List of white defendants executed for killing a black victim explained

The following is a list of white defendants executed for killing a black victim. Executions of white defendants for killing black victims are rare. Since the reinstatement of capital punishment in the United States in 1976, just 21 white people have been executed for killing a black person (less than 1.36 percent of all executions), whereas the number of black people executed for killing a white person is 299 (making up nearly 19.4 percent of all executions).^{[1] [2]} Additionally, a further 12 white people have been executed for killing a black person and another person, or people, of a different race.^[3]

List of white defendants executed for killing a black victim in the United States since 1976

	Date of execution	Executed person	Age	State	Method	Victim(s)
1	September 6, 1991		58	South Carolina	Electrocution	Rudolph Tyner (1 Black male)	^[4]
2	January 24, 1995		37	North Carolina	Lethal injection	Whelette Collins (1 Black female)	^[5]
3	March 20, 1995		32	Oklahoma	Lethal injection	Hilda Johnson (1 Black female)	^[6]
4	July 1, 1995		43	Oklahoma	Lethal injection	Isaac Freeman, Louis Zacarias, Terri Horst, Linda Lorenz, David Lindsey, Melvin Lorenz, Richard Lorenz, David Salsman, and Anthony Tew (1 Black male, 1 Hispanic male, 2 White females, 5 White males)	^[7] ^[8]
5	December 6, 1995		34	Missouri	Lethal injection	Arthur Dade (1 Black male)	^[9]
6	June 6, 1997		42	Alabama	Electrocution	Michael Donald (1 Black male)	^[10]
7	December 11, 1997		26	Virginia	Lethal injection	Marguerite Lowery (1 Black female)	^[11] ^[12]
8	March 6, 1998		43	South Carolina	Lethal injection	Betty Gardner (1 Black female)	^[13]
9	July 10, 1998		43	South Carolina	Lethal injection	Betty Gardner (1 Black female)	^[14]
10	September 25, 1998		40	South Carolina	Lethal injection	Louis Cakley, Kenneth Krause, and Bill Spain (1 Black male, 2 White males)	^[15] ^[16]
11	April 28, 1999		26	Virginia	Lethal injection	Ruth Parham and Sally Fazio (1 Black female, 1 White female)
12	July 6, 1999		55	Pennsylvania	Lethal injection	Deborah Dudley and Sandra Lindsay (2 Black females)	^[17]
13	July 8, 1999		45	Oklahoma	Lethal injection	Larry Donnell Buckley (1 Black male)	^[18]
14	July 21, 1999		33	Virginia	Lethal injection	Leann Whitlock (1 Black female)
15	May 3, 2002		39	South Carolina	Lethal injection	Bruce Kenneth Smalls (1 Black male)	^[19]
16	September 10, 2003		54	Texas	Lethal injection	Rosalyn Ann Robinson and Mary Evelyn Hayes (1 Black female, 1 White female)	^[20] ^[21] ^[22]
17	July 14, 2006		39	South Carolina	Lethal injection	Keenan O'Mailia (1 Black male)	^[23]
18	July 20, 2006		27	Virginia	Electrocution	Lisa Yvonne Crider (1 Black female)	^[24]
19	November 9, 2006		33	Virginia	Lethal injection	Earl Shelton Dunning (1 Black male)	^[25]
20	September 12, 2007		45	Tennessee	Electrocution	Kayla Holton, Brent Holton, Eric Holton, and Stephen Holton (1 Black female, 3 White males)	^[26]
21	June 6, 2008		48	South Carolina	Lethal injection	Josie Curry, Michael Gregory, and James Riddle (1 Black female, 2 White males)	^[27] ^[28]
22	February 17, 2011		59	Ohio	Lethal injection	Rev. Horace T. Rickerson, Brian Warford, and Timothy Sheehan (2 Black males, 1 White male)	^[29]
23	June 16, 2011		32	Texas	Lethal injection	Donta Green (1 Black male)	^[30] ^[31]
24	September 21, 2011		44	Texas	Lethal injection	James Byrd Jr. (1 Black male)	^[32] ^[33]
25	February 8, 2012		38	Mississippi	Lethal injection	Eddie Brooks and Everett Curry (2 Black males)	^[34]
26	September 25, 2012		48	Texas	Lethal injection	Nyanuer Gatluak "Mary" Pal (1 Black female)	^[35]
27	January 16, 2013		42	Virginia	Electrocution	Aaron Alexander Cooper and Harvey Gray Watson Jr. (1 Black male, 1 White male)	^[36]
28	March 6, 2013		48	Ohio	Lethal injection	Henry Dupree (1 Black male)	^[37]
29	September 25, 2013		61	Ohio	Lethal injection	John A. Bryant and Dennis Glivar (1 Black male, 1 White male)	^[38]
30	January 11, 2017		48	Texas	Lethal injection	Willie Ladell Freeman and Mike Silva (1 Black male, 1 Hispanic male)	^[39]
31	July 6, 2017		35	Virginia	Lethal injection	Derrick McFarland and Eric Sutphin (1 Black male, 1 White male)
32	August 24, 2017		53	Florida	Lethal injection	Robert Lee Booker and Robert McDowell (1 Black male, 1 Mixed-race male)	^[40]
33	April 24, 2019		44	Texas	Lethal injection	James Byrd Jr. (1 Black male)	^[41]

See also

• List of death row inmates in the United States
• List of United States Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment
• List of women executed in the United States since 1976
• Race and capital punishment in the United States
• Racism against Black Americans
• Arthur William Hodge

Notes and References

1. Web site: Deborah Fins. Death Row U.S.A. Winter 2022. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. May 1, 2022.
2. Web site: Executions by Race and Race of Victim. Death Penalty Information Center. May 1, 2022.
3. Web site: Execution Database. Death Penalty Information Center. May 1, 2022.
4. News: Margolick. David. September 7, 1991. Rarity for U.S. Executions: White Dies for Killing Black. The New York Times. May 2, 2022. https://archive.today/20220502192449/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/07/us/rarity-for-us-executions-white-dies-for-killing-black.html. May 2, 2022.
5. News: Waggoner. Martha. January 25, 1995. Smith's Execution Only Second Time White Man Executed For Murdering Black Man. Associated Press. May 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20230516205238/https://apnews.com/article/423702358ed055f3ede50d01e32fe315. May 16, 2023. dead.
6. News: May 23, 1995. Executed Killer's Wife Will Face Murder Charges. Associated Press. May 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20230517000850/https://apnews.com/article/0211c82d6520be687da8767dacfedef4. May 17, 2023. dead.
7. News: June 29, 1995. It's Time To Serve Justice. The Oklahoman. May 2, 2022. https://archive.today/20220422203913/https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1995/06/29/its-time-to-serve-justice/62386362007/. April 22, 2022.
8. Web site: Stafford v. State. Justia. June 20, 1983. May 2, 2022.
9. News: Schafer. Ed. December 6, 1995. White Supremacist Executed in Missouri for Killing Black Inmate. Associated Press. May 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20230414091001/https://apnews.com/article/876e339c2bb125b5bf0daad3cb48e329. April 14, 2023. dead.
10. News: Smith . Gita M. . Atlanta Journal-Constitution . newspaper . Alabama case shows how father's sins were visited on son: Whites execution for killing black didn't end inherited racism . 4A . May 2, 2022.
11. Web site: Virginia's Execution History. Virginians For Alternatives To The Death Penalty. May 1, 2022.
12. News: Armstrong. Ken. June 12, 1992. Jury: 20-Year-Old Should Die For Murder. The Daily Press Inc.. May 2, 2022. https://archive.today/20220502194447/https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19920612-1992-06-12-9206120076-story.html. May 2, 2022.
13. News: Convicted killer executed by lethal injection. The Herald. March 7, 1998. 8. Newspapers.com. May 2, 2022.
14. News: Curtis. Kim. Plath executed for killing. The Sun News. July 11, 1998. 24. Newspapers.com. May 2, 2022.
15. News: Reinitz. Jeff. Victims' family won't watch murderer die. The Item. September 21, 1998. 1, 9. Newspapers.com. May 2, 2022.
16. News: Man executed for role in robbery, fatal shooting. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. September 26, 1998. 4. Newspapers.com. May 2, 2022.
17. News: Jackson. Peter. Heidnik execution offers no relief for victims' kin. The Morning Call. July 8, 1999. 12. Newspapers.com. May 2, 2022.
18. News: Hoberock. Barbara. June 22, 1999. Eyewitness to an execution. Tulsa World. May 2, 2022. https://archive.today/20220501182047/https://tulsaworld.com/archive/eyewitness-to-an-execution/article_67bae533-c8d9-50c5-9d67-276672092ac8.html. May 1, 2022.
19. Web site: Richard Charles Johnson #773. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
20. Web site: Larry Allen Hayes #874. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
21. News: Graczyk. Michael. September 13, 2003. Hayes first white executed in Texas for killing a black. Plainview Daily Herald. May 2, 2022.
22. News: Dow. David R.. July 8, 2011. Death Penalty, Still Racist and Arbitrary. The New York Times. May 2, 2022. https://archive.today/20220502205201/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/09/opinion/09dow.html. May 2, 2022.
23. Web site: William E. Downs Jr. #1032. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
24. Web site: Brandon Hedrick #1035. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
25. Web site: John Yancey Schmitt #1056. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
26. Web site: Daryl Keith Holton #1097. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
27. Web site: David Mark Hill #1104. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
28. News: September 13, 2004. Justices uphold death sentence for killing social workers. AccessWDUN. May 2, 2022.
29. Web site: Frank G. Spisak Jr. #1241. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
30. Web site: Lee Andrew Taylor #1255. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
31. News: Graczyk. Michael. June 16, 2011. Galveston native executed for fellow prisoner's stabbing death. Houston Chronicle. May 2, 2022.
32. Web site: Lawrence Russell Brewer #1268. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
33. News: Graczyk. Michael. September 21, 2011. White supremacist executed for Texas dragging. NBC News. May 2, 2022.
34. Web site: Edwin Hart Turner #1280. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
35. Web site: Cleve Foster #1307. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
36. Web site: Robert Charles Gleason Jr. #1321. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
37. Web site: Frederick Treesh #1324. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
38. Web site: Harry Mitts Jr. #1346. Clark County Prosecutor. May 1, 2022.
39. News: McCullough. Jolie. January 11, 2017. Texas executes first person of the year. The Texas Tribune. May 2, 2022.
40. News: Pantazi. Andrew. August 24, 2017. In a first, Florida executes a white defendant for killing a black victim. The Florida Times-Union. May 2, 2022.
41. News: Shapiro. Emily. April 25, 2019. White supremacist executed for killing black man by dragging him behind truck. ABC News. May 2, 2022.