The Lokayukta (also Lok Ayukta; lokāyukta, "civil commissioner") is the Indian Parliamentary Ombudsman, executed into power, through and for, each of the State Governments of India. It is brought into effect in a state after passing the Lokayukta Act in the respective state legislature, and a person of reputable background is nominated for the post. The post was created to quickly address the working of the government or its administration (public servants). Once appointed, Lokayukta cannot be dismissed or transferred by the government, and can only be removed by passing an impeachment motion by the state assembly.[1] [2] [3] [4]
The Administrative Reforms Commission for Redressal of Citizen's Grievances submitted its interim report to the prime minister in October 1966, with recommendations to set up the Institution of Lokayukta in each of the States. The aim of this institution was to investigate complaints against administrative actions and to improve the standard of public administration in India. The existing systems to handle these issues, such as courts, departmental authorities, and other avenues, were deemed insufficient to deal with issues of corruption and other malpractices by public servants. Therefore, an alternative and efficient system was needed.
In 1968, the Government of India, on the basis of the Administrative Reforms Commission report and its recommendation, established the institution of Lokayukta on the pattern of the Ombudsman Institution and introduced a bill that provided for the appointment of Lok-Pal and its deputies at the national level and included Lokayukta for the states. Though the bill passed in the Lok Sabha (Lower House) it could not be passed in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House). However, the bill formed the basis of legislation in several States for the creation of Lokayukta and the provisions of the Lokayukta Acts varied from one state to another. As a result of this, resolutions were adopted in the 1st All India Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Conference held in Shimla to maintain uniformity in the provisions of various Acts of the states, and the same was reiterated in the All India Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Conference held in Bhopal on 9 and 10 October 2010. It was resolved that uniformity in the Acts of all the States is necessary, and hence it was planned through a Central Legislation.
Naresh Kadyan moved public interest litigation before High Court and then contempt of court order petition for not appointing Lokayukta in Haryana.The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC), headed by Morarji Desai, submitted a special interim report on "Problems of Redressal of Citizen's Grievances" in 1966. In this report, the ARC recommended the setting up of two special authorities designated as 'Lokpal' and 'Lokayukta' for the redressal of citizens' grievances.
The Lokayukta, along with the Income Tax Department and the Anti Corruption Bureau, mainly helps people publicise corruption among the politicians and government officials.[5] Many acts of the LokAyukta have resulted in criminal or other consequences for those charged.[6]
Maharashtra was the first state to introduce the institution of Lokayukta through The Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act in 1971.[7] [8] This was followed by similar acts that were enacted by the states of Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Delhi. The powers of Lokayukta in each state are different, and efforts are being made to make them uniform.
The Lokayukta is appointed by the Governor of the State, through nomination by its Chief Minister (in consensus with Chief justice of the State High Court, Leaders of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and Chairman of the Legislative Council). Once appointed, Lokayukta can not be dismissed nor transferred by the government, and can only be removed by passing an impeachment motion by the state assembly.[1] Any person who is a judge or a retired Chief Justice or a retired judge of the High Court is eligible to be appointed as Lokayukta.[9]
| Timeline | Sequence of Events | |
|---|---|---|
| 1963 | Concept was first considered during a parliamentary discussion on budgetary allocation for the Law ministry.[10] | |
| 1966 | Administrative Reforms Commission headed by Late Shri.Morarji Desai gives its first report on the problems of addressing citizens' grievances against the administration. The report recommends the establishment of the Lokayukta and the Lokpal institutions at the State and the Central Governments to investigate grievances against the governments and public servants. It also recommends that it act as an independent entity.[11] | |
| 1968 | Lokpal Bill first introduced into the parliament but is not passed. (Eight more unsuccessful attempts were made between 1968 and 2011). The State of Orissa passed the bill, but is able to establish this post only later in 1983. | |
| 1971 | Maharashtra passes the bill in its assembly successfully. | |
| 1972 | Maharashtra implements this post, bringing it into effect on 25 October 1972, becoming the first ever government in India to establish the Lokayukta. | |
| 1983 | Orissa establishes the office of the Lokayukta (Act passed in 1971). Few other states follow | |
| 2002 | M. N. Venkatachaliah heads a commission recommending the appointment of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas; The commission also recommends that the PM be kept out of its authority. | |
| 2005 | The second Administrative Reforms Commission headed by Veerappa Moily, presses for establishing Lokpal without delay. | |
| 2011 | Anna Hazare leads India's anti corruption movement demanding that the Indian Government immediately address the issue of corruption. Presses for a Lokpal.[12] Government forms a committee of Ministers headed by Pranab Mukherjee to examine the Lokpal bill and make recommendations for its implementation. | |
| 2013 | Lokpal Bill passes in both houses of the Parliament, and formally becomes the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act. | |
| 2016 | Government of India makes amendments to the Act mandating public officers, their spouses and dependent children to declare and file their Assets & Liabilities every year.[13] |
| Lokayukta/Lokayog | Incumbent | |
|---|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta[14] | Justice P. Lakshman Reddy | |
| Justice Prashanta Kumar Saikia[15] | ||
| Assam Lokayukta[16] | Justice C. R. Sarma[17] | |
| Bihar Lokayukta[18] | Justice Shyam Kishore Sharma | |
| Chhattisgarh Lokayog[19] | T. P. Sharma | |
| Delhi Lokayukta[20] | Justice Harish Chandra Mishra | |
| Goa Lokayukta[21] | Justice Prafulla Kumar Mishra | |
| Gujarat Lokayukta[22] | Justice Rajesh Shukla | |
| Haryana Lokayukta[23] | Hari Pal Verma[24] | |
| Himachal Pradesh Lokayukta[25] | C. B. Barowalia | |
| Jharkhand Lokayukta[26] | Justice D. N. Upadhyay | |
| Karnataka Lokayukta[27] | Justice P. Vishwanatha Shetty (Lokayukta) [28] Justice Narayanappa Ananda (Upa-Lokayukta) Retd. High Court Judge B S Patil | |
| Kerala Lokayukta[29] | Justice Cyriac Joseph (Lokayukta), Justice A. K. Basheer (Upa-Lokayukta), Justice Babu Mathew P. Joseph (Upa-Lokayukta) | |
| Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta[30] | Justice Naresh Kumar Gupta | |
| Maharashtra Lokayukta[31] | Sanjay Bhatia (Upa-Lokayukta and Lokayukta-in-Charge)[32] [33] | |
| Manipur Lokayukta[34] | Justice (Retd.) T. Nandakumar Singh | |
| Meghalaya Lokayukta[35] | Pranoy Kumar Musahary | |
| Mizoram Lokayukta[36] | C. Lalsawta | |
| Nagaland Lokayukta[37] | Justice Uma Nath Singh | |
| Odisha Lokayukta[38] | Justice Ajit Singh | |
| Punjab Lokayukta[39] | Justice Vinod Kumar Sharma | |
| Rajasthan Lokayukta[40] | Justice Pratap Krishna Lohara | |
| Sikkim Lokayukta[41] | Justice Anand Prakash Subba | |
| Tamil Nadu Lokayukta[42] | P. Devadass | |
| Telangana Lokayukta[43] | Justice (Retd.) C. V. Ramulu | |
| Tripura Lokayukta[44] | Justice Subal Baidya | |
| Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta[45] | Justice Sanjay Mishra | |
| Uttarakhand Lokayukta[46] | Vacant | |
| West Bengal Lokayukta[47] | Justice Ashim Kumar Roy |
There are no Lokayuktas in Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry. Lokayukta was enacted in Tamil Nadu on 13 July 2018[48] and was established on 13 November 2018.[49] The Arunachal Pradesh Assembly passed a Lokayukta bill on 4 March 2014.[50] [51] The Mizoram Assembly passed a Lokayukta Bill in March 2019[52]
The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013 makes it compulsory for each state to appoint Lokayukta, similar to Lokpal, at the central level for investigation into complaints of corruption against government officers in public offices.[53] As per the Act, the institution should have both judicial and non-judicial members. Lokayukta investigates cases of corruption committed at the state level and, once proven, recommends action.
The institution of Lokpal has not yet been created at the centre,[54] although efforts have been made since 1959. Meanwhile, Lokayuktas/Lokpal have been established by many states through state legislation. They provide for inquiry/investigation into complaints of corruption against public servants. To keep the powers of Lokayukta neutral and non-biased, provision for fixed tenure is made.
An amendment to the Constitution has been proposed to implement the Lokayukta uniformly across Indian states. The proposed changes will make the institution of Lokayukta uniform across the country as a three-member body, headed by a retired Supreme Court judge or high court chief justice and comprising the state vigilance commissioner and a jurist or an eminent administrator as other members.[55]
In November 2012, after the conclusion of the 11th All India Lokayukta Conference, as many as 16 Lokayuktas sent many recommendations to the Government of India. The recommendations were:[56]
The report of Retd. Justice Santosh Hegde, the then incumbent Lokayukta of Karnataka (2011), resulted in the unseating of the Chief Minister of Karnataka from his position.[58] [59]