Elizabeth Holtzman Explained

Office:40th Comptroller of New York City
Term Start:January 1, 1990
Term End:December 31, 1993
1Namedata:David Dinkins
Predecessor:Harrison Goldin
Successor:Alan Hevesi
Office1:District Attorney of Kings County
Term Start1:January 1, 1982
Term End1:December 31, 1989
Predecessor1:Eugene Gold
Successor1:Charles J. Hynes
State2:New York
Term Start2:January 3, 1973
Term End2:January 3, 1981
Predecessor2:Emanuel Celler (redistricting)
Successor2:Chuck Schumer
Birth Date:11 August 1941
Birth Place:New York City, U.S.
Party:Democratic
Education:Harvard University (BA, JD)

Elizabeth Holtzman (born August 11, 1941) is an American attorney and politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from New York's 16th congressional district as a member of the Democratic Party from 1973 to 1981. She then served as district attorney of Kings County from 1982 to 1989, and as the 40th Comptroller of New York City from 1990 to 1993.

Holtzman ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination in New York's 10th congressional district in the 2022 election.

Early life and education

Elizabeth Holtzman was born in Brooklyn, New York, on August 11, 1941, to Russian immigrants Sidney Holtzman, a lawyer, and Filia Ravitz, who had a doctorate from Columbia University and later headed the Russia department at Hunter College. She has a twin brother. Her family is Jewish, and she attended Hebrew school. She attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School and Abraham Lincoln High School. She was elected vice president of the student government in 1958, while her brother was its president. Holtzman graduated magna cum laude from Radcliffe College in 1961, where she majored in American history and literature, and from Harvard Law School in 1965.[1] She was one of 15 women in the 500 students in her Harvard Law School class. She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa.

Career

Legal and education

Holtzman joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee while at Harvard.[2] She worked on civil rights cases in Georgia and for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund.[3] During her time in Georgia she worked as a law clerk for Chevene Bowers King.[4] She was admitted to the New York State Bar Association. She began working for Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison in 1970, and left to run for office in 1972. She was elected to the Harvard Board of Overseers in 1976, and worked at New York University School of Law from 1981 to 1982.[5] [6]

Holtzman was a member of a delegation that went to Paraguay to search for Josef Mengele in 1984. President Bill Clinton appointed her to the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. In 2013, Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel appointed her to a panel to review the handling of sexual assault cases in the military. She was appointed to the Homeland Security Advisory Council in 2014, but resigned in protest of the family separation policy for the Mexico–United States border.[7]

Holtzman opposed Clinton's impeachment, saying that the crimes he was accused of were not comparable to the crimes that Richard Nixon were accused of. She also said that Ken Starr "overstepped his jurisdiction" by not conducting his report in a similar manner to Leon Jaworski, the special counsel for Nixon's impeachment.[8] In 2006, she wrote in favor of impeaching President George W. Bush in The Nation.[9]

Early politics

Holtzman worked on Adlai Stevenson II's and Eugene McCarthy's presidential campaigns. She was a liaison officer in the Parks, Recreation, and Cultural Affairs Administration from 1967 to 1970, during John Lindsay's mayoralty. She left her position as a liaison officer to run for the New York State Democratic Committee from Flatbush, Brooklyn. She conducted her campaign from her parents' basement. In 1970, Holtzman filed suit against a law that placed incumbents at the top of the ballot line; the New York Court of Appeals ruled in her favor, five to two.[10] [11] Holtzman founded the Brooklyn Women's Political Caucus.[12]

United States House of Representatives

Elections

1972–1978

On March 28, 1972, Holtzman announced her candidacy for the Democratic nomination for the United States House of Representatives from New York's 16th congressional district. Michael Churchill was her campaign manager. In the primary, she faced incumbent Representative Emanuel Celler, the dean of the House of Representatives and chair of the Judiciary Committee, who was first elected in 1922.[13] [14] It was the first time Holtzman had run for public office. She believed that Celler was vulnerable as he had no district office, his residency was under question, and he largely went unmentioned in his district's political circles. After she filed to run against him, Celler said, "As far as I'm concerned, she doesn't exist." Holtzman criticized Celler's low voting attendance, which she said negated his seniority.[15]

Celler had the support of the Liberal Party of New York and the Democratic political machine in Brooklyn. This was the second time that he had faced opposition in a primary.[16] Holtzman raised around $32,000 and borrowed $4,000 during the primary, though she was told she needed $100,000 to run her campaign.[17] She defeated Celler and Robert O'Donnell in the primary. Celler attempted to have the primary voided and another one held, but Brooklyn Supreme Court Judge Dominic Rinaldi ruled against him and the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court ruled unanimously against him.[18] [19] The New York Court of Appeals ruled five to two against Celler.[20] Although Celler was still on the general election ballot as the Liberal Party nominee, he announced on September 28 that he would end his campaign.[21] Holtzman defeated Republican nominee Nicholas R. Macchio Jr. and Conservative nominee William Sampol in the election.[22]

Celler was the longest-serving House member to lose reelection, and blamed his defeat on his own overconfidence.[23] [24] Time called Holtzman "Liz the Lion Killer".[25] At the time, she was the youngest woman ever elected to the United States Congress, at age 31. (This was later outdone by Elise Stefanik, who was elected to Congress in 2014 at age 30, and who was in turn surpassed by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who was elected to Congress in 2018 at age 29.[26] [27])

In the 1974 election, Holtzman, who also had the Liberal nomination, defeated Republican and Conservative nominee Joseph L. Gentili.[28] On June 15, 1976, she announced that she would run for reelection and defeated Republican and Conservative nominee Gladys Pemberton in the 1976 election.[29] [30] She defeated Republican and United Taxpayers nominee Larry Penner and Conservative nominee John H. Fox in the 1978 election.[31] Holtzman left the House after four terms in order to run for the Senate.[32]

Edolphus Towns, who was later elected to Congress, campaigned with Holtzman during the 1972 primary. Bob Beckel, who later managed Walter Mondale's presidential campaign, volunteered on one of Holtzman's campaigns.[33]

2010s and 2020s

Holtzman considered running to succeed Andrew Cuomo as attorney general of New York in the 2010 election and running in the special election to replace Anthony Weiner as the representative from New York's 9th congressional district after Weiner resigned in 2011.[34] [35] She ran for the Democratic nomination in New York's 10th congressional district in the 2022 election.[36]

Tenure

During Holtzman's tenure in the House of Representatives, she served on the Judiciary Committee and chaired the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and International Law. She was the first female member of the Democratic Party to serve on the Budget Committee. She was one of the 15 founding members of the Congresswomen's Caucus and co-chaired it with Margaret Heckler. In 1977, Speaker Tip O'Neill selected her to be one of the two members of the House of Representatives on the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year.

On April 19, 1973, Holtzman filed suit against Nixon in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, saying that he had violated the law by conducting Operation Menu without Congress's approval.[37] Three members of the United States Air Force joined her lawsuit and Burt Neuborne worked as her lawyer.[38] [39] According to the American Civil Liberties Union, which represented her, it was the second time that a member of Congress had challenged the legality of a president's conduct in war since Abraham Lincoln questioned the Mexican–American War. Judge Orrin Grimmell Judd ruled in Holtzman's favor on July 25, 1973, and issued an order to end the bombings, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed the decision. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall upheld the court's stay of proceedings, but Justice William O. Douglas vacated the stay order on August 4, causing the bombing suspension to be returned. Three hours later, Marshall and the other justices halted the original ruling, ordering the suspension of bombings to circumvent Douglas's decision. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger declined to call a special term for the court to hear the case.[40]

In 1979, U.S. Representative Jimmy Wilson, who had narrowly lost reelection the previous year to Buddy Leach, accused Leach of purchasing enough votes to win both the primary and general elections. The House voted 241 to 153 not to advance Wilson's objections on a mostly party-line vote. Holtzman was one of only four Democrats to vote in support of Wilson's challenge.[41] [42] [43]

Holtzman supported George McGovern in the 1972 Democratic presidential primaries and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention. She endorsed Herman Badillo for the Democratic nomination during the 1973 New York City mayoral election.[44] She endorsed Ramsey Clark's New York senatorial campaign during the 1974 election.[45] She supported Governor Hugh Carey in the 1978 gubernatorial election.[46] She received two delegate votes for the vice-presidential nomination at the 1980 Democratic National Convention.[47]

Watergate

Holtzman was one of the first members of the Judiciary Committee to support starting impeachment proceedings against Nixon, in 1973.[48] The committee voted, with Holtzman voting no, to extend the deadline for Nixon to hand over his tape recordings.[49] She voted in favor of an attempt by Representative John Conyers to have Nixon cited for contempt of Congress that failed, 32 to 5.[50]

Holtzman wrote Article IV of the impeachment charges, which charged Nixon with the violation of the War Powers Clause, and it was introduced by Conyers. It failed, 26 to 12, and Holtzman later said, "I regret it, because I think the right to take people's lives unilaterally and secretly and with enormous power, and the perversion of that power, is certainly as serious as anything else the President did."

Holtzman voted against advancing Gerald Ford's vice presidential confirmation in the Judiciary Committee and at the final vote.[51] She asked Ford whether he had made a deal with Nixon to pardon him. She also asked if the pardon and an agreement that the tapes belonged to Nixon was in order to prevent the release of conversations between him and Nixon. She, Conyers, and Henry S. Reuss asked Charles Ruff to investigate Ford for perjury at his vice-presidential confirmation hearing.[52] [53] She also asked Attorney General Edward H. Levi to investigate claims of perjury and alleged a cover-up after he declined to investigate.[54] She made a motion in the Judiciary Committee to launch a probe into the pardon, but it failed, four to three.[55]

United States Senate campaigns

1980 election

See main article: article and 1980 United States Senate election in New York.

It was speculated that Holtzman might run in the 1976 United States Senate election in New York.[56] She said that she was "testing the voters" for a senatorial campaign on May 5, 1979.[57] On January 8, 1980, she announced her senatorial candidacy, being the first Democrat to formally announce, for the 1980 election.[58] [59] Linda Davidoff was her campaign manager.

At the state Democratic convention, Holtzman received 38% of the delegate vote on the first ballot, above the required 25% support to appear on the ballot without petitioning, but not enough to gain the party's endorsement.[60] She attempted to gain the Liberal nomination, but the party selected incumbent Senator Jacob Javits.[61] She won the Democratic primary, making her the first woman to win a major-party U.S. Senate nomination in New York.

Holtzman narrowly lost to Republican, Conservative, and Right to Life nominee Al D'Amato, while coming far ahead of Javits, who was running on the Liberal line.[62] D'Amato's victory was attributed to Javits splitting the vote between him and Holtzman, and she lost by 1% to D'Amato as a result.[63] [64] She raised $1,869,183 and spent $2,003,548 during the campaign.[65] She did not concede the election. Holtzman attributed her defeat to a lack of financial support from the Democratic Party and President Jimmy Carter's unpopularity.[66]

It was speculated that Holtzman might run in the 1986 Senate election, but she declined, saying that she would not be able to match D'Amato's fundraising.

1992 election

See main article: article and 1992 United States Senate election in New York.

On February 6, 1992, Holtzman announced her candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 1992 U.S. Senate election.[67] She filed a complaint against D'Amato to the United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics, accusing him of illegally using his franking privilege, worth $461,000, to send a letter to three million New Yorkers stating that there was not enough evidence to charge him in 1991, but the committee dismissed the complaint.[68] [69] At the state Democratic convention, Holtzman received 28% of the delegate vote on the first ballot, but her support declined to 2% on the second ballot and 1% on the third ballot. Geraldine Ferraro won the endorsement.[70]

Holtzman focused on negative advertising against Ferraro, saying that it was "a legitimate and valid way of showing the voters the differences", as Ferraro was declining to attend debates at the time. Governor Mario Cuomo and Ms. founding editor Letty Cottin Pogrebin criticized her for the ads.[71] [72] [73] Holtzman also demanded that Ferraro donate $340,000 to child sex abuse victims, the amount of rent she had received from Star Distributors Inc., a photographing company that was alleged to be affiliated with the mafia.[74]

Multiple feminists criticized Holtzman for her attacks on Ferraro, including Pogrebin and Bella Abzug, though Betty Friedan endorsed Holtzman.[75] [76] She placed last of the four candidates in the Democratic primary, after having raised $3,037,868 and spent $2,929,109, and was accused of costing Ferraro the primary.[77] [78] Ferraro said that Holtzman's negative campaigning hurt Democratic nominee Robert Abrams in the general election and allowed D'Amato to win reelection.[79]

Local politics

Kings County District Attorney Eugene Gold retired during the 1981 election.[80] Holtzman ran for the office in the Democratic primary against Norman J. Rosen, who was supported by Mayor Ed Koch and Brooklyn's Democratic political machine.[81] During the campaign, Rosen ran a radio commercial that stated, "Liz Holtzman, she's a nice girl; maybe I'd like to have her as a daughter, but not as a DA." She won due to strong support from black voters.[82] Her election made her first female district attorney in New York City and the second in New York State.

Holtzman was an opponent of Meade Esposito, the chair of the Brooklyn Democratic Party and its political machine, during her political career and reduced his control over the district attorney's office. Before her tenure, black people were excluded from working in the homicide bureau.[83] The police union picketed her office in 1985, calling her a "persecutor of cops" and criticizing her for softness on crime after she created a special unit to investigate police brutality.

Harrison J. Goldin ran in the 1989 mayoral election. Holtzman announced her campaign to succeed him as New York City Comptroller on July 16, 1989.[84] In the 1993 primary she was challenged by Alan Hevesi, who had Ferraro's support, and Herman Badillo, who had Koch's.[85] [86]

Fleet Financial Group loaned $455,000 to Holtzman's 1992 senatorial campaign. Sheila Levin, the chief fundraiser for the Re-Elect Liz Holtzman Committee, was investigated by the New York City Department of Investigation and New York County District Attorney for providing false information on the bank application.[87] The NYCDOI report found Holtzman "grossly negligent" and stated that Levin accepted $3,000 in campaign contributions from Fleet executives.[88] Holtzman placed second in the primary and lost the runoff to Hevesi.[89] [90]

Adam Clayton Powell IV worked as an aide to Holtzman during her tenure as comptroller.[91]

Political positions

Equality

Holtzman supported the Equal Rights Amendment and was the leading sponsor of legislation to extend its deadline.[92] She criticized Celler during the 1972 election for opposing the legislation and preventing its passage by the Judiciary Committee.[93]

Holtzman called for George Scratchley Brown, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to be removed from his position after he claimed that Jews controlled the banking system and newspapers.[94]

The Irish Lesbian and Gay Organization was excluded from the 1992 New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade. Holtzman and other elected officials boycotted the parade and instead marched with the ILGO in a separate parade.[95] [96] [97]

Foreign policy

Holtzman voted against the War Powers Resolution, saying that the "actual effect would be to sanction for 123 days combat operations initiated solely by the President". She supported the Nuclear Freeze campaign and ending the testing of nuclear weapons. She traveled to Egypt and Israel on December 20, 1977, and met with President Anwar Sadat and Prime Minister Menachem Begin.

Holtzman criticized President Jimmy Carter for offering to sell fighter planes to Egypt, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. She opposed Carter's decision to reinstitute the Selective Service System registration requirement.[98] She called for Carter to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Billy Carter's connections with Libya.[99]

Healthcare

During the 1992 election Holtzman proposed the creation of a single-payer healthcare system.[100] [101]

Immigration

Holtzman criticized the Immigration and Naturalization Service in April 1974 for allowing around 50 alleged Nazi war criminals to live in the U.S. In 1977, she and 42 other representatives introduced legislation calling for the deportation of all aliens who had engaged in Nazi war crimes. The INS reopened its case on Andrija Artuković, an Ustaše war criminal, at the request of Holtzman and other members of Congress.[102] Holtzman asked for Austrian President Kurt Waldheim not to be allowed inside the U.S. due to his involvement with the Nazis. In 1977, she proposed legislation, co-sponsored by 39 Democratic and 11 Republican members of the House, that would require the deportation of all aliens who participated in Nazi war crimes and bar them from the U.S.[103]

Holtzman, Joshua Eilberg, Chris Dodd, Hamilton Fish IV, and Edward Mezvinsky traveled to Moscow and Leningrad in 1975 to study the Soviet Union's treatment of Jews.[104] In 1974, she was one of 39 members of Congress to sign a letter asking Nixon to help the 4,500 Syrian Jews.[105] During a speech by Andrei Gromyko at United Nations headquarters, Holtzman and 84 other people protested the Soviet Union's reduction of its Jewish emigration quota.[106]

Holtzman sent a list of South Vietnamese people, including Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, to the INS for investigation of their involvement in war crimes. Nguyễn Ngọc Loan was going to be deported to stand trial in Vietnam for the execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém, but Carter halted his deportation.[107] [108] [109]

In 1975, Holtzman voted against legislation to give Robert E. Lee his citizenship back and unsuccessfully proposed an amendment to extend the citizenship return to draft dodgers and protesters who renounced their citizenship in protest of the Vietnam War.[110] She asked the INS to investigate Sun Myung Moon, asking whether he could be deported for inducing or assisting the entry of illegal immigrants or for failing to report his criminal record.[111] She and Senator Ted Kennedy wrote the Refugee Act.

Ratings

Holtzman was the only member of Congress to receive a 100% rating from Ralph Nader's Public Citizen in 1976, and one of four in 1978.[112] [113] She received a 100% rating from the Consumer Federation of America.

Books

See also

Works cited

External links

Further reading

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Notes and References

  1. News: June 22, 1972 . Elizabeth Holtzman . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210506184100/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/06/22/archives/elizabeth-holtzman.html . May 6, 2021.
  2. News: Audio collection of Elizabeth Holtzman, 1973-2006 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608193114/https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/6180 . June 8, 2022.
  3. News: June 21, 1972 . Winner Over Celler Urged New Politics . 33 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608163425/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103386203/the-bee/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  4. News: November 19, 1963 . Negro Admitted Perjury, Court Told . 17 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608173324/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103391180/the-atlanta-constitution/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  5. News: June 18, 1976 . Overseers take office . 7 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716233943/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105736818/star-gazette/ . July 16, 2022 . . July 16, 2022 .
  6. News: Holtzman, Elizabeth 1941- . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220405041143/https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/h000752 . April 5, 2022 . July 14, 2022 .
  7. News: Hon. Elizabeth Holtzman biography . Herrick . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411184107/https://www.herrick.com/hon-elizabeth-holtzman/ . April 11, 2021.
  8. News: December 9, 1998 . White House Strategy: It's Bad, but It's Not Watergate . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014125/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/watergate120998.htm . March 5, 2016 . August 27, 2017 .
  9. News: January 11, 2006 . The Impeachment of George W. Bush . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20060318101931/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060130/holtzman . March 18, 2006.
  10. News: June 16, 1970 . Court Voids New Law on Ballot Spot . 4 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608174231/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103391689/the-post-standard/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  11. News: June 16, 1970 . Invalidation of '70 Ballot Law Is Upheld . 51 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608173348/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103391288/the-berkshire-eagle/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  12. News: March 28, 1972 . Celler Has Challenger . 2 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608174232/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103391730/press-and-sun-bulletin/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  13. News: June 29, 1972 . Mayhem In Congress . 4 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608163422/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103386329/the-bee/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  14. News: December 22, 1974 . Rep. Holtzman has star status on judiciary committee . 21 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716233943/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105696212/star-gazette/ . July 16, 2022 . . July 16, 2022 .
  15. News: June 21, 1972 . 'New Politics' Beats 'Old' in Brooklyn . 2 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608174814/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103392011/press-and-sun-bulletin/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  16. News: June 21, 1972 . Celler, Mrs. Abzug Beaten . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608174815/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103392152/star-gazette/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  17. News: July 5, 2018 . Before Ocasio-Cortez, the Elizabeth Holtzman Effect . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220609005312/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/nyregion/before-ocasio-cortez-the-elizabeth-holtzman-effect.html . June 9, 2022.
  18. News: August 30, 1972 . Celler Loses Bid in Court . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608181241/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103393186/the-post-star/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  19. News: September 8, 1972 . Brooklyn Vote Overturned . 6 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608181241/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103393319/democrat-and-chronicle/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  20. News: September 13, 1972 . Contested Primary Set For Rerun . 9 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608181255/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103393337/the-ithaca-journal/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  21. News: September 29, 1972 . Rep. Celler Is Bowing Out . 2 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608181246/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103393399/star-gazette/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  22. News: March 15, 1973 . Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1972 . 31 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611014142/https://historycms2.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/1972election/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  23. News: June 10, 2014 . Stunner: Cantor Upset Changes Everything . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210422214256/https://www.rollcall.com/2014/06/10/stunner-cantor-upset-changes-everything/ . April 22, 2021.
  24. News: June 28, 1972 . Celler's label for Liz: "A nonentity" . 97 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608180145/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103392953/newsday-suffolk-edition/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  25. News: Holtzman, Elizabeth . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220303104426/https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/15213 . March 3, 2022.
  26. News: March 15, 2016 . Millennials Raising Money to Run, But Can They Win? . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210827012142/https://www.rollcall.com/2016/03/15/millennials-raising-money-to-run-but-can-they-win/ . August 27, 2021.
  27. News: November 7, 2018 . Ocasio-Cortez to be youngest woman ever elected to Congress . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181107064936/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/06/politics/ocasio-cortez-youngest-woman-ever/index.html . November 7, 2018 . July 20, 2022 .
  28. News: 1974 United States election results . . 26 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181113055920/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1974election.pdf . November 13, 2018 . July 16, 2022 .
  29. News: June 16, 1976 . Running for reelection . 13 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716233944/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105737261/star-gazette/ . July 16, 2022 . . July 16, 2022 .
  30. News: 1976 United States election results . . 33 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224034429/https://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1976election.pdf . February 24, 2021 . July 16, 2022 .
  31. News: 1978 United States election results . . 25 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224034429/https://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1976election.pdf . February 24, 2021 . July 16, 2022 .
  32. Web site: HOLTZMAN, Elizabeth | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives . History.house.gov . 2022-07-22 . March 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220303104426/https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/15213 . live .
  33. News: July 26, 1984 . Dad follows son's political career . 1 . The Observer . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220607025310/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103305849/the-observer/ . June 7, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  34. News: April 25, 2010 . AG hopeful begins TV spots . 30 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715064159/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105633775/democrat-and-chronicle/ . July 15, 2022 . . July 15, 2022 .
  35. News: July 5, 2011 . Former Congresswoman Holtzman interested in Weiner's seat . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716233945/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newyork-holtzman/former-congresswoman-holtzman-interested-in-weiners-seat-idUSTRE7647DK20110705 . July 16, 2022 . July 14, 2022 .
  36. News: June 17, 2022 . Former Rep. Holtzman Joins Crowded Field for NY House Seat . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714204502/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2022-06-17/former-rep-holtzman-joins-crowded-field-for-ny-house-seat . July 14, 2022.
  37. News: May 24, 1973 . Bombing protest . 5 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611014120/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103513374/the-journal-news/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  38. News: July 26, 1973 . Big Win for Freshman Democrat . 28 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611014135/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103514172/the-ithaca-journal/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  39. News: July 26, 1973 . Cambodia Raids Ruled Illegal . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611014129/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103514364/newsday-suffolk-edition/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  40. News: August 10, 1973 . Special session of court nixed . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608164213/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103388396/the-daily-news-leader/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  41. News: Rep. Leach Accused of Purchasing Votes in Louisiana House Election . The New York Times . July 21, 1979 . July 25, 2022 . July 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220725113806/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/21/archives/rep-leach-accused-of-purchasing-votes-in-louisiana-house-election.html . live .
  42. News: Rep. Leach Indicted On Federal Vote-Buying Charges in '78 Election . 1979-07-21 . Charles R. Babcock . . Washington, D.C. . 0190-8286 . 1330888409 . July 25, 2022 . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807164921/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/07/21/rep-leach-indicted-on-federal-vote-buying-charges-in-78-election/b2fbca37-2a31-4e57-9d80-b1e4a2b954f3/ . live .
  43. News: March 5, 1980 . House throws out challenge to Rep. Leach . 24 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220724143044/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106078798/the-ithaca-journal/ . July 24, 2022 . . July 22, 2022 .
  44. News: June 17, 1973 . Herman Badiollo Endorsement . 2 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611014058/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103513628/poughkeepsie-journal/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  45. News: September 7, 1974 . Manager Asked to Resign . 4 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716233944/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105695866/the-ithaca-journal/ . July 16, 2022 . . July 16, 2022 .
  46. News: July 23, 1978 . Governor candidates take to hand-shaking . 21 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611175440/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103569343/the-journal-news/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  47. News: August 15, 1980 . Holy Cow! 1 delegate wanted Phil . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220728230237/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106506860/the-journal-news/ . July 28, 2022 . . July 28, 2022 .
  48. News: October 22, 1973 . Impeachment Decision Bound to Be Political . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611014143/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103515527/star-gazette/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  49. News: April 25, 1974 . House unit votes to extend Nixon subpoena deadline . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715161842/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105647859/star-gazette/ . July 15, 2022 . . July 15, 2022 .
  50. News: May 2, 1974 . Vote divided by 20 to 18 . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715161359/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105648085/democrat-and-chronicle/ . July 15, 2022 . . July 15, 2022 .
  51. News: November 30, 1973 . House Judiciary Backs Ford . 32 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611014127/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103515914/newsday-suffolk-edition/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  52. News: October 14, 1976 . Ford Takes Swine Flu Shot . 2 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608163423/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103387807/the-bee/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  53. News: October 14, 1976 . Demos Ask Ford Probe . 5 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608163424/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103387849/the-bee/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  54. News: October 21, 1976 . Ford-Watergate Links Not Found . 16 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608163424/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103388001/the-bee/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  55. News: February 19, 1976 . New Probe Of Pardon Ruled Out . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716233944/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105736103/press-and-sun-bulletin/ . July 16, 2022 . . July 16, 2022 .
  56. News: September 7, 1975 . Holtzman in county . 11 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716233944/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105711978/democrat-and-chronicle/ . July 16, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  57. News: May 6, 1979 . Holtzman has an eye on Senate seat . 10 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716233944/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105711978/democrat-and-chronicle/ . July 16, 2022 . . July 16, 2022 .
  58. News: March 25, 1980 . Holtzman in county . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220612203353/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103573429/the-daily-item/ . June 12, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  59. News: January 8, 1980 . Holtzman enters Senate race . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220724143044/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106077574/the-ithaca-journal/ . July 24, 2022 . . July 22, 2022 .
  60. News: June 13, 1980 . Johnny-come-lately Santucci gains spot on primary ballot . 8 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220724143044/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106207824/the-daily-item/ . July 24, 2022 . . July 24, 2022 .
  61. News: June 15, 1980 . Javits, D'Amato Endorsed . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220724143044/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106207919/newsday-suffolk-edition/ . July 24, 2022 . . July 24, 2022 .
  62. News: 1980 United States election results . . 40 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220316002113/https://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1980election.pdf . March 16, 2022.
  63. News: November 5, 1980 . Defeated Javits promises, 'I will carry on' . 6 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720033357/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105946571/the-ithaca-journal/ . July 20, 2022 . . July 20, 2022 .
  64. News: November 5, 1980 . Javits denies spoiler role . 4 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720033119/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105946564/the-daily-item/ . July 20, 2022 . . July 20, 2022 .
  65. News: 1980 U.S. Senate election campaign finance . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807164914/https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S0NY00014/?cycle=1980&election_full=true . August 7, 2022 . August 7, 2022 .
  66. News: December 3, 1980 . Holtzman attributes election loss to finances, Carter unpopularity . 11 . The Herald Statesman . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230313090755/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/120761297/the-herald-statesman/ . March 13, 2023 . Newspapers.com.
  67. News: February 7, 1992 . Holtzman kicks off Senate campaign . The Journal News . 14 . Associated Press . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190204/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104645238/the-journal-news/ . June 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  68. News: March 17, 1992 . Opponent files ethics complaint against D'Amato . 8 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190214/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104645754/press-and-sun-bulletin/ . June 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  69. News: March 17, 1992 . D'Amato accused of misusing mail privilege . 19 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190204/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104645740/democrat-and-chronicle/ . June 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  70. News: May 29, 1992 . Democrat primary: Four candidates to vie for slot against D'Amato . 31 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190205/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104648324/press-and-sun-bulletin/ . June 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  71. News: August 27, 1992 . Democrats bash Holtzman jabs . 19 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630010319/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104668673/press-and-sun-bulletin/ . June 30, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  72. News: September 6, 1992 . Flak flies at Ferraro . 24 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630010320/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104668698/press-and-sun-bulletin/ . June 30, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  73. News: September 10, 1992 . Cuomo says Senate race is a disaster . 5 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630010319/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104669217/the-ithaca-journal/ . June 30, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  74. News: September 7, 1992 . Liz and Gerry battle again . 5 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714204437/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104669991/the-ithaca-journal/ . July 14, 2022 . . July 14, 2022 .
  75. News: August 27, 1992 . Holtzman Draws Criticism From Feminists Over Ads . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308150911/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/27/nyregion/holtzman-draws-criticism-from-feminists-over-ads.html . March 8, 2021 . July 14, 2022 .
  76. News: September 10, 1992 . Noted feminist campaigns for Holtzman in Rochester, Buffalo . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630010321/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104669320/democrat-and-chronicle/ . June 30, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  77. News: September 16, 1992 . He's Winner . 6 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220712211449/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105483322/newsday/ . July 12, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  78. News: 1992 U.S. Senate election campaign finance . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807164914/https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S0NY00014/ . August 7, 2022 . August 7, 2022 .
  79. News: December 8, 1992 . Ferraro smarting from negative campaign . 28 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714204437/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105484165/the-journal-news/ . July 14, 2022 . . July 14, 2022 .
  80. News: September 6, 1989 . Holtzman Runs To Her Own Beat . 27 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611205029/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103580257/newsday/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  81. News: September 22, 1981 . New Yorkers finally get chance to vote . 1 . The Herald Statesman . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611191200/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103573666/the-herald-statesman/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  82. News: November 8, 1983 . Victory: More black voters . 8 . The Daily Times . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611191200/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103573999/the-daily-times/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  83. News: October 27, 1987 . The Private Public Prosecutor . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613014824/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1987/10/27/the-private-public-prosecutor/543dcb63-ce18-417e-99b6-acb154b6b921/ . June 13, 2018.
  84. News: July 17, 1989 . Holtzman Makes It Official . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611210722/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103581151/newsday/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  85. News: June 2, 1993 . An Endless Summer Stupor of Politics . 6 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714204437/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105603995/newsday/ . July 14, 2022 . . July 14, 2022 .
  86. News: September 6, 1993 . Going to the Tape . 15 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714210914/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105604627/newsday/ . July 14, 2022 . . July 14, 2022 .
  87. News: September 11, 1993 . Loan Arranger . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714210910/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105605023/newsday/ . July 14, 2022 . . July 14, 2022 .
  88. News: September 16, 1993 . Report calls Holtzman 'grossly negligent' . 18 . The Daily Times . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714210915/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105605559/the-daily-times/ . July 14, 2022 . . July 14, 2022 .
  89. News: September 15, 1993 . Holtzman is 'the comeback kid' . 6 . The Daily Times . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714210915/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105605160/the-daily-times/ . July 14, 2022 . . July 14, 2022 .
  90. News: September 29, 1993 . Liz Holtzman loses comptroller race . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714210911/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105605941/the-journal-news/ . July 14, 2022 . . July 14, 2022 .
  91. News: August 16, 1991 . Divided by Ethnic Lines . 37 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611211933/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103581924/newsday/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  92. News: August 16, 1978 . Senate may stall extension of ERA . 1 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220718183952/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105847941/press-and-sun-bulletin/ . July 18, 2022 . . July 18, 2022 .
  93. News: May 16, 2005 . Top 10 House Races: Only a Few Are Obvious . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211103123207/https://www.rollcall.com/2005/05/16/top-10-house-races-only-a-few-are-obvious/ . November 3, 2021.
  94. News: November 14, 1974 . Ford Rebukes Brown For Jew Statement . 15 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608163506/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103387078/the-bee/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  95. News: March 17, 1992 . Irish gays: We'll march today . 10 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190205/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104647880/the-daily-item/ . June 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  96. News: March 18, 1992 . Irish gays stage own Fifth Avenue parade . Star-Gazette . 10 . Associated Press . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190217/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104647891/star-gazette/ . June 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  97. News: March 18, 1992 . 1,000 gays march in NYC mini-parade . 15 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190206/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104647908/press-and-sun-bulletin/ . June 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  98. News: January 27, 1980 . Women's Draft Stirs a Fight ... . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220724143045/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106077877/newsday-suffolk-edition/ . July 24, 2022 . . July 22, 2022 .
  99. News: August 6, 1980 . Holtzman wants special prosecutor . 10 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220728220422/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106502835/democrat-and-chronicle/ . July 28, 2022 . . July 28, 2022 .
  100. News: September 4, 1992 . Holtzman pushes health plan . 9 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630011516/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104670192/the-ithaca-journal/ . June 30, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  101. News: September 10, 1992 . Democratic Senate hopefuls do have differences . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630011518/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104670197/the-ithaca-journal/ . June 30, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  102. News: March 18, 1976 . Old deportation case may be reopened . 13 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716233945/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105735651/star-gazette/ . July 16, 2022 . . July 16, 2022 .
  103. News: March 7, 1977 . Holtzman seeks Nazi ouster law . 7 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717213148/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105794081/democrat-and-chronicle/ . July 17, 2022 . . July 17, 2022 .
  104. News: May 26, 1975 . 49 Congressmen Touring Europe . 3 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608163422/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103386660/the-bee/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  105. News: June 9, 1974 . Help Syrian Jews, Congressmen urge . 4 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715162250/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105648532/the-journal-news/ . July 15, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  106. News: September 24, 1980 . Soviet Emigration Protested at Rally . 31 . . Newspapers.com.
  107. News: November 3, 1978 . U.S. Acts to Deport Saigon Official Who Killed Bound Prisoner in 1968 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180703221121/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/11/03/us-acts-to-deport-saigon-official-who-killed-bound-prisoner-in-1968/036da5ef-641b-4e3d-8de2-17771ce7d6ec/ . July 3, 2018 . July 18, 2022 .
  108. News: December 2, 1978 . Carter Will Not Seek to Deport Former Vietnam General, Aide Says . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220718190514/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/02/archives/carter-will-not-seek-to-deport-former-vietnam-general-aide-says-i-a.html . July 18, 2022 . July 18, 2022 .
  109. News: July 16, 1998 . A life taken out of context in a split second . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220718190518/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1998-07-17-1998198007-story.html . July 18, 2022 . July 18, 2022 .
  110. News: June 12, 1975 . Gen. Lee's Citizenship Nearer To Restoration . 7 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608163424/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103387329/the-bee/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  111. News: June 3, 1976 . Tax Status of Church Is Being Investigated . 16 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608163424/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103387634/the-bee/ . June 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  112. News: October 20, 1976 . Nader's rater score Pennsy candidates . 4 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611175128/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103569072/star-gazette/ . June 11, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  113. News: March 5, 1978 . Consumer 'heroes' and 'zeroes' rated . 6 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220718181918/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105846500/democrat-and-chronicle/ . July 18, 2022 . . July 18, 2022 .
  114. Web site: Reviewed by Tara Sonenshine in New York Journal of Books . October 7, 2018 . December 13, 2018 . December 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223849/https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/case-impeaching-trump .

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