Longwu Explained

Longwu
C:	隆武
P:	Lóngwǔ
W:	Lung-wu
L:	"plentiful and martial"

Longwu (18 August 1645 – 4 February 1647) was the era name of the Longwu Emperor of the Southern Ming. It was used for 2 years. On 24 December 1646 (Longwu 2, 18th day of the 11th month), after the Yongli Emperor ascended to the throne, he continued to use this era name, and the following year, the era was changed to Yongli.

From 11 October (14th day of the 9th month) to 21 October (24th day of the 9th month) 1647, Zhang Huashan (張華山), a rebel leader in Huai'an, used this era name to start his uprising.^{[1] [2]}

From 2 March (9th day of the 2nd month) 1648 to 1 March (19th day of the 1st month) 1649, Jin Shenghuan (金聲桓), commander (總兵, zong bing) of Jiangxi, used this era name to start his uprising.^{[3] [4]}

Comparison table

The Gānzhī of each month on the right side of the table was the first day of each month. "(Long)" means that the month has 30 days, and "(Short)" means that the month has 29 days. The numbers in the "leap month" table indicate the X leap month of that year, and the numbers below the first day of each month indicate the corresponding Western calendar date.

AD	Gānzhī 干支	Year	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	leapmon.
1645	Yǐyǒu 乙酉	Longwu 1 (隆武元年)							Gēngxū (Long) 庚戌(大) 21/08	Gēngchén (Short) 庚辰(小) 20/09	Jǐyǒu (Long) 己酉(大) 19/10	Jǐmǎo (Long) 己卯(大) 18/11	Jǐyǒu (Long) 己酉(大) 18/12	Jǐmǎo (Long) 己卯(大)己卯(大) 17/01/1646
1646	Bǐngxū 丙戌	Longwu 2 (隆武二年)	Jǐyǒu (Short) 己酉(小) 16/02	Wùyín (Long) 戊寅(大) 17/03	Wùshēn (Short) 戊申(小) 16/04	Dīngchǒu (Short) 丁丑(小) 15/05	Bǐngwǔ (Long) 丙午(大) 13/06	Bǐngzǐ (Short) 丙子(小) 13/07	Yǐsì (Short) 乙巳(小) 11/08	Jiǎxū (Long) 甲戌(大) 09/09	Jiǎchén (Short) 甲辰(小) 09/10	Guǐyǒu (Long) 癸酉(大) 07/11	Guǐmǎo (Long) 癸卯(大) 07/12	Guǐyǒu (Long) 癸酉(大) 06/01/1647	—

Longwu	1	2	3	4	5
AD	1645	1646	1647	1648	1649
Qing dynasty	Shunzhi 2 順治二年	3 三年	4 四年	5 五年	6 六年

Other regime eras that existed during the same period

• China
  • Shunzhi (順治, 1644–1661): Qing dynasty — era name of the Shunzhi Emperor
  • Qingguang (清光, 1645): Qing period — era name of Hu Shoulong (胡守龍)
  • Jianguo Lu (監國魯, 1646–1653): Southern Ming — era name of Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu
  • Dingwu (定武, 1646–1664): Southern Ming — era name of Zhu Benli (Zhu Danji), Prince of Han (Doubtful)
  • Dongwu (東武, 1648): Southern Ming — era name of Zhu Changqing, Prince of Huai
  • Dashun (大順, 1644–1646): Xi dynasty — era name of Zhang Xianzhong
• Vietnam
  • Phúc Thái (福泰, 1643–1649): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Chân Tông
  • Thuận Đức (順德, 1638–1677): Mạc dynasty — era name of Mạc Kính Vũ
• Japan
  • Shōhō (正保, 1644–1648): era name of Emperor Go-Kōmyō

See also

• List of Chinese era names
• List of Ming dynasty era names

Further reading

• Book: Li Chongzhi (李崇智). Zhongguo lidai nianhao kao (中國歷代年號考). December 2004. Zhonghua Book Co. (中華書局). Beijing (北京). 7101025129.
• Book: Deng Hongbo (鄧洪波). Chronology of East Asian history (東亞歷史年表). pdf. March 2005. National Taiwan University, Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures (國立臺灣大學東亞經典與文化研究計劃). Taipei (臺北). 9789860005189. 2021-11-26. 2007-08-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20070825002742/http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm.

Notes and References

1. Li Chongzhi (李崇智). Zhongguo lidai nianhao kao (中國歷代年號考), p. 226
2. Zhao Erxun (趙爾巽). Draft History of Qing (清史稿), Shizu 1: On the 18th day of the 9th month of the 4th year of Shunzhi, Zhang Huashan and others in Huai'an used the Longwu era name to gather at Miaowan. On the day of Dingsi, Li Youlong was appointed as the Tianjin Xunfu. On the day of Xinyou, the official army attacked the Miaowan bandits and defeated them.
3. Qing Shizu Shilu (清世祖實錄), Volume 36: On the day of Jiaxu in the second month of the fifth year of Shunzhi, Jiangnan Jiangxi Henan Governor Ma Guozhu reported that Jin Shenghuan, the commander of Jiangxi, rebelled in Nanchang, falsely claiming to be Duke of Yu, Wang Deren falsely claiming to be Marquis Jianwu, and other generals falsely claiming various positions, using the false Longwu era name, attacking counties and cities, looting ships, and declaring intentions to sail eastward to spy on Jiangnan, requesting urgent dispatch of a large army to suppress them. The document was forwarded to the Ministry of War.
4. Qing Shizu Shilu (清世祖實錄), Volume 42: On the day of Renwu in the first month, generals such as Gushan Ezhen Tan Tai and Gushan Ezhen Helu reported that Jiangxi had been swiftly pacified, reporting that on the 18th day of the first month of last year, they besieged and surrounded the bandits under Nanchang Prefecture. By the 18th day of this year, Gushan Ezhen Helu, leading the Guard Army with the support of the Adjutant General K'ertala and acting as the magistrate, arrived south of the city, erected cloud ladders, and launched an attack. Afternoon on the 19th day, Mongolian Gushan troops took the lead, Jin Shenghuan was struck by two arrows and drowned, his body was displayed by hanging to the public, Wang Deren was captured alive and executed, the bandit party was entirely wiped out, and prefectural regions such as Nanchang, Jiujiang, Nankang, Ruizhou, Linjiang, and Yuanzhou were all pacified.