This is a list of megaprojects within the transport sector. Take care in comparing the cost of projects from different times—even a few years apart—due to inflation; comparing nominal costs without taking this into account can be highly misleading. Note that inflation-calculated values are current .
According to the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management in 2017, "Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of people".[1]
| Project | Description | Country | Location | data-sort-type="currency" | Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion | Est. cost (in billions USD), adjusted for inflation | Start of construction | Year of completion | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tokaido Shinkansen | High-speed rail | Taiheiyō Belt | [2] | 1959 | 1964 | Original segment of the first shinkansen line | ||||
| Çanakkale 1915 Bridge | Bridge (road) | Çanakkale | 4[3] | 2017 | 2022 | Spans two continents. Longest suspension bridge span in the world.[4] | ||||
| Sha Tin to Central Link | Rapid transit | , From Tai Wai, New Territories to Admiralty, Hong Kong Island | 11.6 | 2012 | 2022 | [5] | ||||
| La Línea Tunnel | Tunnel (road) |  Colombia | Cordillera Central | [6] | 2009 | 2020 | ||||
| Thameslink Programme | Commuter rail upgrade | Southeast England | 2009 | 2020 | (GBP7bn)[7] | |||||
| Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel | Tunnel (road) | Seattle | 3.3[8] | 2013 | 2019 | |||||
| Santiago Metro Line 3, Phase One and 2023 extension. | Rapid transit | Santiago | 2.17 | 2012 | 2023 | Combined cost of initial line and extension.[9] [10] | ||||
| Santiago Metro Line 6 | Rapid transit | Santiago | 1.26[11] | 2014 | 2017 | |||||
| Crimean Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | (one end is recognized internationally as being owned by Ukraine, but is de facto controlled by Russia) | 3.7[12] | 2015 | 2019 | |||||
| Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge | Bridge–tunnel |  Hong Kong,  Zhuhai, and | [13] | 2009 | 2018 | ¥127 billion | ||||
| New Tappan Zee Bridge | Bridge (road) | South Nyack to Tarrytown, New York | 3.98[14] | 2013 | 2018 | |||||
| Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway | Railway |  Israel | Jerusalem, Israel | - | - | 2001 | 2004 (first section)2007 (second section) 2018 (final section) | NIS7-9 billion[15] | ||
| Abuja Light Rail (phase 1 nearing completion)[16] | Light Rail | Abuja | 2.7[17] | 2007 | 2018 | |||||
| Noord/Zuidlijn | Rapid transit line | Amsterdam | [18] | 2002 | 2018 | (€3.1bn) | ||||
| Klang Valley MRT Line 1 | Rapid transit | Kuala Lumpur | 11.7[19] | 2012 | 2017 | (MYR36B) | ||||
| Ionia Odos | Highway | Western Greece | 1.8[20] | 2007 | 2017 | (€1.4bn) | ||||
| Otoyol 5 | Highway | Istanbul to İzmir | 7[21] | 2013 | 2019 | Including Osman Gazi Bridge which has the 8th longest suspension bridge span in the world.[22] | ||||
| German Unification Transport Projects (Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit) | Transport project to achieve the German Unity | 42[23] | 1991 | 2016 – continues expansion until 2020 | ||||||
| AVE - Spain's high-speed railway network | High-speed rail | 44[24] | 1992 | 2016 - continues expansion | 40 billion euros | |||||
| Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | Istanbul | 2[25] | 2013 | 2016 | World's fifth-tallest bridge of any type.[26] | ||||
| Evergreen Point Floating Bridge | Bridge (road) | Seattle and Medina, Washington | 4.56[27] | 2012 | 2016 | |||||
| Eurasia Tunnel | Tunnel (undersea, road) | Istanbul | 1.3[28] | 2011 | 2016 | Spans two continents. | ||||
| Gotthard Base Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | Swiss Alps | 1999 | 2016 | (CHF 9.56 billion)[29] | |||||
| World Trade Center Transportation Hub | Transit center and retail | New York City | 3.9[30] | 2006 | 2016 | |||||
| Blanka tunnel complex | Tunnel (road) | Prague | 2006 | 2015 | 43bn Kč[31] | |||||
| Adler–Krasnaya Polyana road and railway | Highway and railway | 9.4[32] | 2014 | |||||||
| Budapest Metro Line 4 | Rapid transit line | Budapest | [33] [34] | 2004 | 2014 | (HUF 452.5 bn) | ||||
| Marina Coastal Expressway | Highway | [35] [36] | 2008 | 2013[37] | (S$4.3 bn) | |||||
| Marmaray Tunnel | Tunnel (undersea, rail) | Istanbul | 4.5[38] | 2004 | 2008(Phase I) 2013(Phase II) | Deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world. | ||||
| Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge | Bridge (road) | San Francisco Bay Area | 6.5[39] | 2002 | 2013 | |||||
| Russky Bridge | Bridge (road) | Vladivostok (Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula) and Russky Island | 1.1[40] | 2008 | 2012 | |||||
| Freeway Durango-Mazatlán and Baluarte Bridge | Highway and road bridge | Durango – Sinaloa | 1.46[41] [42] | 2008 | 2012 | |||||
| Jiaozhou Bay Bridge | Bridge (road) | Shandong | 1.5[43] | 2007 | 2011 | |||||
| Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway | High-speed rail | Eastern China (Beijing to Shanghai, via Tianjin and Nanjing) | 33.1[44] | 2008 | 2011 | (RMB 220.9bn) | ||||
| Clem Jones Tunnel | Tunnel (road) | Brisbane | [45] | 2006 | 2010 | (AUD3.2bn) | ||||
| Light rail | Sydney | 2015 | 2019 | (AUD 3.1bn)[46] | ||||||
| Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway | High-speed rail | [47] | 2005 | 2009 | (RMB 116.6bn) | |||||
| Egnatia Odos | Highway | Northern Greece | 8.4[48] | 1994 | 2009 | (€5.9bn) | ||||
| Incheon Bridge | Bridge (road) | Incheon | 2.12[49] | 2005 | 2009 | (; source listed that as being equivalent to US$2.12 billion) | ||||
| Sound Transit '1 line'(initial segment) | Light rail | Seattle metropolitan area | 2.9[50] | 2003 | 2009 | |||||
| Bologna–Florence high-speed railway | High-speed rail | 1996 | 2009 | (€5.89 billion)[51] | ||||||
| Milan–Bologna high-speed railway | High-speed rail | 1993 | 2008 | (€6.92 billion) | ||||||
| Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway | High-speed rail | Beijing and Tianjin[52] | 2.34[53] | 2005 | 2008 | |||||
| High Speed 1 | High-speed rail | South East England | 1998 | 2007 | (£6.84 billion) | |||||
| Lötschberg Base Tunnel(initial bore) | Tunnel (rail) | Swiss Alps | 1999 | 2007 | (CHF 4.3 billion)[54] | |||||
| Copenhagen Metro phase 1-3 | Rapid transit | Copenhagen | 1.47[55] | 1996 | 2007 | 11,400,000,000 DKK | ||||
| "Big Dig" Central Artery/Tunnel Project | Tunnel (road) | Boston | 22[56] | 1991 | 2007 | 14.6 billion USD; additional $7 billion in interest | ||||
| Colorado T-REX Project (TRansportation EXpansion) | Highway & Light rail upgrade | Denver | 1.7[57] | 2001 | 2006 | |||||
| Shanghai Maglev Train | High-speed rail, Maglev | Shanghai | 1.4[58] | 2001 | 2004 | |||||
| Red Line and Purple Line | Rapid transit | Los Angeles | 4.5[59] | 1986 | 2000 | represents expenditure prior to the D Line Extension | ||||
| Toei Ōedo Line | Rapid transit | Tokyo | [60] | 1988 | 2000 | (¥988.6 billion in 1999 yen values) | ||||
| Jubilee Line Extension | Rapid transit line | London | 6.83[61] | 1993 | 1999 | 3.5 billion GBP6.83 billion USD is for 2010 prices | ||||
| Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project | Bridges 17 bridges connecting the islands of Honshū and Shikoku | 48[62] | 1978 | 1999 | 4 trillion Yen | |||||
| Øresund Bridge | Bridge–tunnel (rail/road) | , | - | 5.7[63] | 1995 | 1999 | (DKK30.1bn) | |||
| Great Belt Fixed Link | Bridge–tunnel (rail/road) | 1988 | 1998 | (DKK21.4bn)[64] | ||||||
| Vasco da Gama Bridge | Bridge (road) | Lisbon | 1.3[65] | 1995 | 1998 | (€897m / 180bn PTE) | ||||
| Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge | Bridge (road) | Kobe | 5[66] | 1988 | 1998 | |||||
| Channel Tunnel | Tunnel (undersea, rail) | Strait of Dover, English Channel between the and | 15.4[67] | 1988 | 1994 | (GBP9.5bn) | ||||
| Interstate Highway System | Highway Network | 114[68] | 1956 | 1992[69] [70] | 425 billion in 2006 dollars[71] 548 billion in 2021 dollars[72] | |||||
| Baikal–Amur Mainline | Railway | (modern-day) | Sovetskaya Gavan to Tayshet (modern-day Russia) | 15[73] | 1974 | 1984 | ||||
| Bay Area Rapid Transit | Rapid transit | San Francisco Bay Area | 1.586[74] | 1964 | 1976 - continues expansion | $ adjusted for inflation | ||||
| St. Lawrence Seaway | Canal system | , | St Lawrence River and North American Great Lakes between the and | 0.470[75] | 1954 | 1959 | ||||
| Caracas-La Guaira highway | Highway | Greater Caracas | 0.06[76] [77] | 1950 | 1953 | |||||
| Trans-Siberian Railway | Railway | (modern-day) | Moscow to Russian Far East (Vladivostok) (modern-day Russia) | 0.770[78] | 1891 | 1916 | ||||
| Panama Canal | Canal | 0.375[79] | 1881 | 1914 | ||||||
| First transcontinental railroad | Railway | Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California | 0.1[80] | 1863 | 1869 | $ adjusted for inflation | ||||
| Suez Canal | Canal | (modern-day) | Sinai Peninsula, Khedivate of Egypt (modern-day Egypt) | 0.082[81] | 1859 | 1869 | ||||
| Suez Canal expansion | Canal expansion | Sinai Peninsula | 8[82] | 2014 | 2015 | |||||
| Silver Line | Rapid transit | Northern Virginia | 6[83] | 2009 | 2014 (Phase 1)2022 (Phase 2) | While the Silver Line runs through Maryland and through Washington, D.C., the actual new sections of railway were all located in Northern Virginia. | ||||
| Mid-Coast Extension of the Blue Line (San Diego Trolley) | Light rail | San Diego | 2.17[84] [85] | 2016 | 2021 | |||||
| Green Line Extension | Light rail | Greater Boston | 2.28[86] | 2012 | 2022 | |||||
| Highway Vespucio Oriente | Tunnel (road) | Santiago | 1.1 | 2017 | 2022 | |||||
| East Side Access project (including Grand Central Madison station) | Transit center, commuter rail | New York City | 11.1[87] | 2007 | 2023 | The East Side Access project, including Grand Central Madison station, allows Long Island Rail Road service to Grand Central Terminal. | ||||
| Taichung Metro | Rapid transit | Taichung | 2.08[88] | 2009 | 2021 | |||||
| Almaty Metro | Rapid transit | Almaty | 1[89] | 1988 (was temporarily suspended as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union) | 2011 | |||||
| Dubai Metro | Rapid transit | Dubai | [90] | 2009 | ||||||
| Canada Line | Rapid transit | Greater Vancouver | [91] | 2005 | 2009 | $2.05 billion CAD – set as the value for 2009, though estimate was originally made in 2006 | ||||
| Second Avenue Subway, Phase 1 | Rapid transit | New York City | 4.4[92] | 2007 | 2017 | Inflation is based on 2016, as the line opened on January 1 of 2017; construction was thus technically completed before then. | ||||
| Silicon Valley BART extension, Phase I | Rapid transit |  United States | San Francisco Bay Area | 2.3[93] | 2012 | 2020 | ||||
| Algiers Metro (original section of Line 1) | Rapid transit | Algiers | 1.2[94] | 1982 (was suspended for a time) | 2011 | |||||
| Changsha Metro, Line 2 | Rapid transit | Changsha | [95] | 2009 | 2014 | |||||
| Doha Metro | Rapid transit | Doha | 36[96] [97] | 2013 | 2019 | |||||
| Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway | Railway | MombasaNairobiNaivasha | 5.3[98] | 2013 | 2019 | Original phase: $3.8bn and extension: 1.5bn | ||||
| Edinburgh Trams | Light rail | Edinburgh | [99] | 2008 | 2014 | (£1.043bn) | ||||
| Padma Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | Padma River | 3.6[100] | 2014 | 2022 | |||||
| Woodrow Wilson Bridge | Bridge (Bascule) | United States | Washington metropolitan area | 2.357[101] | 2000 | 2013 | ||||
| Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge (original/upper deck) | Bridge (road) | United States | New York City | 0.320[102] | 1959 | 1964 | ||||
| AirTrain JFK | People mover | United States | New York City | 1.9[103] | 1998 | 2003 | While it does serve passengers within JFK, it was primarily built for transport between the airport and the city. | |||
| Taiwan High Speed Rail | High-speed rail | 14.63[104] | 2000 | 2007 | 480.6 billion converted to USD in 2007 dollars is $14.63 billion.[105] | |||||
| Goethals Bridge (replacement) | Bridge (road) | United States | New York City and New Jersey | 1.25[106] | 2014 | 2017 (New eastbound span)2018 (New westbound span) | ||||
| Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge | Bridge (rail) | China | Shanghai and Nanjing | 8.5[107] | 2006 | 2011 (construction ended in 2010; opened in 2011) | ||||
| Bolshaya Koltsevaya line | Rapid transit | Moscow | [108] | 2011 | 2023 | |||||
| Seikan Tunnel | Tunnel (undersea, rail) | Tsugaru Strait | [109] | 1971 | 1988 | |||||
| Rennes Metro Line B | Rapid transit | Rennes | 1.405[110] | 2014 | 2022 | €1.342 billion converted to USD based on average rate for 2022 | ||||
| Paris Métro Line 14 (original segment) | Rapid transit | Paris | 1.2682[111] | 1993 | 2007 | Inflation clock starting in 2004 | ||||
| Crossrail 1 | Commuter rail, Rapid transit | Greater London | 23.0[112] | 2007 | 2023 | A new 73m (117 km) railway line in England, serving London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Essex.Core section opened May 24, 2022, full integration of routes and completion expected by May 2023.[113] | ||||
| Regional Connector | Light rail tunnel | United States | Downtown Los Angeles | 1.8[114] | 2014 | 2023 | ||||
| IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line | Rapid transit | United States | New York City | 0.06[115] | 1900 | Complete line: 1908 | ||||
| Lekki Port | Seaport | Lekki | 1.5[116] | 2015 | 2023 | |||||
| Ohio River Bridges Project | Bridges and interchange reconfiguration | Louisville metropolitan area | 2.3[117] | 2.78 | 2014 | 2017 | A new motorway project near Louisville, Kentucky. Major works included two new bridges across the Ohio River; a short tunnel section; and reconstruction of interchange ramps. | |||
| Lagos Rail Mass Transit | Rapid transit, Commuter rail | Lagos | 3.6[118] [119] | 2009 | 2023 (Blue Line) 2024 (Red Line) | |||||
| Upgrades to Metro-North Railroad's Harmon Shop at Croton-on-Hudson | Improvements to a maintenance and operations hub | Croton-on-Hudson, New York | 1.1[120] | 2001[121] | 2024 | |||||
| Milan Metro Line 4 | Rapid transit | Milan | [122] | 2014[123] | 2022 (Phase One) 2023 (Phase Two) 2024 (Phase Three) | Roughly €1.9 billion . | ||||
| Caltrain Modernization Program (CalMod) | Commuter rail | United States | San Francisco Bay Area | 2.44[124] | 2017 | 2024 |
| Project | Description | Country | Location | data-sort-type="currency" | Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion | Est. cost (in billions USD), adjusted for inflation | Start of construction | Year of completion | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confederation Line | Rapid transit | Ottawa | 2013[125] | Completed 2019 (stage 1) Expected 2026 (stage 2) | $2.1 billion + $4.66 billion [126] | |||||
| Lusail Tram | Light rail | Lusail | [127] | 2016 | Completed 2022 (First part of orange line) Expected Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations | |||||
| Hyderabad Metro | Rapid transit | Hyderabad | 2.4 [128] | 2012 | Completed 2018 (First stretch) 2020 (Second stretch) Expected Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations | |||||
| Trans-Sumatra Toll Road | Highway | Sumatra | 33.2[129] | Completed Several segments at varying times (2019-2022) Expected 2023, 2024 (Remaining segments) | ||||||
| K Line | Light rail | Los Angeles | 2.1[130] | 2014 | Completed 2022 (first section) Expected 2024 (rest of line) | |||||
| WestConnex | Tunnel (road) | Sydney | [131] | 2015 | Completed Several segments at varying times (2016-2023) Expected 2023 (Remaining segments) | ($16.8 billion AUD) | ||||
| Skyline | Railway | Oʻahu | 12.4[132] | 2011 | Completed 2023 (Phase 1) Expected 2025 (Phase 2) 2031 (Phase 3) | |||||
| Sydney Metro | Rapid transit | Sydney | [133] | 2013 | Completed 2019 (Phase 1) Expected 2030 (remaining phases) | AUD $20.5 billion (Stage 1 and 2) | ||||
| El Insurgente | Commuter rail |  Mexico | State of Mexico | [134] | 2015 | Completed 2023 (Zinacantepec to Lerma) 2024 (Lerma to Santa Fe) Expected 2024 (Santa Fe to Observatorio) | ||||
| Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway | Highway | Tekirdağ to Balıkesir | 2[135] | 2017 | Completed 2023 (Malkara-Lapseki) Expected 2024 (remaining phases) | |||||
| A-1 motorway | Highway | 3.7[136] [137] | 2015[138] | Completed 2023 (first 43 km section)Expected 2024 | (2.77 billion €) | |||||
| Réseau express métropolitain | Light rail, Rapid transit |  Canada | Montreal | [139] | 2018 | Completed 2023 (first segment) Expected 2027[140] | 67 km of rails, 26 stations, automated light metro. Cost estimated in June 2021 to be CA$6.9 billion. | |||
| Tel Aviv Light Rail | Light rail | Israel | Tel Aviv | [141] [142] | 2011 | Completed 2023 (Red Line) Expected 2028 | NIS18.8 billion |
| Project | Description | Country | Location | data-sort-type="currency" | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Start of construction | Planned year of completion | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silver Line | Commuter rail | Dallas | 1.9[143] | 2020 | 2025 | Also known as the "Cotton Belt Line" | |||
| Purple Line | Light rail | Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. | 3.4[144] | 2017 (halted in 2020); resumed in 2022 | 2027[145] | ||||
| Red & Purple Modernization | Rapid transit | Chicago | 2.1[146] | 2019 | 2025 | ||||
| Thessaloniki Metro | Rapid transit | Thessaloniki | 3.24[147] | 2006 | 2024[148] | ||||
| Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link | Tunnel (undersea, rail/road) | , | Fehmarn to Lolland | [149] | 2019 | 2028 | |||
| Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway | Railway | From Lagos to Kano | 8.3[150] [151] | 2011 | TBA | ||||
| Badagry Deep Sea Port | Seaport | Badagry | 2.3[152] | 2024[153] | TBA | ||||
| Fourth Mainland Bridge | Bridge (road) | Across the lagoon to connect Ikorodu and Lekki | 4.2[154] | 2024 | TBA | ||||
| California High-Speed Rail | High-speed rail | California | 80.3[155] | 2015 | 2033 (Phase I) | ||||
| China Pakistan Economic Corridor | Economic corridor | , |  Gwadar to Kashgar | 65[156] | 2015 | 2030 | |||
| Barcelona Metro line 9 | Rapid transit line | Barcelona | 26.3[157] | 2009 | 2027[158] | (€19bn) | |||
| Santiago Metro Line 7 | Rapid transit line | Santiago | 2.5[159] | 2022[160] | 2027 | ||||
| Cross River Rail | Commuter rail tunnel | Brisbane | [161] | 2017 | 2026 | AUD $6.3 billion | |||
| Commuter rail tunnel | Melbourne | [162] | 2018 | 2025 | AUD $12.58 billion | ||||
| Rapid transit | Melbourne | -[163] | 2022 | 2035-2053 | AUD $31–58 billion | ||||
| NHDP/ Bharatmala | Highway upgrade | 207.6 (total)(NHDP:, in 2023)[164] (Bharatmala:)[165] | 2000 | 2018: (NHDP)2026: Bharatmala Phase I[166] Phase II was set to start in 2024, but now is uncertain[167] | (INR 4.5 trillion).This project was partially completed by 2018 and was then subsumed under the Bharatmala project. | ||||
| Agua Negra Tunnel | Tunnel (road) | , |  San Juan, Argentina, &  Coquimbo Region | 1.5[168] | 2018 | 2027 | |||
| Fastracks | Light rail, Commuter rail | Denver | 6.5[169] | 2006 | 2044 | ||||
| City Rail Link | Commuter rail | Auckland | 3.4[170] | 2015 | 2025 | (NZD$5.5bn) | |||
| Line 5 Eglinton | Light rail | Toronto | [171] | 2010 | 2024 | ||||
| Grand Paris Express | Rapid transit | Île-de-France (Paris region) | [172] | 2016 | 2030 | 4 new lines, 200 km, 72 new stations | |||
| Scarborough Subway Extension | Rapid transit | Toronto | 3[173] | 2022 | 2029-2030 | 3.982 billion, 3 stops, 7.8 km [174] | |||
| Tehran-Shomal Freeway, 121 km | Highway | Tehran Province and Mazandaran Province | 1.7[175] | 1996 | 2024?(sections 1,2, & 4 are already complete) | (HUF 452bn) | |||
| Stuttgart 21 | Railway & Urban Development |  Germany | Stuttgart | [176] | 2010 | 2025 | €9.15 billion | ||
| Birmingham Northern Beltline (I-422) | Highway | United States | Birmingham, Alabama | 5.4[177] | 2014 | 2047 | |||
| Brenner Base Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | , |  Innsbruck to  Franzensfeste | 11[178] | 2008 | 2032 | |||
| Koralm Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | Austria | Styria / Carinthia | [179] | 2009 | 2026 | (€5.4 bn) | ||
| Semmering Base Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | Austria | Lower Austria / Styria | [180] | 2012 | 2024 | (€3.9 bn) | ||
| Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor | High-Speed Rail |  India | From Ahmedabad to Mumbai | 20[181] | 2019 | 2026 (partial), 2027 (complete) | (₹1.6 lakh crore) | ||
| Sagarmala | Seaport | India | Coastal areas of India | [182] | 2017 | 2035 | (₹6.5 lakh crore, only counting current projects) | ||
| High Speed 2 | High Speed Railway |  United Kingdom | England | 106.4[183] | 2017[184] | 2033 | 330 mi/530 km of High Speed track,[185] 5 stations and West Coast Mainline integration | ||
| Northern Powerhouse Rail | Railway & Urban renewal | United Kingdom | England | 39[186] | 2018[187] | 2026 | Links Liverpool, Sheffield, Kingston-upon-Hull & Newcastle-upon-Tyne to High Speed 2. | ||
| Link light rail 2 Line | Light rail line | United States | Eastside King County, Washington | 3.7[188] | 2016 | 2025 | |||
| Bogotá Metro(line 1) | Rapid transit | Colombia | Bogotá | 4.5[189] | 2020 | 2028 | |||
| Brussels Metro line 3 | Rapid transit |  Belgium | Brussels | 1.86[190] | 2020[191] | 2030 | |||
| Chūō Shinkansen | High-speed rail, Maglev |  Japan | Japan | 64.35[192] | 2014 | Unknown[193] | |||
| Tel Aviv Metro | Rapid transit | Israel | Tel Aviv metro area | 39.4[194] | 2025 | 2032 | |||
| Panama Metro Line 3 | Rapid transit line (monorail) |  Panama | Panama City | 2.7154[195] | 2021 | 2025 | The Panamanian balboa is tied to the United States dollar. | ||
| Millennium Line Broadway Extension ("Broadway Subway Project") | Rapid transit | Canada | Vancouver | 2.35[196] | 2021 | 2026[197] | Cost estimated in May 2021 to be ; in roughly May 2021, that was roughly equivalent to . | ||
| Penn Station Access | Commuter rail | United States | New York City and Westchester County, New York | 2.87[198] | 2022 | 2027 | |||
| South Coast Rail | Commuter rail | United States | Southeastern Massachusetts | 3.42[199] | 2019[200] | 2030 | |||
| Trillium Line Expansion | Light rail | Canada | Ottawa | 3.5[201] | 2019 | 2024 | 4.72 billion CAD | ||
| Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway | High-speed rail | 4.65[202] | 2020 | 2026 | 179 billion baht | ||||
| Oslo Metro Line T6 | Rapid transit line | Oslo and Bærum | [203] | 2020 | 2027 | Cost is | |||
| Lima Metro Line 2 | Rapid transit | Lima | 5.8[204] | 2014 | 2025 | ||||
| Line 4 (Athens Metro) | Rapid transit | Athens | 2021 | 2029-30 | €1.6 billion[205] | ||||
| Cairo Metro Line 3, Phase 3 | Rapid transit | Cairo | [206] | 2023 (last extensions) | Entire Line 3 costs more | ||||
| São Paulo Metro, Line 6 | Rapid transit | Greater São Paulo | 2.6[207] | Resumed in 2020 | 2025 | ||||
| Toulouse Metro, Line C | Rapid transit | Toulouse Métropole | 3.65[208] | 2022 | 2028 | €3.4 billion as of February 7, 2023 | |||
| Abidjan Metro | Rapid transit | Abidjan | 1.46[209] | 2022 | 2025 | €1.36 billion as of December 20, 2022 | |||
| Ho Chi Minh City Metro, Line 1 | Rapid transit | Ho Chi Minh City | 2.5[210] | 2012 | 2023 | ||||
| Vienna U-Bahn, U2xU5 Project | Rapid transit | Vienna | [211] | 2018[212] | 2030 | ||||
| Riyadh Metro | Rapid transit | Riyadh | 22.5 [213] | 2014 | 2024 | There were disputes regarding at least $1 billion in 2022;, it is unclear if/how that affected the overall cost.[214] | |||
| Xiong'an–Xinzhou high-speed railway | High-speed rail | Xiong'an–Xinzhou | 8.86[215] | 2022 | 2027 | ||||
| Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway | Railway | Tanzania | At least 7.6[216] | 2017 | Unclear (does vary based on phase) | ||||
| Portal Bridge replacement | Bridge (rail) | United States | New Jersey | 1.5[217] | 2022 | 2025 (first line of track)[218] | |||
| Rogfast | Tunnel (road) | Rogaland | [219] | 2018 (paused 2019; unclear if/when resumed, but it is still expected to be constructed) | 2033 | ||||
| Gordie Howe International Bridge | Bridge (road) | , | Detroit to Windsor, Ontario | 5.4[220] | 2018 | 2025 | |||
| D Line Extension | Rapid transit | United States | Greater Los Angeles | 9.5[221] | 2014 (Section 1) 2018 (Section 2) 2021 (Section 3) | 2027 (final section: Section 3) | |||
| Belgrade Metro | Rapid transit | Belgrade | 5.35[222] | 2021 | 2028 | ||||
| Ontario Line | Rapid transit | Toronto | 7.3-8.7[223] | 2022 | 2031 | 16 km, 15 stop line with at-grade, elevated and underground sections operated with driverless trains.[224] | |||
| São Paulo Metro Line 2 extension | Rapid transit | São Paulo | 1.4[225] | 2020 | 2026 | ||||
| Valley Metro Rail: South Central Extension | Light rail | United States | Phoenix, Arizona | 1.35[226] | 2019 | 2025 | |||
| Hamburg U5 | Rapid transit | Hamburg | 1.75[227] | 2022 | 2030 | ||||
| Project Connect | Public transit | United States | Austin, Texas | 10.3 for the light rail components; unclear for the rest[228] | 2021 | Unclear | Measure approved by Austin voters. Construction of at least one bus rapid transit corridor has begun; light rail construction has not begun. | ||
| Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel Expansion Project | Bridge–tunnel (road) | United States | Hampton Roads (Virginia) | 3.9[229] | 2020 | 2025 | |||
| Frederick Douglass Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | United States | Baltimore | 6[230] | 2023 | 2033 | Replacement for old Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel) | ||
| Brightline West | High-speed rail | United States | California and Nevada | 12[231] | 2024 | 2028 | |||
| Gateway Program | Rail improvements, including bridges and tunnels | United States | New York City to New Jersey (Hudson River) | 16.1[232] | 2023[233] | 2035 |
| Project | Description | Country | Location | Status (suspended or abandoned) | data-sort-type="currency" | Approximate cost (in billions USD) and year of cost estimate | Start of construction | Year suspended | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Latitudinal Railway | Railway | Labytnangi (Obskaya) - Korotchaevo | Suspended | 3.03 (2018)[234] | 2018 | 2022 |
| Project | Description | Location | data-sort-type="currency" | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Proposed start of construction | Proposed year of completion | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Railway, Undersea tunnel |  Istanbul, Turkey | 3.5[235] | TBD | TBD | After Marmaray and Eurasia Tunnel's, it will be the third tunnel to connect Istanbul's sides. | ||
| Railway | , | [236] | TBD | TBD | A connecting line between Kirkenes port and the Finnish railway network. | ||
| Bridge of the Horns | Bridge (rail/road) | , | 20 | TBD | TBD | A bridge across the Red Sea. | |
| Crossrail 2 | Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit | Greater London, United Kingdom | in 2014 money[237] | 2023 | 2030s | A new railway line in England, serving London, Surrey & Hertfordshire to interlink with Crossrail (above). | |
| Commuter Rail | [238] | TBD | TBD | An underground rail loop in Helsinki. | |||
| Railway, Undersea tunnel | , | [239] | TBD | TBD | |||
| Bridge (rail/road) | [240] | TBD | TBD | A proposed bridge between Scotland and Northern Ireland, supported by the Johnson ministry.[241] | |||
| Railway tunnel | [242] | 2030 | TBD | An airport rail link for Helsinki Airport. | |||
| Bridge (road) | , | 14[243] | TBD | TBD | A proposed 48 kilometer bridge over the Strait of Malacca. | ||
| MetroLink (Dublin) | Rapid transit | Greater Dublin Area, Ireland | 9.83[244] | 2025 | 2031-2034 | ||
| Saudi–Egypt Causeway | Causeway | , | 4 | TBD | TBD | ||
| Strait of Messina Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | 6.6 | TBD | TBD | |||
| Bridge (rail/road) | 18.87[245] | TBD | TBD | The project has been indefinitely postponed.[246] | |||
| Tunnel (undersea) | , | TBD | TBD | TBD | A proposed tunnel between Singapore and Indonesia. | ||
| Qatar–Bahrain Causeway | Causeway | , | 5 | TBD | TBD | ||
| Texas Central Railway | High-speed rail | Texas | 5.9 | TBD | TBD | Would operate between Dallas and Houston, with a stop in the Brazos Valley region | |
| LinkUS | Rapid transit | Columbus, Ohio | 8[247] | 2024 | 2030 | Cost includes three rapid-transit corridors set to open by 2030, and two more by 2050.[248] | |
| Second Avenue Subway, Phase 2 | Rapid transit | New York City | 6.39[249] | TBD | TBD | Project was moved to the engineering stage in January 2022.[250] | |
| Interborough Express | Light rail | New York City | 5.5[251] (in 2027 dollars)[252] | TBD | TBD | New light rail line, built largely along existing tracks, connecting Brooklyn and Queens. Still in planning stages. | |
| Rio de Janeiro Light Rail Expansion | Light rail | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 3[253] | 2023 | 2025 (at least first sections) | Would add 145.5km (90.4miles) to existing light rail network | |
| Bagamoyo Port | Seaport | Bagamoyo, Tanzania | 10[254] | 2023 | |||
| Valparaíso–Santiago rail replacement | Railway | Valparaíso and Santiago, Chile | 1.32[255] | 2025 | 2030 | ||
| D2 Subway | Light rail | Dallas | 1.7-1.9[256] | TBD | 2028 | ||
| City Centre–Mangere Line | Light rail | 8.7[257] | TBD | TBD |
| Airport | Primary market(s) served | Country | Type of project | Passengers (total) | Year completed | Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion | Est. cost (in billions USD), adjusted for inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abu Dhabi | AUH | New airport | 1982 | 6.8 | |||||
| Madrid | MAD | New terminals | 2006 | 8.7 | |||||
| Dubai | DWC | New airport | (expected: 260 million) | 2010 | 32 | ||||
| Athens | ATH | New airport | 2001 | 3 | |||||
| Auckland Airport | Auckland | AKL | New terminal, new runway | 2028-2029 (expected) | 2.4[258] | ||||
| Bahrain International Airport expansion | Bahrain | BAH | New terminal | 2021 | 1.1[259] | ||||
| Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 | Beijing | PEK | New terminal | 50,000,000 | 2008 | 3.8[260] | |||
| Beijing Daxing International Airport | Beijing | PKX | New airport | 25,051,012 | 2019 | 17 | |||
| Berlin Brandenburg Airport | Berlin | BER | New airport | (expected)[261] | 2020 | 10 [262] | |||
| Central Transport Hub | Warsaw | N/A | ≈45,000,000 (expected) | 2027 (expected) | data-sort-value="4.2" | 4.2-5.0 (expected, without rail component and road component) | |||
| Changi Airport Terminal 3 | Singapore | SIN | New terminal | 2008 | 1.4[263] | ||||
| Changi Airport Terminal 4 | Singapore | SIN | New terminal | 2017 | 1[264] | ||||
| Charles de Gaulle Airport | Paris | CDG | New airport | 26,196,575 [265] | 1973 | 0.27[266] | |||
| Chengdu Tianfu International Airport | Chengdu | TFU | New airport | 4,354,758 | 2021 | 10.8[267] | |||
| Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur | N/A | New airport | (expected) | Unclear | 2.5 (crore)[268] | ||||
| Ciudad Real Central Airport | Ciudad Real | CQM | New airport | Ceased operations in 2012 (expected: 10 million) | 2009 | 1.41 | |||
| Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport: International Terminal | Santiago | SCL | New terminal | 2022[269] | 0.99 | ||||
| Dallas Fort Worth International Airport | Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex | DFW | New airport | 62,465,756 | 1973 | 0.7[270] | |||
| Dallas Fort Worth International Airport Terminal F; overhaul | Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex | DFW | New terminal; terminal expansion; renovations | 2028 or 2033 (expected) | 4.8[271] | ||||
| Denver International Airport | Denver | DEN | New airport | 1995 | 4.8[272] | ||||
| Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 | Dubai | DXB | New terminal | 2008 | 4.5[273] | ||||
| Felipe Ángeles International Airport | Mexico City | NLU | New airport | 2022 | [274] | ||||
| George Bush Intercontinental Airport, international terminal construction | Houston | IAH | Terminal redevelopment and/or expansion | Unclear | 1.2[275] | ||||
| Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport | Guangzhou | CAN | New airport | 2004 | |||||
| Hamad International Airport | Doha | DOH | New airport | 2014 | 15.5[276] | ||||
| Harry Reid International Airport (then McCarran International Airport), Terminal 3 | Las Vegas | LAS | New terminal | 2012 | 2.4[277] | ||||
| Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport Terminal 3 | Dhaka | DAC | New terminal | Additional 12,000,000 (expected) | [278] | ||||
| Hong Kong International Airport | Hong Kong | HKG | New airport | 1998 | 20[279] | ||||
| Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 | London | LHR | New terminal | 32,100,000 | 2008 | [280] | |||
| Incheon International Airport | ICN | New airport | 2001 (Phase 1)2008 (Phase 2) 2017 (Phase 3) | 5 (Phase 1)2.6 (Phase 2) (Phase 3) | (Phase 1) (Phase 2) (Phase 3) | ||||
| Istanbul Airport | Istanbul | IST | New airport | [281] | 2018 | 29 (including side projects)[282] | |||
| data-sort-value="John F. Kennedy International Airport, (New) Terminal 1" | John F. Kennedy International Airport, (New) Terminal One | New York City | JFK | New terminal | Expected:2026 (Phase 1) 2030 (Full completion) | 9.5[283] | |||
| John F. Kennedy International Airport, (New) Terminal 6 | New York City | JFK | New terminal | Expected:2026 (Phase 1) 2028 (Full completion) | 4.2 (Phase 1)[284] | ||||
| Kansai International Airport | KIX | New airport | 1994 | 20 | (starting inflation calculation in 2008) | ||||
| Kansas City International Airport | Kansas City | MCI | New terminal (replacement) | 2023 | 1.5[285] | ||||
| Majalengka Regency | KJT | New airport | (expected) | 2018 | 15 | ||||
| King Abdulaziz International Airport | JED | New airport | 1981 | 7.2[286] | |||||
| King Shaka International Airport | Durban | DUR | New airport | 2010 | 1 | ||||
| Kuala Lumpur International Airport | Kuala Lumpur | KUL | New airport | 1998 | 3.5 | ||||
| Kualanamu International Airport | Medan | KNO | New airport | 2013 | 4.4[287] | ||||
| Kuwait International Airport, Terminal 2 | Kuwait City | KWI | New terminal | 25,000,000 additional passengers (estimated) | 2024 (expected) | 5[288] | |||
| LaGuardia Airport | New York City | LGA | Renovation | 2025 (expected) | 8[289] | ||||
| Long Thanh International Airport | Ho Chi Minh City | N/A | New airport | (expected) | 2025 (expected) | 10 | |||
| Los Angeles International Airport | Los Angeles | LAX | Renovation and expansion | 14 | |||||
| Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (new terminal) | New Orleans | MSY | New terminal | 2019 | 1.3[290] | ||||
| Manchester Airport Transformation Programme | Manchester | MAN | New terminal | 2025 (expected) | 1.6[291] (equivalent to £1.3 billion) | ||||
| Munich Airport | Munich | MUC | New airport | 1992 | 5.17[292] | ||||
| Nashville International Airport, BNA Vision | Nashville, Tennessee | BNA | Airport overhaul | 2023 (expected) | 1.5[293] | ||||
| Nashville International Airport, New Horizon | Nashville, Tennessee | BNA | Terminal expansion; other improvements | 2028 (expected) | 1.4[294] | ||||
| Navi Mumbai International Airport | Mumbai | NMU | New airport | (expected) | 2024 (expected) | 2 | |||
| New Islamabad International Airport | IBD | New airport | 2018 | 3.91 | |||||
| New Lisbon Airport | N/A | (expected) | 2035 (expected) | 4.5 | |||||
| New Mexico City International Airport | Ceased operations in 2018 (expected: 125 million) | 2018 | 13 | ||||||
| Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal A | Newark, New Jersey | EWR | Terminal replacement | 2023 | 2.7[295] | ||||
| Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal C | Newark, New Jersey | EWR | Terminal renovation and expansion | 2003 | 1.2 | ||||
| O'Hare International Airport | Chicago | ORD | Expansion | 2028 (expected) | 8.7[296] | ||||
| Orlando International Airport, Terminal C | Orlando, Florida | MCO | New terminal | 2022 | 2.8[297] | ||||
| Salt Lake City International Airport | Salt Lake City | SLC | Renovation and expansion | 2024 (expected) | 4.1[298] | ||||
| Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, replacement terminal | Shenzhen | SZX | Terminal replacement | 2013 | 1.4[299] | ||||
| Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, third runway | Shenzhen | SZX | New runway | 2025 (expected) | 1.76[300] | ||||
| Suvarnabhumi Airport | BKK | 2006 | 3.8 | 5 | |||||
| Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 3 | Taipei | TPE | New terminal | First stage: 2024 (expected)[301] | 3.13 [302] | ||||
| Western Sydney Airport | WSI (provisional) | New airport | 10,000,000 (initially) 82,000,000 (by 2036) | 2026 (expected) | 3.3 |