List of weapons of the Portuguese Colonial War explained
The Portuguese Colonial War (Portuguese: Guerra Colonial), also referred to as the Portuguese Overseas War or Overseas War (Portuguese: Guerra do Ultramar) for short, was a military conflict staged during the Decolonisation of Africa that pitted the guerrilla forces of the African nationalist Liberation movements of the Guinea-Bissau, Angola and Mozambique overseas provinces, which were part of the Portuguese Empire, against the colonial armed and security forces loyal to the authoritarian Estado Novo regime of Portugal, between 1961 and 1975. Main combatants comprised:
- The Portuguese Armed Forces (Portuguese: Forças Armadas), which were backed by the United States, United Kingdom, West Germany, France, Francoist Spain, Belgium, Rhodesia and South Africa, were the official armed defence forces of Portugal. Subordinated to the Ministry of National Defence and placed under the command of the Secretariat-General of National Defence (Portuguese: Secretariado-Geral da Defesa Nacional – SGDN), of the Portuguese government at the capital Lisbon, the branches were organized as follows:
- The Portuguese Army (Portuguese: Exército Português);
- The Portuguese Air Force (Portuguese: Força Aérea Portuguesa), or FAP in the Portuguese acronym but internationally is often referred to by the acronym PRTAF;
- The Portuguese Navy (Portuguese: Marinha Portuguesa), also known as Marinha de Guerra Portuguesa or as Armada Portuguesa.
- The Portuguese Security Forces, subordinated to the Overseas Ministry (Portuguese: Ministério do Ultramar) in Lisbon:
- The Public Security Police (Portuguese: Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP), the uniformed Preventive police (actually, a Colonial police force) of the Portuguese overseas territories, which was modelled after the European Portuguese PSP, the national civil police force of Portugal.[1]
- The African nationalist Liberation movements:
- The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (Portuguese: Partido Africano para a Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde – PAIGC) party (1956–present), and its military wing the Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People (Portuguese: Forças Armadas Revolucionárias do Povo – FARP), which received support from the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Socialist Republic of Romania, SFR Yugoslavia, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Sweden, North Korea, the People's Republic of China, Cuba, Libya, Ghana, Senegal, and Guinea-Conacry;[2] [3]
- The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (Portuguese: Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola – MPLA) party (1956–present), and its military wing the People's Army for the Liberation of Angola (Portuguese: Exército Popular de Libertação de Angola – EPLA), which received support from the Soviet Union, East Germany, Cuba, Morocco, Algeria, Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea-Conacry, Tanzania, and Zambia;[4] [5]
- The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Portuguese: Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola – FNLA) party (1961–present), and its military wing the National Army for the Liberation of Angola (Portuguese: Exército de Libertação Nacional de Angola – ELNA), which received support from the United States, the People's Republic of China, West Germany, Israel, France, the Socialist Republic of Romania, Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Ghana, Zaire, and Liberia;[4] [6]
- The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (Portuguese: União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola – UNITA) party (1966–present), and its military wing the Armed Forces of the Liberation of Angola (Portuguese: Forças Armadas de Libertação de Angola – FALA), which received support from the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the People's Republic of China, Egypt, and Zambia;[4] [7]
- The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (Portuguese: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda – FLEC) party (1963–present), which received support from Zaire.
- The Liberation Front of Mozambique (Portuguese: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique – FRELIMO) party (1962–present), and its military wing the Popular Forces for the Liberation of Mozambique (Portuguese: Forças Populares de Libertação de Moçambique – FPLM), which received support from the Soviet Union, East Germany, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, SFR Yugoslavia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Cuba, the People's Republic of China, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia.[8] [9]
An eclectic variety of weapons was used by all sides in the Portuguese Colonial War. The Portuguese Military and Security Forces serving in the African territories were equipped with Western-made weapon systems from both World War I and World War II, mainly Portuguese, Austro-Hungarian, Danish, German, Italian, French, Canadian and British in origin, but also included more modern Portuguese, Spanish, French, British, Belgian, Dutch, West German, American and South African military hardware. During the early phase of the war, the African Liberation Movements likewise were largely equipped with WWII-vintage Western arms and munitions, though as the war went on, Soviet, Eastern Bloc and Chinese weaponry began to play a major role, particularly after 1970.[7]
Portuguese Military and Security Forces equipment
Revolvers
Received from the Portuguese Army or privately purchased, used by colonial public servants and officials as personal side-arms for self-defence.[10]
- Revólver m/878 and m/886 Abadie[11]
- Smith & Wesson Model 10[12] [13]
- Smith & Wesson Bodyguard[14]
Pistols
used early in the War in Angola.[15] [16]
Submachine guns
limited use early in the War.[19] [20] [21]
limited use early in the War.[22]
used early in the War.[23] [24] [25] [26] [27]
limited use in the War in Angola.[31]
used by settler militias early in the War in Angola.[32] [33] [34]
used by the PSP and militia personnel.[35] [36] [30]
Bolt-action rifles
limited use early in the War by militia personnel.[38] [39]
- Espingarda 7,92 mm m/937 Mauser infantry rifle: standard-issue rifle before the full introduction of the FN FAL and G3 assault rifles; also used by the PSP and militia personnel.[40] [41] [42]
- Espingarda 7,7 mm m/1917, m/1917-A, m/931, m/942, and m/946 Lee–Enfield (SMLE Mk III)
used by settler militias early in the War in Angola.[43]
used by settler militias early in the War in Angola.[44]
- M1917 Enfield (US modified and produced variant of the Pattern 1914 Enfield rifle): limited use early in the War.
Battle rifles
variants employed comprised the Belgium-built standard FAL (50.00 model), the West German G1 and the South African Vektor R1, all used mainly in Guinea-Bissau and Angola.[50] [51] [52] [53]
- Espingarda de assalto 7,62 mm m/961 and M/963 G3
Heckler & Koch G3A3 and G3A4 variants.[45] [54] [55] [56] [52] [57]
Captured.[58]
Captured.
Sniper rifles
fitted with A.I.-modified upper receivers to mount 3× or 3.6× telescopic sights, employed as a designated marksman rifle.[45] [46]
Light machine guns
used early in the War by armoured cavalry units.[59] [60] [61]
used early in the War by armoured cavalry units.[62] [63]
used early in the War.[64] [65]
Captured.
Captured.[66]
General-purpose machine guns
used early in the War.[71] [72]
used early in the War.[72]
limited use late in the War.[66]
Medium and Heavy machine guns
used early in the War.[75] [76] [72]
fitted on Stuart M5A1 light tanks in Angola.[77]
assigned mainly to Anti-aircraft defense.[78] [72]
Grenade systems
Land mine systems
Bombs and explosives
Rocket systems
Anti-tank rockets and Grenade launchers
Recoilless rifles
Captured.
Mortars
Howitzers
Anti-aircraft guns and Autocannons
fitted on Berliet-Tramagal "mine-crusher" trucks, employed in the direct fire support role.[104] [105]
Armoured vehicles
limited use late in the War in Angola.[115] [123]
Escort, transport and recovery vehicles
Helicopters
Aircraft
Naval and River craft
used by the Portuguese Navy and the Portuguese Marine Corps.[178] [179]
African Liberation Movements equipment
Pistols
used mainly in Angola.[182]
Submachine guns
Captured.[192]
Bolt-action rifles
Captured.
limited use early in the War in Angola, likely acquired from Belgian Congo.
used early in the War in Angola, acquired from Belgian Congo.[202]
used early in the War in both Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique.[189]
Semi-automatic rifles
used late in the War in Guinea-Bissau and Angola.[207]
Battle rifles
Captured.[53]
Captured.[81]
Sniper rifles
- M/52 (Hungarian copy of the Soviet Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30 sniper rifle)
Shotguns
- Canhangulo (home-made shotgun): employed early in the War in both Angola and Mozambique.
Light machine guns
used mainly in Guinea-Bissau.
variant of the Degtyaryov DP/DPM used mainly in Angola.
General-purpose machine guns
Captured.
used late in the War.
Medium and Heavy machine guns
employed in both air defense and direct fire supporting roles, mainly in Guinea-Bissau.[215]
employed in both air defense and direct fire supporting roles.[216] [217]
employed in both air defense and direct fire supporting roles.[212]
Grenade systems
Land mine systems
Bombs and explosives
Rocket and missile systems
used late in the War in Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique.[164] [237] [236] [238]
Anti-tank rockets and Grenade launchers
Recoilless rifles
Mortars
Howitzers
limited use late in the War mainly in Guinea-Bissau.
limited use late in the War mainly in Guinea-Bissau.[251]
Anti-tank guns
used mainly in Guinea-Bissau.[242]
used mainly in Guinea-Bissau.
limited use mainly in Guinea-Bissau.[252]
Anti-aircraft guns and Autocannons
used mainly in Guinea-Bissau.[255]
Armoured vehicles
limited use mainly in Guinea-Bissau.[259] [257]
one captured vehicle employed late in the War by the FNLA in Angola.[261]
Transport vehicles
Aircraft
Naval and River craft
limited use late in the War in Guinea-Bissau.
See also
References
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- Alexandre Coutinho and Luís Viegas, Land Rover em Portugal: A História de um Ícone – Do Series I ao Defender, Contra a Corrente, Lda., Lisboa 2017. (in Portuguese)
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- Bill Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters, Salamander Books Ltd, London 1981.
- Bob Cashner, The FN FAL Battle Rifle, Weapon series 27, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2013.
- Chris McNab, Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS, Weapon series 33, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2014.
- David Miller, The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns, Salamander Books Ltd., London 2001.
- David Willis, "Warplane Classic: Republic F-84 Thunderjet, Thunderstreak and Thunderflash", International Air Power Review, Volume 24, 2008, pp. 132–165.
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- Edward George, The Cuban intervention in Angola, Frank Cass Publishers, New York 2005.
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- Jim Mesko and Don Greer, A-26 Invader in action, Aircraft Number 134, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1993.
- João Pedro Gomes Timóteo, Portuguese Military Procurement During the Colonial War (1961-1974), Mestrado em História Moderna e Contemporânea, ISCTE-IUL, Setembro 2020. – https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/bitstream/10071/20948/1/Master_Joao_Gomes_Timoteo.pdf
- João Vieira Borges, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. II – Armamento de Artilharia antiaérea, Prefácio, Lisbon 2007. (in Portuguese)
- John Walter, Walther Pistols – PP, PPK and P 38, Weapon series 82, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2022.
- José Augusto Matos, Mar Verde, The Portuguese Amphibious Assault on Conakry, 1970, Africa@War Volume 55, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021.
- José Ortiz, Angola from the trenches, International Organization of Journalists, Prague 1984.
- Joseph E. Smith, Small Arms of the World (11th edition), The Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 1969.
- Scott Fitzsimmons, Mercenaries in Asymmetric Conflicts, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013.
- Steven J. Zaloga, Jim Kinnear and Peter Sarson, T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944–94, New Vanguard series 20, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1996.
- Simon Dunstan, Panhard Armoured Car: 1961 Onwards (AML 60, AML 90, Eland), Enthusiasts' Manual, Haynes Publishing UK, Somerset 2019.
- Tenente Coronel Manuel Jorge Pereira de Carvalho (direcção), Testemunhos de Guerra: Angola, Guiné e Moçambique 1961–1974, Liga dos Amigos do Museu Militar do Porto, Porto 2000. (no ISBN) (in Portuguese)
- Tony Eastwood and John Roach, Piston Engine Airliner Production List, The Aviation Hobby Shop, London 1991.
- Larry Davis, Don Greer and Perry Manley, T-6 Texan in action, Aircraft No. 94, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1999.
- Leroy Thompson, The Sten Gun, Weapon series 22, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2012.
- Leroy Thompson, The G3 Battle Rifle, Weapon series 68, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2019.
- Rui Lopes, West Germany and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1968–1974: Between Cold War and Colonialism, Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World book series (SCCCW), Palgrave Macmillan, London 2014.
- Riccardo Niccoli, Portuguese Numerology: Serial systems used by the Aeronautica Militar and the Força Aerea Portuguesa, Air Enthusiast, No. 75, May–June 1998.
- Riccardo Niccoli, "Fiat G.91, NATO's Lightweight Fighter", International Air Power Review, Volume 7, Winter 2002.
- Mario Canongia Lopes, "Portugal's Fighting Thunderjets", Air Enthusiast, No. 31, July–November 1986, pp. 43–54.
- Mario Canongia Lopes, "Portugal's Ginas", Air Enthusiast, No. 36, May–August 1988, pp. 61–72.
- Mario Canongia Lopes, High Winged Workhorses: Broussards and Dorniers in Portuguese Service, Air Enthusiast, No. 75, May–June 1998.
- Major Sam Pikula, The ArmaLite AR-10 Rifle: The Saga of the First Modern Combat Rifle, Regnum Fund Press 1998.
- Manuel A. Ribeiro Rodrigues, The Overseas Campaigns 1961–1974 – Guinea-Angola-Mozambique – Army (I), Edições Destarte Lda., Lisbon 2000. (Bi-lingual edition)
- Manuel António Gabriel da Silva Machado and António Eleutério Sucena do Carmo, Tropas Pára-quedistas Portuguesas 1956–1993, Revista BOINA VERDE, 1st edition 1991 (authors' 2nd edition, 1992). (no ISBN) (in Portuguese)
- Matthew Moss, The Sterling Submachine Gun, Weapon series 65, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2018.
- Neil Grant, The Luger, Weapon series 64, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2018.
- Pedro Manuel Monteiro, Berliet, Chaimite e UMM – Os Grandes Veículos Militares Nacionais, Contra a Corrente, Lda., Lisbon 2018. (in Portuguese)
- Peter Abbott, Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues and Ron Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74, Men-at-Arms series 202, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2005.
External links
Notes and References
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), p. 33.
- Silva Machado and Sucena do Carmo, Tropas Pára-quedistas Portuguesas 1956–1993 (1992), pp. 57–58.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), pp. 8; 12.
- Silva Machado and Sucena do Carmo, Tropas Pára-quedistas Portuguesas 1956–1993 (1992), p. 51.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), pp. 8–9.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), pp. 8–10.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), p. 10.
- Silva Machado and Sucena do Carmo, Tropas Pára-quedistas Portuguesas 1956–1993 (1992), p. 66.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), pp. 13–15.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), p. 63.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 61–63.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 80–82.
- Book: Supica. Jim. Nahas. Richard. Standard Catalog of Smith & Wesson. 2007. F+W Media, Inc. Iola, Wisconsin. 978-0-89689-293-4. 141–143, 174, 210–211.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), p. 82.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 100–103.
- Grant, The Luger (2018), p. 28.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 176–178.
- Walter, Walther Pistols – PP, PPK and P 38 (2022), p. 71.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 134–137.
- Abbott, Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), pp. 6; 17.
- Web site: pt. As Armas da 1ª Guerra Mundial. 5 September 2007 . quelegalbakana.blogspot.com.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 160–162.
- Carvalho, Testemunhos de Guerra: Angola, Guiné e Moçambique 1961–1974 (2000), p. 213.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 166–168.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), pp. 17; 37.
- Quesada, MP 38 and MP 40 Submachine Guns (2014), p. 62.
- Web site: Pinto . Major-general Renato Fernando Marques . As Indústrias Militares e As Armas de Fogo Portáteis no Exército Português . 2023-07-31 . REVISTA MILITAR . en.
- The Belgium Vigneron SMG: Belgium's Little Known Submachine Gun. Robb. Krott. Small Arms Review . V3N9. June 2000.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 179–181.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), pp. 17–18.
- Encyclopedia: Terry J.. Gander. National inventories, Portugal. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001–2002. 3371. 2000.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 182–184.
- Thompson, The Sten Gun (2012), p. 74.
- Moss, The Sterling Submachine Gun (2018), p. 64.
- Carvalho, Testemunhos de Guerra: Angola, Guiné e Moçambique 1961–1974 (2000), p. 214.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 185–187.
- News: MPL & MPK: Walther's Cold War MP Subguns. Tactical Life Gun Magazine: Gun News and Gun Reviews. 6 October 2015.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 88–93.
- Web site: The Portuguese Mod. 1904 Mauser Vergueiro . Paul . Scarlata . October 20, 2012 . Shotgun News . November 13, 2012.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 138–143.
- Abbott, Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), p. 17.
- Reynolds, Dan, The Rifles of Portugal 1880–1980, Web site: Port . 2008-09-09 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081005230128/http://www.carbinesforcollectors.com/port.html . 2008-10-05 .
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 107–111.
- Le fusil britannique Page 14 . fr. 30–36. Gazette des Armes. Roger. Out. 444. July 2012.
- Silva Machado and Sucena do Carmo, Tropas Pára-quedistas Portuguesas 1956–1993 (1992), p. 34.
- Pikula, The ArmaLite AR-10 Rifle: The Saga of the First Modern Combat Rifle (1998), pp. 75; 79–80.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), pp. 108; 177; 183–184.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 198–200.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), p. 38.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), pp. 358–359.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 188–191.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), p. 17.
- Cashner, The FN FAL Battle Rifle (2013), pp. 46–47.
- Pikula, The ArmaLite AR-10 Rifle: The Saga of the First Modern Combat Rifle (1998), p. 79.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), pp. 108; 183–184; 358–359.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 192–197.
- Thompson, The G3 Battle Rifle (2019), pp. 29–31.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), p. 196.
- Smith, Small Arms of the World (1969), p. 342.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 127–130.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), p. 7.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 144–147.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), pp. 7; 18.
- Smith, Small Arms of the World (1969), p. 530.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 156–159.
- Silva Machado and Sucena do Carmo, Tropas Pára-quedistas Portuguesas 1956–1993 (1992), p. 35.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), pp. 108; 178.
- Miller, The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns (2001), page unknown.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 205–208.
- Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (27 January 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 163–165.
- Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), p. 18.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), pp. 178; 183–184.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 201–204.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), pp. 36.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 148–152.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 169–171.
- Telo and Álvares, Armamento do Exército Português Vol. I – Armamento ligeiro (2004), pp. 172–175.
- Carvalho, Testemunhos de Guerra: Angola, Guiné e Moçambique 1961–1974 (2000), p. 220.
- Web site: LEXPEV . Portuguese grenades . Lexpev.nl . 2014-05-03.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), p. 165.
- António de Araújo e António Duarte Silva, O uso de napalm na Guerra Colonial – quatro documentos, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IPRI-UNL), 17 de Setembro de 2008. (in Portuguese) – https://ipri.unl.pt/images/publicacoes/revista_ri/pdf/ri22/RI22_Artigo9_AA_ADS.pdf
- Ribeiro Rodrigues, The Overseas Campaigns 1961–1974 – Guinea-Angola-Mozambique – Army (I) (2000), pp. 31; 49.
- Ribeiro Rodrigues, The Overseas Campaigns 1961–1974 – Guinea-Angola-Mozambique – Army (I) (2000), p. 49.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), pp. 109; 178.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), p. 178.
- Silva Machado and Sucena do Carmo, Tropas Pára-quedistas Portuguesas 1956–1993 (1992), pp. 34–35.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), pp. 173; 178.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), page unknown.
- Ribeiro Rodrigues, The Overseas Campaigns 1961–1974 – Guinea-Angola-Mozambique – Army (I) (2000), p. 51.
- Carvalho, Testemunhos de Guerra: Angola, Guiné e Moçambique 1961–1974 (2000), p. 209.
- Ribeiro Rodrigues, The Overseas Campaigns 1961–1974 – Guinea-Angola-Mozambique – Army (I) (2000), p. 31.
- Afonso and Gomes, Guerra Colonial: Angola – Guiné – Moçambique (2000), pp. 108.
- Ribeiro Rodrigues, The Overseas Campaigns 1961–1974 – Guinea-Angola-Mozambique – Army (I) (2000), p. 32.
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