Piper sarmentosum explained

Piper sarmentosum (lolot pepper, lolot, wild betel) is a plant in the family Piperaceae used in many Southeast Asian cuisines. The leaves are often confused with betel,^[1] but they lack the intense taste of the betel leaves and are significantly smaller.

Piper lolot (lolot) is now known to be the same species. Under this name it is cultivated for its leaf which is used in Lao and Vietnamese cuisine as a flavoring wrap for grilling meats, namely the thịt bò nướng lá lốt in Vietnam.^[2]

Names

There is no "official" English name for it, but it is sometimes called wild betel. It is known as chaphlu (Thai: ชะพลู, in Thai pronounced as /t͡ɕʰá.pʰlūː/) or cha phlu (Thai: ช้าพลู, in Thai pronounced as /t͡ɕʰáː pʰlūː/) in Thai; phak i leut or pak eelerd (ຜັກອີ່ເລີດ) in Lao; and pokok kadok in Malay. In Vietnam, the local name of Piper lolot  - lá lốt  - is applied to P. sarmentosum also. It is also known as lolot pepper.^[3] In Vietnamese it is called lá lốt (or sometimes in the South lá lốp). In Khmer, it is called japloo ចាព្លូ (or jeeploo ជីរភ្លូ), in Thai chaphloo ชะพลู, in Lao phak ee lert ຜັກອີ່ເລີດ (or phak nang lert ຜັກນາງເລີດ).

Description

This plant is a perennial herb with creeping rhizomes, and a striped stem that grow to 40 cm high. Its leaves are thin, heart-shaped, and 8–10 cm long and 8–11 cm wide, with 5 main veins from the base of the blade, oil glands on the upper surface, and finely pubescent veins on its under side. Its petioles are 2.5–3 cm long. Erect white spikes of 1–2 cm long emerge at the axils.^[4]

Geographic distribution

Piper sarmentosum is found from the tropical areas of Southeast Asia, Northeast India and South China, and as far as the Andaman Islands. Living collections of this taxon from the Andaman Islands is under ex situ conservation outside the islands at the Field Gene Bank of Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India. It is a pre-tsunami accession.^[5]

In cuisine

Piper sarmentosum leaves are sold in bunches and are usually eaten raw.

• In Chinese cuisine, the chopped leaves are a primary ingredient in the dish of wild betel rice (蛤蒌饭) from Zhanjiang in Guangdong province. It is also used in herbal remedies of traditional Chinese medicine.
• In Bangladeshi cuisine, chopped leaves are tossed with chopped onion, green chili and a dash of mustard oil to be eaten as a salad with plain rice.
• In Thai cuisine, the leaves are used to wrap miang kham, a traditional snack; they are also one of the ingredients of the Kaeng khae curry of Northern Thailand.^[6] The curry is named after these leaves, which are known as khae in Northern Thailand.
• In Laotian cuisine, it is eaten as part of a salad.
• In Malay cuisine it is shredded for ulam, a type of Malay salad.
• In Vietnamese cuisine it is grilled in bò nướng lá lốt, a typical Southern Vietnamese dish. Minced beef is marinated with seasoning, soya sauce and various finely chopped spices such as garlic, onion and lemongrass then wrapped in Piper lolot leaves and grilled, which brings smokey flavor to the beef. It is served with rice noodles, fresh herbs, sliced star fruits and pineapples, and fermented fish sauce mắm nêm

The practice of wrapping meat in vine leaves originated in the Middle East, which was taken to India by the Persians.^[7] It was subsequently introduced by the Indians to Southeast Asia. However, grape vines do not grow well in tropical climates, so the Vietnamese started to use leaves of lolot instead.^[7] It is native to the Indochinese region and recently introduced to the United States by Lao and Vietnamese immigrants.^[3] It is also used for medicinal purposes, to relieve a wide range of symptoms from inflammation to snakebites.

Traditional medicine

Piper sarmentosum leaves are used in traditional Asian medicines.^[8] Chemical analysis has shown the leaves contain the antioxidant naringenin.^[9] Amides from P. sarmentosum fruit have been shown to have anti-tuberculosis and anti-plasmodial activities.^[10] It was tested against various bacteria species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in 2010.^[11]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Piper sarmentosum . Asia Food Glossary . Asia Source . 2008-09-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071027115319/http://www.asiafood.org/glossary_2.cfm?wordid=3252 . 2007-10-27 . dead .
2. Book: McGee, Harold . On Food and Cooking . Scribner . 2004 . 978-0-684-80001-1 . 410. Harold McGee . Revised .
3. Book: Seidemann, Johannes . World Spice Plants: Economic Usage, Botany, Taxonomy . limited . Springer . 2005 . 978-3-540-22279-8 . 292.
4. Book: Yoshitaka . Tanaka . Nguyen . Van Ke . 2007 . Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden . Thailand: Orchid Press . 978-9745240896 . 111.
5. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. – An addition to the flora of Andaman Islands. . Current Science . 87 . 2 . July 25, 2004 . 2024-07-15.
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E92bq_9fJp8 Kaeng Khae Kai (Katurai Chilli Soup with Chicken)
7. Book: Davidson, Alan . The Oxford Companion to Food . . 1999 . 978-0-19-211579-9 . 828. The Oxford Companion to Food . Alan Davidson (food writer) .
8. Hussain . Khalid . Furqan . Hashmi . Kurshid . Latif . Abida . Ismail . Zhari . Sadikun . Amirin . 2012 . A review of the literature and latest advances in research of Piper sarmentosum . Pharmaceutical Biology . 50 . 8. 1045–1052 . 10.3109/13880209.2011.654229. 22486533 . 24679676 .
9. Natural Antioxidants: Piper sarmentosum (Kadok) and Morinda elliptica (Mengkudu) . Subramaniam . Vimala . . 2003 . 9 . 1 . 41–51 . 22692531 . 2008-09-08 . dead . https://archive.today/20120716210205/http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/2713/ . 2012-07-16 .
10. Chemical constituents and bioactivity of Piper sarmentosum . Journal of Ethnopharmacology . 93 . 2–3 . August 2004 . 10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.022 . 15234750 . 173–6. Rukachaisirikul . Thitima . Siriwattanakit . Puttan . Sukcharoenphol . Kanchanawadee . Wongvein . Chanika . Ruttanaweang . Phongpan . Wongwattanavuch . Phaopong . Suksamrarn . Apichart .
11. Fernandez . L. . Daruliza . K. . Sudhakaran . S. . Jegathambigai . R. . Antimicrobial activity of the crude extract of Piper sarmentosum against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. . European Review of Medical Pharmacological Science . 2010 . 16 . 3 . 105–111.