| Lopburi | |
| Other Name: | Lavo |
| Native Name: | Thai: ลพบุรี |
| Nickname: | Monkey City |
| Settlement Type: | Town Municipality |
| Mapsize: | 250px |
| Pushpin Map: | Thailand |
| Coordinates: | 14.8°N 100.6269°W |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | Thailand |
| Subdivision Type1: | Province |
| Subdivision Name1: | Lopburi Province |
| Subdivision Type2: | District |
| Subdivision Name2: | Amphoe Mueang Lopburi |
| Population Total: | 58,000 |
| Timezone: | ICT |
| Utc Offset: | +7 |
| Elevation M: | 19 |
Lopburi (Thai: ลพบุรี,, in Thai pronounced as /lóp bū.rīː/) is the capital city of Lopburi Province in Thailand. It is about 150km (90miles) northeast of Bangkok. It has a population of 58,000. The town (thesaban mueang) covers the whole tambon Tha Hin and parts of Thale Chup Son of Mueang Lopburi District, a total area of 6.85 km2.
See main article: History of Lopburi, Lavo Kingdom and Lawa people. The city has a history dating back to the Dvaravati period more than 1,000 years ago.[1] According to the Northern Chronicles, Lavo was founded by Phraya Kalavarnadishraj, who came from Takkasila (Modern Day Tak, Thailand) in 648 CE.[2] According to Thai records, Phraya Kakabatr from Takkasila (it is assumed that the city was Tak or Nakhon Chai Si) set the new era, Chula Sakarat in 638 CE, which was the era used by the Siamese and the Burmese until the 19th century. His son, Phraya Kalavarnadishraj founded the city a decade later. Lopburi, or Lavapura as it then was, was under the rule of the rising Angkor regime and became one of the most important centers in the Chao Phraya Basin from then on.[3] Epigraphic evidence indicates that the dominant population of the city was Mon.[4]
The earliest confirmed occurrence of the name Lavapura is on silver coins inscribed "lava" on the obverse and "pura" on the reverse in a Pallava-derived script of the seventh or eighth century; several such coins were recovered in 1966 from a hoard found in an ancient jar in U Thong.[5] [6]
Inscriptions say that Lopburi was incorporated into the administration structure of the Khmer Empire during the reign of Suryavarman I.[7] Control of Lopburi gave the Khmer Empire access to trade going through the Kra Isthmus.There is some evidence the Khmer Empire, under Suryavarman II, fought against the Mons in the 12th century over suzerainty. Lopburi sent embassies to China in 1115 and 1155.[8]
Lopburi (Lavo) is described in Book III of Marco Polo's Travels, where it is called Locach. This came from the Chinese (Cantonese) pronunciation of Lavo, "Lo-huk".[9] The city is referred to as "Lo-ho" in chapter 20 of the History of Yuan (元史 : Yuán Shǐ), the official history of the Mongol, or Yuan Dynasty of China. Due to a scribal error in Book III of Marco Polo's travels treating of the route southward from Champa, where the name Java was substituted for Champa as the point of departure, Java Minor was 1,300 miles to the south of Java Major, instead of from Champa, on or near an extension of the Terra Australis.[10] As explained by Sir Henry Yule, the editor of an English edition of Marco Polo's Travels: "Some geographers of the 16th century, following the old editions which carried the travellers south-east of Java to the land of Boeach (or Locac), introduced in their maps a continent in that situation".[11]
After the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century, Lopburi was a stronghold of Ayutthaya's rulers. It became the capital of the kingdom during the reign of King Narai the Great in the mid-17th century and the king resided there about eight months a year.
Lopburi lies on the Lopburi River at an elevation of 20m (70feet) mostly surrounded by alluvial plains, although some hills rise to between 300m (1,000feet) and 600m (2,000feet) to the north-east.
Lopburi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is very hot with the average daily maximum at 36.8°C. The monsoon season runs from late April through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.
The main road through Lobpuri is Route 1 (Phahonyothin Road), which starts in Bangkok, and continues through Lopburi, Chai Nat, Nakhon Sawan, Kamphaeng Phet, Tak, Lampang, Chiang Rai, and the border with Burma at Mae Sai. Route 311 leads west to Sing Buri, and Route 3196 leads south-west to Ang Thong.
Lopburi is a station of the State Railway of Thailand's Northern Line, forming the end of Bangkok's suburban service. Train service from Bangkok railway station (Hua Lamphong) in Bangkok usually takes about 2 hours. The third class train costs less than $1 and is a great way to experience the local culture and the "Real Thailand".
Lopburi had a short-lived tramway system, operating between 1955-1962. It was the only provincial tramway system outside Bangkok.
The Khok Kathiam Air Force Base is 10km (10miles) northeast of the town.
Today the city is best known for the thousands of crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) that live in the middle of the city, especially around the Khmer temple, Prang Sam Yot and a Khmer shrine, Sarn Phra Karn. It is suspected that urban expansion caused the monkeys to adapt to city life. They are fed by the local people, especially during the Monkey Festival. This festival usually occurs on the last Sunday of November. The monkeys can be aggressive, are not afraid of humans, and often steal whatever items or food they can find from unwary visitors. Most of the hotels and guesthouses in Lopburi are "monkey-proofed", using screen wire, or by screwing the windows shut.
In the city signs are posted reading:
During the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic, lack of tourists prompted hungry monkeys to harass local residents.[13] [14]