List of tallest towers explained

This list includes extant structures that fulfill the engineering definition of a tower: "a tall human structure, always taller than it is wide, for public or regular operational access by humans, but not for living in or office work, and which is self-supporting or free-standing, meaning no guy-wires for support."[1] [2] [3] This definition excludes continuously habitable buildings and skyscrapers as well as radio and TV masts. Also excluded, because they are not designed for public or regular operational access, are bridge towers or pylons, wind turbines, chimneys, transmission towers, sculptures and most large statues and obelisks.

Towers are most often built to use their height for various purposes, and can stand alone or as part of a larger structure. Some common purposes are for telecommunications, and as a viewing platform.

The Tokyo Skytree, completed in 2012, is 634m (2,080feet), making it the tallest tower in the world.

Entirely self-supported towers

Towers taller than 250 meters

boldDenotes tower that is or was once the tallest in the world
RankNameYearStructureCountryCityRemarks
1 Tokyo Skytree634m (2,080feet)2012 Steel JapanTokyoTallest tower in the world since 2010
2 Canton Tower 604m (1,982feet) 2010 Was briefly the tallest tower in the world in 2010. Second tallest tower in the world.
3 CN Tower 553.3m (1,815.3feet) 1976 Concrete Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1975–2007, and the world's tallest tower until 2009; tallest in the western hemisphere
4 Ostankino Tower 540.1m (1,772feet) 1967 Tallest freestanding structure in the world, 1967–75; tallest in Europe
5 468m (1,535feet) 1994 Concrete Tallest in China 1994–2007
6 435m (1,427feet) 2008 Tallest in the Middle East and West Asia
7 421m (1,381feet) 1994 Tallest in Malaysia & Southeast Asia.
8 415.2m (1,362.2feet) 1991 ChinaTallest in Asia 1991–1994, tallest in North China
9 405m (1,329feet) 1992
10 388m (1,273feet) 2011 Steel
11 385m (1,263feet) 1973 Lattice Tower Disabled by a Russian missile strike during the Battle of Kyiv on 1 March 2022. The tower remains standing. Extent of damage unknown.
12 374.9m (1,230feet) 1985 Steel Tallest in Central Asia
13 372m (1,220feet) 1996 Concrete
14 371.5m (1,218.8feet) 1983 Steel
15 368.5m (1,209feet) 1986 Tallest in the European Union
16 Berliner Fernsehturm368.03m (1,207.45feet)1969 Concrete GermanyBerlinTallest structure in Germany. Built during East-German times
17 365.5m (1,199.1feet) 2020
18 Colombo Lotus Tower351.5m (1,153.2feet)2019 Sri LankaColomboTallest structure in South Asia
19 The Strat350.2m (1,149feet)1996 United StatesLas VegasTallest observation tower in the United States
20 West Pearl Tower339m (1,112feet)2004 ChinaChengdu
21 Macau Tower338m (1,109feet)2001 ChinaMacau
22 Europaturm337.5m (1,107.3feet)1979 GermanyFrankfurt
23 Dragon Tower336m (1,102feet)2000 Lattice Tower ChinaHarbin
24 Tokyo Tower 332.6m (1,091.2feet) 1958 Lattice Tower Tallest in the world 1958–67
25 Arqiva Tower (Emley Moor)330.4m (1,084feet)1971 Concrete United KingdomEmleyTallest freestanding structure in the United Kingdom
26 Eiffel Tower 330m (1,080feet)[4] 1889 Lattice Tower First to surpass 300 metres; tallest tower in the world 1889–1956 and again from 1957-1958 with the addition of its antennae.
27 Huai'an TV Tower[5] [6] 329.8m (1,082feet) 2015 ChinaHuaiyin
28 Sky Tower (Auckland)328m (1,076feet)1997 New ZealandAucklandTallest freestanding structure in the Southern Hemisphere from 1996 to 2022
29 326.5m (1,071.2feet) 1980 LithuaniaVilnius
30= Linyi Radio & TV Tower[7] 326m (1,070feet) 2010 Steel
30= 326m (1,070feet) 1962 Lattice Tower
34 323m (1,060feet) 1995 Concrete India
35 318.5m (1,044.9feet) 1996
37 314m (1,030feet) 1980 Concrete
38 311.7m (1,022.6feet) 1977 Lattice Tower [8]
39 311.4m (1,021.7feet) 1986 Concrete China's first self-supported TV tower
40 310m (1,020feet) 1996
41 305m (1,001feet) 1981
42 305.5m (1,002.3feet) 1989
44= 300m (1,000feet) 1993
44= 300m (1,000feet) 1999
44= 300m (1,000feet) 1996
48 293m (961feet) 1999 Lattice Tower
49 292m (958feet) 1977 Concrete Germany
50 289.5m (949.8feet) 1968
51 282.2m (925.9feet) 1992
52 Shijiazhuang TV Tower[9] 280m (920feet)1998 Lattice Tower ChinaShijiazhuang
53 Heinrich-Hertz-Turm279.7m (917.7feet)1968 Concrete GermanyHamburg
54 Central Plains Pearl TV Tower[10] 278m (912feet) 1998 Steel
56 Georgia Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower274.5m (900.6feet)1972 GeorgiaTbilisi
57 Hillbrow Tower269m (883feet)1971 Concrete South AfricaJohannesburgTallest in Africa
58 Kaifeng TV Tower268m (879feet)1995 ChinaKaifeng
59 Colonius266m (873feet)1981 GermanyCologne
60 Minaret of Djamaa el Djazaïr265m (869feet)2019 AlgeriaAlgiers
61 Novorossiysk TV Tower261.5m (857.9feet)1996 Novorossiysk
62 Daqing Radio and Television Tower260m (850feet)1989 Lattice tower ChinaDaqing
63= Olympic Park Observation Tower258m (846feet)2014 Beijing
64 Endem TV Tower257m (843feet)2008 Concrete TurkeyIstanbul
66 Fernmeldeturm Kühkopf255m (837feet)1976 Concrete GermanyKoblenz
67= Donauturm252m (827feet)1964 AustriaVienna
67= Fernsehturm Dresden-Wachwitz252m (827feet)1969 GermanyDresden

Towers between 200 and 250 metres tall

Please read the list criteria in the introduction before adding any entry.

TowerPinnacle heightYearCountryCity Remarks
St. Chrischona Tower250 m1984 SwitzerlandBettingen
Jeddah TV Tower250 m2006 Saudi ArabiaJeddah
TK Elevator Test Tower246 m2017 GermanyRottweil
Shaanxi Provincial TV Tower245 m1987 ChinaXi'an
Rheinturm Düsseldorf240.5 m1981 GermanyDüsseldorfWas 234.2 m before another antenna was mounted in 2004
N Seoul Tower239.7 m1975Seoul
Foshan TV Tower[11] 238 m1995 ChinaFoshan
Sentech Tower237 m1962 South AfricaJohannesburg
Bremen-Walle Telecommunication Tower235.7 m1986 GermanyBremen-Walle
Pitampura TV Tower235 m1988 IndiaDelhi
Fukuoka Tower234 m1989 JapanFukuoka
Qingdao TV Tower232 m1994 ChinaQingdao
Torrespaña231 m1982 SpainMadrid
Tower of the Americas228.6 m1968 United StatesSan Antonio, Texas
Torre Espacial228 m1980 ArgentinaBuenos Aires
Katanga TV Tower225 m1992 IndiaJabalpur
Brasília TV Tower224 m1965 BrazilBrasília
Buková hora TV Tower223 m1975 Czech RepublicBukova hora
Fernmeldeturm Münster 42222.5 m1986 GermanyMünster
219.6 m1959 GermanyDortmund
Jilin Radio and TV Tower[12] 218 m1997 ChinaJilin
Guangzhou TV Tower1991Guangzhou
216.8 m1956 GermanyStuttgart-DegerlochWorld's first concrete TV tower
216 m1992 Czech RepublicPrague
Yuryuzan TV Tower213 m[13] ?Yuryuzan
Zlatoust TV Tower213 m1983Zlatoust
212.8 m1975 GermanyMannheim
212 m1964 GermanyBerlin
Turkmenistan Broadcasting Centre211 m2011 TurkmenistanAshgabat
210 m1993 MoroccoCasablanca
Ujudvar TV Tower[14] 206 m1972 HungaryUjudvar
205 m1994 IraqBaghdadFormerly International Saddam Tower
Donnersberg TV Tower[15] 204.82 m1962 GermanyDonnersberg
Avala TV Tower204.5 m1965Avala, near BelgradeDestroyed in NATO bombing on 29 April 1999; reconstruction completed October 2009; tallest in the Balkans
204 m1987 BulgariaRousse
203.2 m1981 GermanyHelpterberge
Woobang Tower[16] 202 m1992Daegu

Towers between 150 and 200 metres tall

Please read the list criteria in the introduction before adding any entry.

TowerPinnacle heightYearCountryCity Remarks
Xuzhou TV Tower[17] 199 m1990 ChinaXuzhou
Zendmast Roermond197.7 m1957 NetherlandsRoermond
Dushanbe TV Tower197 m1970 TajikistanDushanbe
KPN Tower Hilversum196 m1973 NetherlandsHilversum
Bantiger TV Tower196 m1996 SwitzerlandBolligen
Sky Tower Nishitōkyō195 m1988 JapanNishitōkyō, Tokyo
1980 AustraliaCanberra
194 m1975 SlovakiaBratislava
191.5 m1962 NetherlandsRotterdam-Waalhaven
Funkturm Leipzig191 m2015 GermanyLeipzig
Dalian Radio and TV Tower[18] 190.5 m1990 ChinaDalian
Calgary Tower190 m1967 CanadaCalgary
BT Tower189 m1964 United KingdomLondon
Kuantan 188188 m2020 MalaysiaKuantanTallest tower on east coast of Malaysia
Cairo Tower187 m1961 EgyptCairo
Telecom Italia Tower Rozzano1990 ItalyRozzano - Milan
Kuwait Towers1979 KuwaitKuwait City
Vitosha Mountain TV Tower186 m1985 BulgariaVitosha Mountain
Euromast186 m1962 NetherlandsRotterdam
Monument to the Constitution185 m2011 TurkmenistanAshgabat[19]
TV tower Decquede184.5 m1959 GermanyDequede
184 m1962 United StatesSeattle
Brasília Digital TV Tower182 m2012 BrazilBrasília, DF
180 m1954 JapanNagoya
1970Tondabayashi
Hošťálkovice transmitter1979 Czech RepublicOstrava
Samut Prakan Observation Tower179.55 m2017 ThailandSamut Prakan
Telecommunication Tower Bungsberg179 m1977 GermanyBungsberg
Löffelstelz Transmitter2000 GermanyBad Mergentheim
Monte da Virgem Tower177 m? PortugalVila Nova de Gaia
Pécs TV Tower176 m1973 HungaryPécs
Olympic Stadium tower
175.3 m1987 CanadaMontrealHighest inclined tower in the world, with its 45-degree angle.
Zendstation Markelo174.4 m? NetherlandsMarkelo
Fernmeldeturm Bödefeld173 m1968 GermanySchmallenberg-Bödefeld
San Jacinto Monument172.92 m / 567.31 ft1939 United StatesLa Porte, TexasWorld's tallest monumental column
Reunion Tower170.7 m1978Dallas
170 m1975near Novi Sad
1982Pyongyang
1981 Saudi ArabiaRiyadh
2005 United KingdomPortsmouth
Washington Monument169.3 m / 555 ft 5 in1884 United StatesWashington, DCObservation level at 152 m; tallest in the world 1884–1889; oldest in this list
Zagreb TV Tower169 m1973 CroatiaZagreb
168 m1971 FinlandTampereLocated at Särkänniemi amusement park
Menara Alor Setar165.5 m1997 MalaysiaAlor SetarThe tallest structure in Alor Setar and Kedah.
Hünenburg Telecommunication Tower165 m1972 GermanyBielefeld-HühnenburgAlso known as Fernmeldeturm Teutoburger Wald
Las Vegas Eiffel Tower164.6 m1999 United StatesLas VegasReplica of Eiffel Tower
Praděd TV Tower162 m1983 Czech RepublicPraděd Mountain
2016 United KingdomBrightonThinnest tall tower in the world[20]
160 m1966Osaka
Skylon Tower1965 CanadaNiagara Falls
Blackpool Tower158 m1894 United KingdomBlackpool
Gold Tower1988 JapanUtazu, Kagawa
156 m1978 BulgariaPamporovo - Mount SnejankaAlso known as Pamporovo TV Tower
Kaknäs TV Tower155 m1964 SwedenStockholm
1975 AustriaVienna
Kaikyo Yume Tower153 m1996 JapanShimonoseki
BT Tower152 m1967 United KingdomBirmingham
Cathedral Tower151 m (494 ft)1971 United StatesCuyahoga Falls
Dubai Frame150.24 m2017 United Arab EmiratesDubai[21]
Funkturm Berlin150 m1926 GermanyBerlinOnly observation tower standing on insulators
Pyongyang TV Tower1968Pyongyang
1978Galaţi
SM Seaside City Cebu Tower2016Cebu City, Philippines

Towers between 100 and 150 metres tall

Please read the list criteria in the introduction before adding any entry.

TowerPinnacle heightYearCountryCity Remarks
Sapporo TV Tower147.2 m1957 JapanSapporo
Dobrich TV Tower146 m1979 BulgariaDobrich
Pasilan linkkitorni1983 FinlandHelsinki
Fallturm Bremen1990 GermanyBremen
145 m1998 PortugalLisbon
Strasbourg Cathedral144 m1176–1439 FranceStrasbourg
TVRI Tower1982 IndonesiaJakarta
Nozema Tower Wormer1968 NetherlandsWormer
Zigong TV Tower143.6 m1988 ChinaZigong
Akita Port Tower Selion1994 JapanAkita
Heubach Telecommunication Tower142.8 m1965 GermanyHeubach
Jakobsberg Telecommunication Tower142 m1978 Germany
Monte Mario Tower140 m? ItalyRome
Nozema Zendstation139.5 m1957 NetherlandsMierlo
MAHA Tower Langkawi138 m2021 MalaysiaLangkawiThe tallest structure on the island of Langkawi.
Twin Arch 1381995 JapanIchinomiya
Goes TV Tower137 m1957 NetherlandsGoesAlso known as Nozema TV Tower Goes. Between 1957 and 2007 153 m tall.
Hohenstadt Transmission Tower? GermanyHohenstadt
Monas1975 IndonesiaJakarta
Higashiyama Sky Tower134 m1989 JapanNagoya
Radio City Tower1969 United KingdomLiverpool
KLIA2 Control Tower133.8 m2013 MalaysiaKuala LumpurTallest air-traffic control tower in the world[22]
Mulleklenkes133 m1984 GermanyAachenRadio-DVB-T Transmission Tower
Nozema Zendstation The Hague1965 NetherlandsThe Hague
BKK Control Tower132.2 m2006 ThailandBang PhliSecond-tallest air-traffic control tower in the world
TV-toren Ittervoort?1989 NetherlandsIttervoort[23]
Kyoto Tower131 m1964 JapanKyoto
1000 Islands SkyDeck130 m1965Hill Island, Ontario
TV Tower Nordhelle1984 GermanyNordhelle
Telecommunication tower Großerlach1985Großerlach
Zendstation Loon op Zand1986 NetherlandsLoon op Zand
KUL Control Tower1998 MalaysiaKuala-Lumpur
Independence Monument128 m TurkmenistanAshgabat[24]
Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń128 m2004 PolandLicheń
Express Lift Tower127.45 m1980–82 United KingdomNorthampton
Torre Entel127.4 m1974 ChileSantiago
Glasgow Tower127 m2001 United KingdomGlasgow
Aliant Tower127 m1971 CanadaMoncton
Dreamworld Tower126.5m1997 AustraliaDreamworld, Coomera
Sender Inselsberg126 m1974 GermanyInselsberg MountainWas 43.31 when constructed in 1939
Global Tower125 m1995 JapanBeppu
FMT 6 - Brackenheim? GermanyBrackenheim
Chiba Port Tower1986 JapanChiba
Atakule Tower1989 TurkeyAnkara
Riga Radio Station? LatviaRiga
Gatlinburg Space Needle124 m1970 United StatesGatlinburg
Tyholttårnet1985 NorwayTrondheim
Banharn-Jamsai Tower123.25 m1994 ThailandSuphan Buri
Salisbury Cathedral123 m1220–1320 United KingdomSalisbury
Mont Pèlerin TV Tower122.6 m1974 SwitzerlandMont Pèlerin
Pääskyvuoren linkkitorni122 m1964 FinlandTurku
Ginosa Water Tower ? ItalyGinosa
Zendstation Megen121 m1980 NetherlandsMegen
Fernmeldeturm Duisburg GermanyDuisburg
Busan Tower120 m1973Busan
Gibloux Radio Tower118.7 m? SwitzerlandSorens
Crossland Tower 118 m1994 JapanOyabe, Toyama
Silistra TV Tower117 m1979 BulgariaSilistra
116.1 m1990 SwedenGöteborg
Observation tower of la Cité de l'Énergie115 m? CanadaShawinigan, Quebec
Bernauer Birzel 115 m? GermanyBernau
ArcelorMittal Orbit114.001 m2012 United KingdomLondon[25]
Torrazzo of Cremona112.7 m1309 ItalyCremona
Domtoren112.5 m1328 NetherlandsUtrechtFree-standing medieval church tower, see also list of tallest churches
Bytków TV Tower110 m? PolandSiemianowice Śląskie
Tiger Sky Tower2004 SingaporeSentosa Island
Taming Sari Tower2008 MalaysiaMelakaFirst gyro tower in Malaysia, also the tallest gyro tower in Malaysia.
Exelberg Telecommunication Tower109 m AustriaVienna
Torre Branca108.6 m1933 ItalyMilan
Casino Tower108.2 m1964 CanadaNiagara Falls[26]
Kobe Port Tower108 m1963 JapanKobe
Tour Hertzienne TDF de Romainville108 m1984 FranceParis-RomainvilleAlso known as Tour Relais TDF
Goryokaku Tower107 m2006 JapanHakodate
Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial1915 United StatesPut-in-Bay, OhioWorld's most massive Doric column; fourth-tallest memorial in the U.S.
Torre Jaume I1931 SpainBarcelonaConnected with Torre Sant Sebastia by Port Vell Aerial Tramway
Bremerhaven Radar Tower106.1 m1965 GermanyBremerhaven
Yokohama Marine Tower106 m1961 JapanYokohama
Borisova Gradina TV Tower1959 BulgariaSofia
Baiterek105 m2002 KazakhstanNur-Sultan[27]
Tsutenkaku103 m1956 JapanOsaka
Scream1992 GermanySoltau - HeideparkGyro-Drop Tower
Total Tower102.4 m1994 United StatesDenver
Atomium102 m1958 BelgiumBrussels[28]
Roi Et Observation Tower101 m2020 ThailandRoi Et
Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower~100 m1908 United KingdomBirmingham, England
Beppu Tower1957 JapanBeppu
Hakata Port Tower1964 JapanFukuoka
Ještěd TV Tower1968 Czech RepublicJested
Hokkaido Centennial Monument1970 JapanSapporo
Bazita Peak TV Tower1975 HungaryZalaegerszeg
Holstein Tower1988 GermanySierksdorfAdditionally guyed Gyro-Tower
Faro de Moncloa1992 SpainMadrid

Towers proposed or under construction

This is a list of towers that are proposed or under construction with a minimum height of 250m

Tower
Year
Country
City
Pinnacle height
Status
Function
Ref
Dubai Creek Tower? United Arab EmiratesDubai828+ mon-holdobservation[29]
Hanoi Broadcast Tower?Hanoi636 mvisionobservation / telecommunications[30]
Huanghe Landmark Tower? ChinaLanzhou588 mproposedobservation / telecommunications[31]
The Constellation? QatarDoha500 mvisionobservation
Icon Siam Tower? ThailandBangkok459 mproposedobservation / telecommunications[32]
Tower Infinity?Incheon448 munder constructionobservation [33]
Holy Mosque Twin Minarets? Saudi ArabiaMecca420 munder constructionreligious[34]
Vodno Telecommunication Tower2024Skopje155 munder constructionobservation / telecommunications[35]
Malacca Tower? MalaysiaMalacca City135 mproposedobservation / telecommunications

Diagram

Image:Tallest towers in the world.svg|700px|center|rect 361 86 452 681 CN Towerrect 57 14 204 701 tokyo sky treerect 225 36 353 702 Canton Towerrect 480 110 598 689 Ostankino Towerrect 635 181 822 687 Oriental Pearl Tower

desc bottom-left

Timeline of tallest towers

FromToTowerCountryCity Pinnacle height
280 BC 1180 AD 122m (400feet)
1180 1240 Malmesbury Abbey Tower 131.3m (430.8feet)
1240 1311 150m (490feet)
1311 1549 159.7m (524feet)
1549 1647 151m (495feet)
1647 1874 142m (466feet)
1874 1876 147m (482feet)
1876 1880 151m (495feet)
1880 1884 157.38m (516.34feet)
1884 1889 169.3m (555.4feet)
1889 1956 312.27m (1,024.51feet)
1956 1957 317.6m (1,042feet)
1957 1958 320.75m (1,052.33feet)
1958 1967 332.6m (1,091.2feet)
1967 1975 540.1m (1,772feet)
1975 2009 553.33m (1,815.39feet)
2009 2011 604m (1,982feet)
2011 present 634m (2,080feet)

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings. ctbuh. www.ctbuh.org. en-GB. 5 October 2018.
  2. Web site: Gerometta. Marshall. Height: The History of Measuring Tall Buildings. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. CTBUH. 30 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170820074715/http://ctbuh.org/AboutCTBUH/History/MeasuringTall/tabid/1320/language/en-US/Default.aspx. 20 August 2017. dead.
  3. News: World's Tallest Tower Rises in Tokyo. https://web.archive.org/web/20111129192458/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/travelnews/2011/11/111128-worlds-tallest-tower-tokyo-travel/. dead. November 29, 2011. 29 November 2011. 26 July 2018.
  4. Web site: The Eiffel Tower grows to 330 meters tall! . Eiffel Tower Official website . 15 March 2022 . 2 January 2024.
  5. Web site: Huai'an TV Tower - The Skyscraper Center. 2021-01-06. www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  6. Web site: Huai'an TV Tower . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108115350/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1222963 . dead . January 8, 2021 . Emporis.
  7. Web site: Linyi Radio and TV Tower . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108171423/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263910 . dead . January 8, 2021 . Emporis.
  8. Web site: Yerevan TV Tower . Skyscraper Center. CTBUH. 15 October 2017.
  9. Web site: Shijiazhuang TV Tower. 2020-01-19. CTBUH.
  10. Web site: 1263911 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150119/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263911/luoyang-tv-tower-luoyang-china . dead . 2021-01-09 . Emporis.
  11. Web site: TV-Tower . https://web.archive.org/web/20220307123942/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/133807 . dead . March 7, 2022 . Emporis.
  12. Web site: Jilin Radio and TV Tower . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108130921/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1263903/jilin-radio-and-tv-tower-changchun-china . dead . 2021-01-08 . Emporis.
  13. Web site: Телевизионные объекты РТРС в Челябинской области. 2018-05-13. 2016-11-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20161119064452/http://chelyabinsk.rtrs.ru/gallery/TVobjectsChelObl/. 2016-11-19.
  14. Web site: Ujudvar TV Tower . Emporis.
  15. Web site: Sender Donnersberg . Emporis.
  16. Web site: Woobang Tower . https://web.archive.org/web/20210413023049/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/167597/woobang-tower-daegu-south-korea . dead . 2021-04-13 . Emporis.
  17. Web site: Xuzhou TV Tower - The Skyscraper Center. 2021-08-22. www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  18. Web site: Dalian Radio & TV Tower. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307154521/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104255/dalian-radio-tv-tower-dalian-china. March 7, 2021. dead. 2021-08-22. Emporis.
  19. Web site: (Un)Constitutional Monument . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . 16 June 2022 . en . 20 May 2011.
  20. News: Duke of Edinburgh officially opens Brighton's i360 tower. 27 March 2017. BBC News. 28 October 2016.
  21. Web site: Dubai Frame . Emporis . 25 May 2022 . en.
  22. Web site: Tallest airport control tower. 4 April 2017.
  23. Web site: TV Toren Ittervoort - The Skyscraper Center . 2023-08-05 . www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  24. Web site: Independence Monument . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307025451/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/239929/independence-monument-ashkabad-turkmenistan . dead . March 7, 2016 . Emporis . 25 May 2022 . en.
  25. Web site: ArcelorMittal Orbit . https://web.archive.org/web/20150713180509/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/1174894/arcelormittal-orbit-london-united-kingdom . dead . July 13, 2015 . Emporis . 30 May 2022 . en.
  26. Web site: Casino Tower . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122061953/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/146952/casino-tower-niagara-falls-canada . dead . January 22, 2021 . Emporis . 25 May 2022 . en.
  27. Web site: Baiterek . https://web.archive.org/web/20200219102732/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/331157/baiterek-nur-sultan-kazakhstan . dead . February 19, 2020 . Emporis . 25 May 2022 . en.
  28. Web site: Atomium . https://web.archive.org/web/20160807070225/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/108947/atomium-brussels-belgium . dead . August 7, 2016 . Emporis . 30 May 2022 . en.
  29. Web site: Dubai Creek Tower - The Skyscraper Center. www.skyscrapercenter.com. 27 December 2018.
  30. Web site: Hanoi Broadcast Tower - The Skyscraper Center. www.skyscrapercenter.com. 25 October 2018.
  31. Web site: Huanghe Landmark Tower - The Skyscraper Center. www.skyscrapercenter.com. 25 October 2018.
  32. Web site: Icon Siam Tower - The Skyscraper Center. www.skyscrapercenter.com. 25 October 2018.
  33. Web site: Cheongna City International Tower - The Skyscraper Center. www.skyscrapercenter.com. 25 October 2018.
  34. Web site: Holy Mosque Twin Minaret 1 - The Skyscraper Center. www.skyscrapercenter.com. 25 October 2018.
  35. Web site: Telecommunication Tower on Vodno, Skopje .