| Obsolete: | yes |
| Image 1: | FRA-A17b-La Banque Royale-100 livres Tournois (1720).jpg |
| Image Title 1: | French: La Banque Royale: 100 livres Tournois (1720) |
| Subunit Name 1: | sous |
| Subunit Name 2: | denier |
| Subunit Inline Note 1: | sol until 1714 |
| Symbol: | ₶ |
| Unit: | livre |
| Using Countries: | France |
The French: livre tournois (in French pronounced as /livʁ tuʁnwa/; ; abbreviation: ₶.) was one of numerous currencies used in medieval France, and a unit of account (i.e., a monetary unit used in accounting) used in Early Modern France.
The 1262 monetary reform established the French: livre tournois as 20 French: sous tournois, or 80.88 grams of fine silver. The French: franc à cheval was a gold coin of one French: livre tournois minted in large numbers from 1360.In 1549, the French: livre tournois was decreed a unit of account, and in 1667 it officially replaced the French: [[livre parisis]]. In 1720, the French: livre tournois was redefined as 0.31 grams of pure gold, and in 1726, in a devaluation under Louis XV, as 4.50516 grams of fine silver.It was the basis of the revolutionary French franc of 1795, defined as 4.5 grams of fine silver exactly.
In France, the French: livre was worth 240 deniers (the "Tours penny"). These deniers were first minted by the abbey of Saint Martin, in the province of Touraine. Soon after Philip II of France seized the counties of Anjou and Touraine in 1203 and standardized the use of the French: livre tournois there, the French: livre tournois began to supersede the French: [[livre parisis]] (Paris pound) which had been up to that point the official currency of the Capetian dynasty.
The French: livre tournois was, in common with the original livre of Charlemagne, divided into 20 French: [[solidus (coin)|sols]] (French: sous after 1715), each of which was divided into 12 deniers.
Between 1360 and 1641, coins worth one French: livre tournois were minted, known as French: [[French franc|francs]] (the name coming from the inscription Latin: Johannes Dei Gratia Francorum Rex, [{{transl|la|Jean, by the grace of God, King of the French}}]). Other francs were minted under Charles V, Henry III and Henry IV. The use of the name "franc" became a synonym for French: livre tournois in accounting.
The first French paper money, issued between 1701 and 1720, was denominated in French: livre tournois (see "Standard Catalog of World Paper Money", Albert Pick). This was the last time the name was used officially, as later notes and coins were denominated simply in French: livres, the French: livre parisis having finally been abolished in 1667.
With many forms of domestic and international money (with different weights, purities and quality) circulating throughout Europe in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period, the use of an accounting currency became a financial necessity. In the world of international banking of the 13th century, it was the florin and ducat that were often used. In France, the French: livre tournois and the currency system based on it became a standard monetary unit of accounting and continued to be used even when the French: livre tournois ceased to exist as an actual coin. For example, the Louisiana Purchase treaty of 1803 specified the relative ratios of the franc, dollar and French: livre tournois.
The official use of the French: livre tournois accounting unit in all contracts in France was legislated in 1549, but it had been one of the standard units of accounting in France since the 13th century. In 1577 the French: livre tournois accounting unit was officially abolished and accountants switched to the écu, which was at that time the major French gold coin in actual circulation, but in 1602 the French: livre tournois accounting unit was brought back. (A monetary unit of accounting based on the French: livre parisis continued to be used for minor uses in and around Paris and was not officially abolished until 1667 by Louis XIV).
Since coins in Europe in the Middle Ages and the Early modern period (the French écu, Louis, teston d'argent, denier, double, franc; the Spanish doubloon, pistole, real; the Italian florin, ducat or sequin; the German and Austrian thaler; the Dutch gulden, etc.) did not have any indication of their value, their official value was determined by royal edicts. In cases of financial need, French kings could use the official value for currency devaluation. This could be done in two ways: (1) the amount of precious metal in a newly minted French coin could be reduced while nevertheless maintaining the old value in French: livre tournois or (2) the official value of a domestic or foreign coin in circulation could be increased. By reversing these techniques, currencies could be reinforced.
For example:
Royal finance officers faced many difficulties. In addition to currency speculation, forgery and the intentional shaving of precious metal from coins (which was harshly punished), they had the difficult problem of setting values for gold, silver, copper and billon coins, responding to the often large influx of foreign coin and the appearance of inferior foreign coins of intentionally similar design. For more on these issues, see Monetary policy and Gresham's Law.
| Mark: | ₶ |
| French: livre tournois | |
A glyph for the French: livre tournois was added to Unicode 5.2, in the Currency Symbols block at code point U+20B6.