loc.gov. April 7, 2020. December 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191228235256/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/gluck/. live.
      90. Web site: Wallace Stevens Award Academy of American Poets. Poets. Academy of American. poets.org. April 7, 2020. April 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200405195651/https://poets.org/academy-american-poets/prizes/wallace-stevens-award. live.
      91. Web site: Aiken Taylor Award. The Sewanee Review. en-US. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220645/https://thesewaneereview.com/aiken-taylor-award. live.
      92. Web site: Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement. www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. April 10, 2020. December 15, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#the-arts. live.
      93. Web site: APS Member History. search.amphilsoc.org. April 7, 2020.
      94. Web site: Search Results for "Gluck" – American Academy of Arts and Letters. en-US. April 7, 2020. October 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201008134909/https://artsandletters.org/?s=Gluck&restype=all. live.
      95. Web site: Louise Glück. National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). en. April 7, 2020. February 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200206085549/https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/louise-gl%C3%BCck. live.
      96. News: Berggren. Jenny. Poeten Louise Glück får Tranströmerpriset 2020. February 14, 2020. SVT Nyheter. April 7, 2020. sv. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220634/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/vastmanland/poeten-louise-gluck-far-transtromerpriset-2020. live.
      97. Web site: June 15, 2021. Dartmouth Confers Honorary Degrees on Seven Remarkable Recipients. June 26, 2021. Dartmouth.edu. en. October 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211007213339/https://president.dartmouth.edu/news/2021/06/dartmouth-confers-honorary-degrees-seven-remarkable-recipients. dead.
      98. News: Eberhart and Ginsberg Win Frost Poetry Medal. April 17, 1986. The New York Times. April 7, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220632/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/17/books/eberhart-and-ginsberg-win-frost-poetry-medal.html. live.
      99. Web site: All Past National Book Critics Circle Award Winners and Finalists – National Book Critics Circle. www.bookcritics.org. April 7, 2020. March 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160319161505/http://bookcritics.org/awards/past. live.
      100. Web site: Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry (Prizes and Fellowships, The Poetry and Literature Center at the Library of Congress). www.loc.gov. April 7, 2020. February 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200227032259/http://www.loc.gov/poetry/prize-fellow/bobbitt.html. live.
      101. Web site: Pulitzer Prize Winners by Year: 1993. www.pulitzer.org. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200423200110/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1993. April 23, 2020. April 7, 2020.
      102. Web site: PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction Winners. May 5, 2016. PEN America. en. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220638/https://pen.org/penmartha-albrand-award-for-first-nonfiction-winners/. live.
      103. Web site: ESU Programs – Books Across The Sea. August 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080820011218/http://www.esuus.org/books_across_sea_ambassador_books_awards_past_winners_1986_2002.htm. April 7, 2020. August 20, 2008.
      104. Web site: English Speaking Union of the United States. August 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080820011813/http://www.esuus.org/books_across_sea_2007.htm. April 7, 2020. August 20, 2008.
      105. Web site: PEN New England and the JFK Presidential Library Announce Winners of the 2007 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award and the 2007 L.L. Winship/PEN New England Awards JFK Library. www.jfklibrary.org. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220636/https://www.jfklibrary.org/about-us/news-and-press/press-releases/pen-new-england-and-the-jfk-presidential-library-announce-winners-of-the-2007-hemingway-foundation-p. live.
      106. Web site: List of Honorees. LA Times Festival of Books. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20190725195241/https://events.latimes.com/festivalofbooks/bookprizes-honorees-year/. July 25, 2019. April 7, 2020.
      107. Web site: National Book Awards 2014. National Book Foundation. en-US. April 7, 2020. March 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071355/https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-2014/. live.
      108. Web site: Louise Glück. National Book Foundation. en-US. April 7, 2020. April 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190428113844/https://www.nationalbook.org/people/louise-gluck/. live.
      109. Web site: Louise Gluck. www.pulitzer.org. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220635/https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/louise-gluck. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020.
      110. Web site: Griffin Poetry Prize: Louise Glück. Says. Tarsitano. Griffin Poetry Prize. en-US. April 7, 2020. January 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200127132434/http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/awards-and-poets/shortlists/2010-shortlist/louise-gluck/. live.
      111. Book: Ferguson . Margaret W. . Salter . Mary Jo . Stallworthy . Jon . January 2005 . Norton Anthology of Poetry . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220636/https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/1261920/TOC . April 7, 2020 . Norton . Table of Contents . 9780393979213 . April 7, 2020.
      112. Book: The Oxford Book of American poetry . April 7, 2020. February 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200223230620/http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip065/2005036590.html. live . Table of Contents.
      113. Book: The Columbia Anthology of American Poetry. 1995. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-08122-1. Parini. Jay. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220644/http://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-columbia-anthology-of-american-poetry/9780231081221. live.
      114. Web site: Librarian of Congress Makes Unprecedented Poetry Appointments. Library of Congress. April 7, 2020. April 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220633/https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-99-043/librarian-of-congress-makes-unprecedented-poetry-appointments/1999-04-05/. live.
      115. Web site: Louise Glück Steven Barclay Agency. www.barclayagency.com. April 7, 2020. April 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200420155655/https://www.barclayagency.com/speakers/louise-glueck/. live.
      116. Web site: The Judges. February 26, 2014. Yale Series of Younger Poets. en-US. April 7, 2020. March 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200318082925/http://youngerpoets.yupnet.org/the-judges/. live.
      117. Web site: Mohr Visiting Poets. Creative Writing Program Stanford University. October 8, 2020. August 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805083136/https://creativewriting.stanford.edu/people/mohr-visiting-poets. live.
      118. Web site: Creative Writing hosts faculty reading tonight. Boston University. October 8, 2020. May 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160501164547/http://blogs.bu.edu/bunow/2011/04/12/creative-writing-hosts-faculty-reading-tonight/. live.
      119. Web site: Johnston. Matthew. Yes, Nobel laureate Louise Glück was a Spartan. December 9, 2020. UNCG Magazine. December 7, 2020 . en-US.
      120. Web site: Louise Glück. LitCity University of Iowa. October 8, 2020. August 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805084703/http://litcity.lib.uiowa.edu/person/louise-gluck/. live.
      121. Web site: The Garden . October 14, 2023 . Glück . Louise . October 14, 1976 .

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