| Long Distance Service Line | |
| Locale: | Contiguous United States |
| Transit Type: | Inter-city rail |
| Began Operation: | May 1, 1971 |
| Lines: | 15 |
| Average Speed: | between stations[1] |
| Top Speed: | (NEC) |
| Operator: | Amtrak |
| Annual Ridership: | 3,944,124 |
The Long Distance Service Line is the division of Amtrak responsible for operating all intercity passenger train services in the United States longer than . There are fifteen such routes, serving over 300 stations in 39 states.[2]
Amtrak's long-distance routes form the backbone of the US national rail network, providing an alternative to intercity drives or flights. They are also noted for their scenery, and are popular as vacations and experiential travel.[3] A few routes provide direct service to National Parks, with Amtrak Thruway buses reaching many more.[4]
The rider experience of Amtrak's long-distance trains is distinct from its Northeast Corridor and state-supported services. All trains except the involve at least one night of travel, and so are outfitted with sleeping and dining cars.[2] Routes depart once daily in each direction, at most, so some stops are served only at night.[5] Delays are commonplace on long-distance trains, as the tracks are generally controlled by freight railroad companies.[6]
While anchored by major cities, long-distance trains also serve many rural communities en route (unlike commercial flights). A minority of passengers ride an entire route at once, with most traveling between a terminus and an intermediate stop.[7] In FY2023, Amtrak's long-distance trains carried 3,944,124 riders, around 14% of the company's total.[8] However, the routes account for about 42% of passenger miles traveled.[7]
Amtrak operates two types of long-distance trains: single-level and bi-level. Due to height restrictions on the Northeast Corridor, all six routes that terminate at New York Penn Station operate as single-level trains with Amfleet coaches and Viewliner sleeping cars. The remaining nine long-distance routes operate as bi-level trains with Superliner coaches and sleeping cars. Both single-level and bi-level trains are equipped with Viewliner baggage cars. Amtrak plans to replace all of its long-distance rail cars by 2032, except for the Viewliner II fleet.
Long-distance trains are typically hauled by GE Genesis diesel locomotives. Trains which traverse the Northeast Corridor use Siemens ACS-64 electric locomotives for that segment of their routes, switching engines at Washington Union Station. Amtrak is in the process of replacing all of its long-distance locomotives with diesel-electric Siemens Charger units by 2032. In 2022 the became the first route to receive the new locomotives.[9]
In FY2022, Amtrak's long-distance trains averaged between stations. Dwell time at stations averaged four minutes each, while dwell time at stations with crew changes or enroute servicing averaged 20 minutes each.[1] Trains operating on the Northeast Corridor reach top speeds of in some stretches. The top speed for long-distance trains outside the northeast is, reached by the between Chicago and St. Louis.[10]
In a practice not seen elsewhere in the Amtrak network, four long-distance trains divide partway along their routes. This allows trains to serve multiple endpoints without requiring passengers to transfer, and provides efficiency over the shared route segments. Westbound from the divides at, with sections to and . Eastbound from Chicago the divides at, with sections to and Boston. The and are combined between and, where the Texas Eagle continues to Chicago and the Sunset Limited to . On the reverse trips the trains are coupled at these stations.
All long-distance Amtrak trains have checked baggage service, save for the, which instead allows passengers to transport items in their vehicles. On every other route, passengers are allowed two personal items, two carry-on bags, and two free checked bags. Two additional bags, oversized bags, and bicycles may be checked for a fee. However, baggage and bikes cannot be checked at certain unstaffed stations.[11] [12] [13] [14] Small dogs and cats in carriers are allowed on trips shorter than seven hours for an additional fee. Service animals are exempt from pet restrictions.[15]
All long-distance routes have café car service offering takeaway meals, snacks, drinks, and alcohol.[16], sleeping car passengers also have access to one of two types of restaurant-style dining. Traditional Dining is available on eight routes and consists of full table service in a dining car. Six routes instead feature Flexible Dining, where passengers may order hot meals to be delivered to their room or lounge.[17] [18] Passengers may also bring their own food and drink.[19]
Amtrak provides free basic Wi-Fi on seven of its long-distance routes: the,,,,,, and . The service is intended to support low-bandwidth uses only.[20] Onboard internet is dependent on cell towers along the route of the train, so speed and availability correspond to regional cell coverage.[21]
| Name | Western terminus | Eastern terminus | data-sort-type=number | Numbers | Miles (km) | Average duration | Passenger cars[22] | Dining | Round trips per week |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| data-sort-value="829" | 15 hr 19 min | Amfleet | Café only | 7 | |||||
| data-sort-value="1147" | 27 hr 45 min | Amfleet II, Viewliner | Flexible | 3 | |||||
| data-sort-value="1377" | 31 hr 42 min | 7 | |||||||
| data-sort-value="959" | 19 hr 41 min | ||||||||
| Boston | data-sort-value="1018" | 21 hr 45 min | |||||||
| data-sort-value="1389" | 27 hr 44 min | Traditional | |||||||
| data-sort-value="1522" | 31 hr 33 min | ||||||||
| data-sort-value="764" | 17 hr 30 min | Superliner | Flexible | ||||||
| data-sort-value="926" | 19 hr 30 min | ||||||||
| Sanford, Florida | Lorton, Virginia | data-sort-value="855" | 17 hr | Traditional | |||||
| Emeryville, California | data-sort-value="2438" | 51 hr 55 min | |||||||
| data-sort-value="1377" | 34 hr 40 min | ||||||||
| data-sort-value="2206" | 45 hr 43 min | ||||||||
| data-sort-value="2257" | 45 hr 23 min | ||||||||
| data-sort-value="2256" | 43 hr | ||||||||
| data-sort-value="1995" | 46 hr 8 min | 3 | |||||||
| data-sort-value="2728" | 65 hr 45 min | Traditional (LAX–SAS) | |||||||
| data-sort-value="1306" | 31 hr 30 min | Flexible | 7 |
Amtrak's long-distance network is a legacy of the railroad age, when trains operated by private railroad companies were the fastest and sometimes only mode of intercity transportation. The mid-20th century saw steep disinvestment in passenger rail relative to air and highway travel. Passenger trains became financial burdens for railroad companies, who sought to discontinue them. As a solution, Congress created Amtrak, a government-owned company, to operate intercity rail as a public service. Most railroads opted-in and transferred their passenger rail operations to Amtrak on May 1, 1971. After the Southern Railway opted-in to Amtrak in 1979, and the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad in 1983, Amtrak was left as the sole long-distance train operator in the US.
In the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 (PRIIA), Congress divided Amtrak's routes into three strictly-defined service lines: Northeast Corridor routes, short distance corridors (less than), and long-distance routes of more than . Unlike short distance "state-supported" corridors, long-distance routes could continue to receive full federal funding.[23] [24]
In Amtrak's first year, 1971, it significantly overhauled the long-distance rail network in the United States. In addition to selecting which existing routes to retain, Amtrak created several new routes: the Coast Starlight, North Coast Hiawatha, and Lake Shore. It also renamed several routes: the Spirit of St. Louis became the National Limited, the City of New Orleans the Panama Limited, and the South Wind the Floridian. The following year, 1972, the City of San Francisco was renamed the San Francisco Zephyr and the Lake Shore was discontinued.The Inter-American entered service in 1973 as short-distance train between Laredo and Fort Worth. It was extended north to St. Louis in 1974 and further to in 1976. In 1974 Amtrak renamed the Super Chief to the Southwest Limited and the Texas Chief to the Lone Star following the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway revoking permission to use the "Chief" names.
The Mountaineer and Lake Shore Limited began service in 1975, and the Palmetto in 1976. The Mountaineer lasted only until 1977, at which point it was replaced by the Hilltopper. The Pioneer also entered service in 1977, and the James Whitcomb Riley was renamed the Cardinal.
1979 was a year of major restructuring. Six long-distance routes were discontinued by the Carter Administration for not meeting a minimum farebox recovery ratio: the Lone Star, Champion, North Coast Hiawatha, National Limited, Floridian, and Hilltopper. As limited compensation, a Houston section was added to the Inter-American, a St. Petersburg section to the Silver Meteor, and the Empire Builder was rerouted to St. Cloud. Meanwhile, the Southern Railway transferred its last remaining passenger route, the Southern Crescent, to Amtrak, who renamed it the Crescent. The Desert Wind also entered service in 1979.
In 1981 the Capitol Limited began service, while the Inter-American was truncated to San Antonio, stripped of its Houston section, and renamed the Eagle. The Empire Builder was rerouted to, bypassing the Yakima Valley, while a section was added. The Panama Limited was renamed back to the City of New Orleans in hopes of capitalizing on the song of the same name.
The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad opted-in to Amtrak in 1983. As a result, Amtrak rerouted its San Francisco Zephyr over the former route of the D&RGW's Rio Grande Zephyr between Denver and Salt Lake City, renaming the train the California Zephyr. Amtrak also began operating the Auto Train in 1983.
In 1984 Amtrak renamed the Southwest Limited to the Southwest Chief alongside the deployment of Superliner equipment, and also initiated the River Cities as a section of the City of New Orleans. In 1988 the Eagle was renamed the Texas Eagle, and in 1989 Amtrak began the Gulf Breeze as a section of the Crescent.
In 1990 the Capitol Limited and Broadway Limited were rerouted between and Chicago, bypassing . The Capitol Limited was moved to serve and, the Broadway Limited to and .Amtrak extended the Sunset Limited east to Florida in 1993, creating its only coast-to-coast route. The River Cities was discontinued the same year.
Amtrak discontinued the Tampa section of the Silver Meteor in 1994.
In 1995 Amtrak discontinued the Gulf Breeze, Palmetto, and Broadway Limited, the latter being partially replaced with the short-distance Three Rivers. Meanwhile, the City of New Orleans was rerouted west to between and .
In 1996 the Three Rivers was extended to Chicago and the Silver Palm was introduced, essentially restoring service on the routes of the Broadway Limited and Palmetto that had ended the prior year. The Sunset Limited was rerouted to bypass at the request of Union Pacific.In 1997, funding issues forced Amtrak to discontinue the Desert Wind and Pioneer, severing Las Vegas, Wyoming, and Southern Idaho from the rail network.[25]
The Silver Palm was renamed to Palmetto in 2002, restoring the route's former name. In 2005 the Three Rivers was discontinued following the cancellation of a related Postal Service contract. That same year, the Sunset Limited was suspended east of New Orleans due to track damage from Hurricane Katrina.
| Discontinued Amtrak long-distance routes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Year started | Year discontinued | Eastern terminus | Western terminus | Later analog | |
| 1971 | data-sort-value="1529" | 1977 | Washington, DC | Chicago, IL | ||
| 1975 | 1977 | Norfolk, VA | Chicago, IL | |||
| 1971 | 1979 | New York, NY | St. Petersburg, FL | |||
| 1971 | 1979 | Miami, FLSt. Petersburg, FL | Chicago, IL | |||
| 1977 | 1979 | Boston, MA | Catlettsburg, KY | |||
| 1974 | 1979 | Chicago, IL | Houston, TX | |||
| National Limited | 1971 | 1979 | New York, NY | Kansas City, MO | ||
| 1971 | 1979 | Chicago, IL | Seattle, WA | |||
| 1973 | 1981 | Chicago, IL | Laredo, TX | |||
| 1984 | 1993 | New Orleans, LA | Kansas City, MO | |||
| 1989 | 1995 | New York, NY | Mobile, AL | |||
| Texas Eagle - Houston | 1988 | 1995 | Chicago, IL | Houston, TX | ||
| Sunset Limited - Phoenix | 1971 | 1996 | New Orleans, LA | Los Angeles, CA | Amtrak Thruway | |
| 1979 | 1997 | Chicago, IL | Los Angeles, CA | |||
| 1977 | 1997 | Chicago, IL | Seattle, WA | |||
| Silver Palm/Palmetto | 1982/1976 | 1985/1995 | New York, NY | Tampa, FLMiami, FL | ||
| Sunset Limited - East | 1993 | 2005 | Orlando, FLMiami, FL | Los Angeles, CA | ||
| Broadway Limited/Three Rivers | 1971, 1995 | 1995, 2005 | New York, NY | Chicago, IL | ||
In 2017, North Carolina and Connecticut were in talks to extend the Carolinian from New York to . The resultant 779miles route would cross the 750miles threshold required to categorize the Carolinian as a long-distance train, thus freeing North Carolina of its funding obligations.[26] [27]
In November 2021, Congress passed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Section 22214 of the law orders the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to study the restoration of all long-distance Amtrak routes that had been discontinued, daily service on non-daily trains (the and), and the possibility of new long-distance routes—particularly those that were discontinued upon the formation of Amtrak.[28]
Work on the Amtrak Daily Long-Distance Service Study began in September 2022.[29] Materials published in February 2023 indicated that the FRA was studying 18 discontinued long-distance Amtrak routes, as well as four that were discontinued in 1971: the City of Miami, George Washington, Pan-American, and San Francisco Chief.[30]
In February 2024, the FRA released its preferred draft network of fifteen new long-distance routes. The plan would increase the coverage of the long-distance Amtrak network by 23,200 route miles, reaching an additional 45 million population, 61 metropolitan statistical areas, 24 congressional districts, twelve National Park Service sites, and two states (Wyoming and South Dakota). Another round of public input will take place before the final set of routes are recommended to Congress in spring 2024.[31] [32]
| Designation | Route | Miles (km) | Duration | Historic analog | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago–Miami | Chicago – Indianapolis – Louisville – Nashville – Chattanooga – Atlanta – Macon – Jacksonville – Orlando – Miami | data-sort-value="1529" | 36 hr | Floridian | ||
| Dallas/Fort Worth–Miami | Dallas–Fort Worth – Shreveport – Baton Rouge – New Orleans – Mobile – Pensacola – Tallahassee – Jacksonville – Miami | data-sort-value="1498" | 36 hr | |||
| Denver–Houston | Denver – Colorado Springs – Trinidad – Amarillo – Dallas–Fort Worth – Bryan – Houston | data-sort-value="1096" | 26 hr | |||
| Los Angeles–Denver | Los Angeles – Barstow – Las Vegas – Salt Lake City – Cheyenne – Denver | data-sort-value="1440" | 33 hr | Desert Wind | ||
| Phoenix–Minneapolis/St. Paul | Phoenix – Flagstaff – Albuquerque – Amarillo – Wichita – Kansas City – Omaha – Sioux Falls – Minneapolis–Saint Paul | data-sort-value="2186" | 48 hr | |||
| Dallas/Fort Worth–New York | Dallas–Fort Worth – Oklahoma City – Tulsa – Springfield – St. Louis – Indianapolis – Cincinnati – Columbus – Pittsburgh – Philadelphia – New York City | data-sort-value="1854" | 45 hr | National Limited | ||
| Houston–New York | Houston – New Orleans – Mobile – Montgomery – Atlanta – Chattanooga – Lynchburg – Washington, D.C. – Philadelphia – New York City | data-sort-value="1840" | 44 hr | Southerner | ||
| Seattle–Denver | Seattle – Portland – Boise – Pocatello – Salt Lake City – Grand Junction – Denver | data-sort-value="1671" | 40 hr | Pioneer | ||
| San Antonio–Minneapolis/St. Paul | San Antonio – Dallas–Fort Worth – Tulsa – Kansas City – Des Moines – Minneapolis–Saint Paul | data-sort-value="1572" | 32 hr | Twin Star Rocket | ||
| San Francisco–Dallas/Fort Worth | San Francisco – Bakersfield – Barstow – Phoenix – Tucson – El Paso – Midland – Dallas–Fort Worth | data-sort-value="1911" | 43 hr | |||
| Detroit–New Orleans | Detroit – Columbus – Cincinnati – Louisville – Nashville – Birmingham – Montgomery – Mobile – New Orleans | data-sort-value="1246" | 29 hr | Pan-American | ||
| Denver–Minneapolis/St. Paul | Denver – Cheyenne – Rapid City – Pierre – Sioux Falls – Minneapolis–Saint Paul | data-sort-value="1136" | 26 hr | |||
| Seattle–Chicago | Seattle – Yakima – Spokane – Sandpoint – Helena – Billings – Bismarck – Fargo – Minneapolis–Saint Paul – Milwaukee – Chicago | data-sort-value="2096" | 50 hr | North Coast Hiawatha | ||
| Dallas/Fort Worth–Atlanta | Dallas–Fort Worth – Shreveport – Jackson – Meridian – Birmingham – Atlanta | data-sort-value="870" | 22 hr | |||
| El Paso–Billings | El Paso – Las Cruces – Albuquerque – Trinidad – Colorado Springs – Denver – Cheyenne – Casper – Billings | data-sort-value="1393" | 31 hr |