List of wars involving Sweden explained

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Sweden. There are legendary accounts of Swedish kings well into prehistory and they are mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania, but Olof Skötkonung (995–1022) was the first ruler documented to have been accepted by both the Swedes around Lake Mälaren and by the Geats around Lake Vättern. The modern state of Sweden considers itself to have been established on 6 June 1523 by the acclamation of Gustav Vasa as king which finally ended the Kalmar Union with Denmark, although the current Swedish constitution dates to 1974.

Military engagements since 1814 have not been formally declared wars.

Kingdom of Sweden (800–1397)

Conflict	Sweden & its Allies	Sweden's opposition	Outcome
Swedish–Gothic wars (500–800)Location: Sweden	Svealand		Consolidation of Swedes and Goths into a unified kingdom.
Swedish slave revolts (500s)Location: Sweden	Svealand	Thralls	Slaves depose the king of Sweden and win their freedom.
Swedish expedition to Courland (854)	Sweden	Curonians	Swedish victory
Swedish raids in the Mediterranean Sea (859) Location: Mediterranean Sea, Spain, Italy Luni, Italy	Swedes (Germanic tribe)	Islamic Spain Carolingian Empire	Swedish victory^[1] ^[2]
Swedish expedition to Courland (862)	Sweden	Curonians	Swedish victory
Great Heathen Army (865–878)	Vikings Swedes Danes Norwegians	Wessex Northumbria Mercia East Anglia	Swedes, Norwegians and Danes under Ragnar Lodbrok sons occupies England and establishes the Danelaw
Olof the Brashs conquest of Denmark (900s) Location: Denmark	Swedes (Germanic tribe)	Denmark	Swedish victory
Jomsviking–Swedish War (980s) Battle of Fýrisvellir Location: Uppsala	Sweden	Jomsviking	Swedish Victory ^[3]
Erik the Victorious invasion of Denmark (990s)Location: Hedeby Baltic Sea	Sweden	Denmark	Swedish Victory ^[4] ^[5]
Swedish invasion of the Holy Roman Empire (990s)	Sweden Denmark		Unclear results^[6]
Olof Skötkonungs attack on DenmarkLocation: In Denmark	Sweden	Denmark	Swedish victory Denmark is occupied by Olof Sweyn Forkbeard is expelled
Viking expedition to WendlandLocation: In Wendland	Sweden	Wends	Successful expedition
Battle of Svolder (999–1000)Location: In Øresund or near Rügen	Sweden Denmark Jarls of Lade	Norway	Swedish victory
Swedish Norwegian war (1015–1018) Battle of Nesjar (1016)	Sweden	Norway	Norwegian victory^[7]
Battle of HelgeåLocation: In Helge å or in Uppland	Sweden Norway	North Sea Empire Kingdom of England	Anglo-Danish victory
Battle of StiklestadLocation: In Stiklestad	Sweden Olaf II of Norway	North Sea Empire	Anglo-Danish victory
Swedish support for Magnus invasion of Norway (1035)Location: In Øresund or near Rügen	Sweden Magnus the Good	North Sea Empire	Swedish victory Magnus the Good becomes king of Norway defeats the Danish forces
(1042) Ingvar the Far-Travelleds expedition Battle of Sasireti Location: Georgia (country)	VarangiansKingdom of Georgia	Duchy of Kldekari	Swedish defeat
Yaroslav the Wise and Mstislav of Chernigovs civil warBattle of Listven (1024)Location: Ukraine Russia	Kievan Rus'Varangians	Mstislav of Chernigov	Swedish defeat
Swedish–Norwegian War (1063)Location: Vänern	Sweden	Kingdom of Norway	Swedish defeat
Swedish–Norwegian War (1099–1101)Location: Unknown	Sweden	Norway	Inconclusive
First Swedish Crusade (1150)Location: Unknown	Eric IX of Sweden, Henry (bishop of Finland)	Finns	Eventual incorporation of Southwest Finland into the Swedish kingdom
Sweyn III's invasion of Småland (1153)	Sweden	Denmark	Invasion failed
Harald Skraengs uprising (1182)	Harald Skraeng Sweden	Denmark	Uprising quelled
Pillage of Sigtuna (1187)Location: Sigtuna	Sweden	Pagans from Eastern Baltic (probably Estonians or Karelians)	Sigtuna is sacked. Archbishop Johannes of Uppsala is killed.
Battle of Lihula (1220)Location: Lihula, Estonia	Sweden	Oeselians Rotalians	Death of Karl the Deaf
Värmland campaign (1225/1249)^[8] Location: Värmland	Sweden		Peace of Lödöse
Öselborn's attack on Sweden (1226)^[9] Location: Unknown	Sweden	Öselborn's	The Öselborn's take plunder and hostages
Attack on Tavastia (1227-1228)^[10] Location: Unknown	Sweden		Indecisive
War of Deposition against Eric XI (1229)^[11] Location: Unknown	Eric XI		Victory for Knut Långe Knut Långe is crowned King of Sweden
Eric XI's reinstatement war (1234)^[12] Location: Unknown	Eric XI Possibly supported by an army from Denmark		Victory for Eric XI Eric XI regains the throne Death of Knut Långe
Livonian Crusade (13th century)Location: Estonia, Latvia	Crusade Sword-Brothers Livonian Order Denmark Duchy of Estonia Principality of Rügen Nordalbingia within Saxony Bishopric of Riga Bishopric of Dorpat Sweden Tālava Christianized Livs, Letts, Estonians, Latgalians and Ungannians Bishopric of Courland Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek Pskov Republic	Pagans (Indigenous peoples) Livs (Livonians) Latgalians Curonians Estonians Oeselians Selonians Semigallians Rotalians Ungannians Vends Grand Duchy of Lithuania Samogitians Novgorod Republic Principality of Polotsk Principality of Smolensk	Crusader victory. However, the Swedish expedition ended in disaster
Tavastian uprising (1236–1237)Location: Finland	Sweden	Tavastians Novgorod Karelians	Uprising crushed Swedish influence in Finland is preserved
Battle of Neva (1240)	Swedes, Norwegians, Finns and Tavastians	Novgorod Republic and Karelians	Novgorodian victory.
First Folkung Uprising (1247)^[13] Location: Sweden	Sweden	Folkung	Victory of the Swedish king
Second Swedish Crusade (1249–1250)Location: Finland	Birger Jarl, Christians	Tavastians	Area of Tavastians and south-western Finland fall to Swedish rule, Häme Castle is founded

Folkung era (1250–1389)

Conflict	Sweden & its Allies	Sweden's opposition	Outcome
(1251)^[14] Location: Sweden	Sweden	Folkung Danes Germans	Swedish victory Filip Knutsson captured and executed
Campaign against Narva (1256–1257)^[15] Location: Unknown	Sweden Tavastians Finns "Didman"	Novgorod	Neither side achieved much success
The war against Valdemar Birgersson (1275) Battle of Hova	Valdemar's Forces	Duke Magnus's Forces	Valdemar, King of Sweden is deposed Magnus Ladulås is crowned king of Sweden.
6000 mark war (1276–1278)	Sweden	Denmark	Danish victory Sweden agrees to pay a reduced amount of 4000 marks to Denmark.
(1278–1280)^[16] Location: Sweden	Sweden	Folkung	Victory of the Swedish king Insurgents captured One of the leaders is fined while two others are executed.
Ladoga Campaign (1283–1284)^[17] Location: Unknown	Sweden		Indecisive
War in Gotland (1288) Location: Gotland	Visby	Gotland	Victory for Visby
Swedish campaign against the Karelians and Izhorians (1292)Location: Unknown	Sweden	Karelians Izhorians	Swedish defeat^[18]
Third Swedish Crusade (1293–1295)Location: Finland	Sweden	Karelians Novgorod republic	Swedish victory Swedish border expands eastwards
Neva Campaign (1300–1301)^[19] Location: Neva river	Sweden		Landskrona captured by Novgorod
Swedish Brother's Feud (1304-1310)Location: Sweden	Birger Magnusson	Duke Eric and Valdemar	Victory for Birger Magnusson, death of Valdemar and Duke Eric
War on Gotland (1313)^[20] Location: Gotland	Sweden	Gotland	Gutes agree to pay an increased tax to the Swedish king
Tavastian war (1311-1314)^[21] Location: Tavastia	Sweden	Novgorod Republic	Indecisive
Uprisings in Hälsingland and Småland (1316–1317)^[22] Location: Unknown	Sweden	Rebels in Hälsingland and Småland	Insurgents lose their property after a verdict by King Birger
Attack on Åbo (1318)^[23] Location: Åbo	Sweden	Novgorod Republic	Novgorodians burn the outskirts of Åbo
War of Deposition against Birger Magnusson (1317–1319)^[24] Location: Sweden	Birger Magnusson	Insurgents loyal to the Dukes Valdemar and Erik	Birger is deposed
Kexholm war (1321-1323)^[25] Location: Unknown	Sweden	Novgorod	Treaty of Nöteborg
Swedish–Novgorodian Wars (1142–1323)Location: Finland	Sweden Norway (1319–1323)	Novgorod Republic	Treaty of Nöteborg (1323)
Campaign against Ingeborg (1323)^[26] Location: Sweden	Swedish-Norwegian Union	Ingeborg of Norway	Peace of Skara Ingeborg is forced to exchange Axvall for the unfortified Dåvö in Västmanland
Mats Kettilmundssons war against Reval (1325–1326)^[27] Location: Unknown	Swedish-Norwegian Union (Mats Kettilmundsson)		Mats Kettilmundsson dies before any confrontations take place, peace signed in 31 May 1326
Sten bielkes war against Novgorod (1338–1339)^[28] Location: Novgorod	Swedish-Norwegian Union		Peace signed in either August or September 1339. Novgorodian strategic failure
Johan Offessons Uprising (1339)^[29] Location: Sweden	Swedish-Norwegian Union	Johan Offesson	Lindholm Castle is destroyed, and Johan is forced to give Skytts and Oxie to the king
Kalundborg War (1341–1343)^[30] Location: Sweden	Swedish-Norwegian UnionHolstein	DenmarkLübeck Rostock Hamburg Stralsund Wismar Greifswald	Swedish-Norwegian victory Valdemar IV admits his sale of Scania, Blekinge, and Halland to Sweden-Norway Copenhagen Castle is given back to Denmark
Saint George's Night Uprising (1343–1345)^[31] Location: Unknown	Swedish-Norwegian Union Estonians	Denmark Teutonic Order	Indecisive Swedish-Norwegian troops plunder Reval Estonian uprising crushed
Magnus's war against Russia (1348–1351)^[32] Location: Unknown	Swedish-Norwegian Union	Novgorod	Truce of Dorprat Swedish-Norwegian success in the beginning Swedish-Norwegian failure to keep Nöteborg
Campaign between Magnus and his son (1356–1359)^[33] Location: Unknown	Magnus IV	Eric	According to the arbitration in Jönköping, Sweden is divided between Magnus and Erik, this ends after Eric's death in 1359
Valdemar Atterdags reconquest of Scania (1360)^[34] Location: Scania	Swedish-Norwegian Union	Denmark	Denmark conquers all of Scania
Valdemar Atterdags conquest of Gotland (1361)^[35] Location: Gotland	Swedish-Norwegian Union	Denmark	Denmark conquers Gotland
Danish-Hanseatic War (1361–1370)Location: Northern Germany, Scandinavia, and the Baltic Sea	First Phase (1361–1365) Hanseatic League Gotland Lubeck Stralsund Kingdom of Norway Kingdom of Sweden Second Phase (1367–1370) Confederation of Cologne Towns in Holland Towns in Zeeland Hanseatic League Towns in Prussia Towns in Livonia Lubeck Stralsund Rostock Teutonic Order Kingdom of Sweden County of Holstein Duchy of Mecklenburg Danish Noble Rebels	First Phase (1361–1365) Kingdom of DenmarkSecond Phase (1367–1370) Kingdom of Denmark Kingdom of Norway	First Phase: Danish VictorySecond Phase: Hanseatic victory Hanseatic League gains control over several forts in Scania
War of deposition against Magnus (1363–1371)^[36] Location: Unknown	Magnus IVHaakon VI	Albert of Mecklenburg	Albert becomes king of Sweden
Swedish involvement in the Danish war of succession (1379–1381)^[37] Location: Unknown	Sweden	Denmark	Truce signed in 1381
Invasion of Scania (1384)^[38] ^[39] Location: Unknown	Sweden	Denmark	Truce likely signed in 1384 Temporary capture of Laholm by Sweden, followed by subsequent retreat
War of deposition against Albrekt of Mecklenburg^[40] (1388-1395)	Sweden	Denmark	Margaret I becomes regent
Attack on Jama^[41] (1395)	Sweden Kalmar Union	Novgorod Republic	Indecisive
Northern Ladoga Campaign^[42] (1396)	Sweden Kalmar Union	Novgorod Republic	Indecisive

Union of Kalmar (1397–1521)

Conflict	Sweden & its Allies	Sweden's opposition	Outcome
Campaign against the Victual Brothers^[43] (1395-1398)	Sweden Kalmar Union	Victual Brothers	The Victual Brothers surrender their fortresses in Sweden
War in Gotland (1398)	Sweden Kalmar Union	Teutonic Order	Gotland is conquered by the Teutonic Order
Campaign against Knut Bosson Grip^[44] (1398)	Sweden Kalmar Union	Knut Bosson Grip	Grip surrenders his Finnish fortresses to the crown
Novgorod's attack in the north (1399)^[45] Location: Unknown	Sweden Kalmar Union	Novgorodian Republic	Indecisive
War in Gotland (1403–1404)Location: Unknown	Sweden Kalmar Union	Teutonic Order	Teutonic victory
Engelbrekt rebellion (1434–1436)	Sweden	Kalmar Union	Swedish victory
Pukefejden (1436–1437)	Charles VIII of Sweden	Erik Puke	Erik Puke is executed
War against the Flemingar (1437)^[46]	Sweden	Flemingar	Indecisive
Rebellion in Östergötaland (1437)^[47] Location: Östergötland	Sweden	Rebels in Östergötaland	Uprising crushed
Värmland rebellion (1437-1438)^[48] Location: Värmland	Sweden	Rebels in Värmland	Uprising crushed
David's Rebellion (1438–1439)	Sweden	Tavastian insurgents	Uprising quelled
Karl Knutssons campaign against Eric of Pomerania (1439–1440)^[49]	Sweden	Eric of Pomerania	The remaining fortresses loyal to Eric fall
Karl Knutssons campaign against Novgorod (1444)^[50]	Sweden	Novgorodian Republic	Indecisive
War in Gotland (1446)^[51]	Sweden Kalmar Union	Eric of Pomerania	Indecisive
Novgorods war against Karl Knutsson (1448)^[52]	Sweden	Novgorodian Republic	Indecisive
War on Gotland (1448-1449)	Sweden	Eric of Pomerania Denmark	Swedish failure
War for Norway (1448–1451)	Sweden	Denmark	Danish victory
Karl Knutssons war against Denmark (1449–1457)^[53]	Sweden	Denmark	Christian I fails to retake the Swedish throne
War of deposition against Karl Knutsson (1457)^[54]	Sweden	Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna	Christian I becomes King of Sweden
Battle of Haraker (1464)	Sweden	Denmark	Karl Knutsson regains the throne
Second War of deposition against Karl Knutsson (1464–1465)^[55]	Sweden	Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna	Jöns Bengtsson takes power
War of depositon against Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1466-1467)^[56] Location: Sweden	Sweden	Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna Denmark	Karl Knutsson retakes the throne
Dano-Swedish War (1468–1469)^[57] Location: Sweden	Sweden	Denmark	Christian I fails to retake the throne
Erik Karlsson Vasa's Uprising (1469–1470)^[58] Location: Sweden	Sweden	Erik Karlsson Vasa	Uprising crushed
Dano-Swedish War (1469–1470)^[59] Location: Sweden	Sweden	Denmark	Christian I fails to retake the throne
Dano-Swedish War (1470–1471) (1470–1471)Location: Sweden	Sweden	Denmark	Swedish Victory
First campaign to Livonia (1473–1475)^[60] Location: Unknown	Sweden	Teutonic Order	Indecisive
Tott's first Russian war (1475―1476)^[61] Location: Finland	Sweden		Truce in December 1475 or early 1476
Second campaign to Livonia (1478)^[62] Location: Unknown	Sweden	Teutonic Order	Indecisive Swedish military failure
Tott's second Russian war (1479–1482)^[63] Location: Finland	Sweden		Truce in Novgorod 17 January 1482 Russian raids around Nyslott Swedish raids 120 km into Russian territory.
Third campaign to Livonia (1485-1486/1488)^[64] Location: Unknown	Sweden	Teutonic Order	Indecisive, peace signed in 1488.
Sten Stures war against the Tott's (1487)^[65] Location: Sweden	Sweden	Tott	Tott family's power is reduced Gotland falls into Danish control
Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497) (1495–1497)^[66] Location: Sweden	Sweden	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Swedish victory
Battle of Rotebro (1497)	Sweden	Denmark	Danish victory King John becomes king of Sweden
Border conflict at Nyslott (1499)Location: Nyslott	Sweden	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Swedish Victory Russian attacks repelled
War of Deposition against King Hans (1501–1503)Location: Sweden	Sweden	Denmark	Swedish Victory King Hans deposed as king of Sweden
Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512) (1501–1512)Location: Sweden	Sweden Norwegian rebels (1501–1504) Free City of Lübeck (From 1522)	Denmark Norway	Treaty of Malmö: Sweden and Lübeck agree to pay contribution to Denmark Sweden preserves its independence
Swedish War of Liberation (1521–23)Location: Scandinavia	Sweden Free City of Lübeck (1509–12)	Denmark Norway	Kingdom of Sweden proclaims independence

Vasa era (1523–1611)

Conflict	Sweden & its Allies	Sweden's opposition	Outcome
Count's Feud (May 1534 – 29 July 1536)Location: Denmark	Christian III (Protestants) Schleswig Holstein Sweden Duchy of Prussia Jutland Funen Supported by: Norwegian nobles^[67] Duchy of Guelders	Christian II (Catholics) County of Oldenburg Free City of Lübeck Zealand Supported by: Norwegian nobles^[68] Habsburg Netherlands	Victory for Christian III and the Danish Protestants.
Dacke War (1542–1543)Location: Sweden	Sweden	Rebels led by Nils Dacke	Peasant uprising defeated
(1551–1553)	Sweden	Karelian insurgents	Uprising quelled
Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) (1554–1557)Location: Sweden	Sweden	Tsardom of Russia	Disputed
Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)Location: Scandinavia	Sweden	Free City of Lübeck Polish–Lithuanian Union	Swedish victory against Poland-Lithuania Dano-Norwegian victory against Sweden
Livonian War (1558-1583)Location: Sweden	Livonian Confederation (before 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian union) Denmark–Norway Kingdom of Sweden Zaporozhian Cossacks Principality of Transylvania (after 1577)	Tsardom of Russia Qasim Khanate Kingdom of Livonia	Treaty of Teusina Estonia ceded to Sweden
Claus Kurssell´s coup (1570–1571)Location: Reval (Tallinn)	Sweden Supported by---- Reval	Mercenaries	Revolutionaty failure
Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) (1590–1595)Location: Sweden	Sweden	Tsardom of Russia	Swedish victory
Cudgel War (1596–1597)Location: Finland	Sweden	Finnish rebels	Nobility victory Suppression of the uprising
War against Sigismund (1598–1599)Location: Sweden	Polish–Swedish union Poland Sweden	Swedish separatists	Separatist victory, Polish-Swedish Union dissolved
Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629) (1600–1629)Location: Baltic Sea, Prussia, Latvia, Poland	Sweden	Poland (Poland-Lithuania) (1626–1629)	Truce of Altmark, Livonia ceded to Sweden
De la Gardie campaign (1609–1610)Location: Russia	Sweden Tsardom of Russia	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth False Dmitry II	Polish-Lithuanian Victory
Ingrian War (1610–1617)Location: Russia	Sweden Swedish Empire	Tsardom of Russia	Treaty of Stolbovo, Ingria ceded to Sweden
Kalmar War (1611–1613)Location: Scandinavia	Sweden Swedish Empire		Treaty of Knäred, Dano-Norwegian victory

Swedish Empire (1611–1721)

Conflict	Sweden & its Allies	Sweden's opposition	Outcome	Casualties
Västbo peasant uprising (1616)Location: Småland	Sweden	Peasants and knights	Uprising quelled	Unknown
Stockholm riots (1623)Location: Stockholm	Sweden	Rioters	Riots quelled	Unknown
Jödde Stims uprising (1624)Location: Småland	Sweden	Småland rebels	Uprising crushed	Unknown
Dalecarlian uprising (1627)^[69] Location: Dalarna	Sweden	Dalecarlian rebels	Uprising crushed	Unknown
Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)Location: Central Europe	Anti-Imperial alliance: prior to 1635 Post-1635 Peace of Prague	Imperial alliance prior to 1635 Post-1635 Peace of Prague	Peace of Westphalia	110 000
Torstenson War (1643–1645)Location: Denmark-Norway, Swedish Empire	Swedish Empire		Swedish/Dutch victorySecond Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)	Unknown
Siege of Carolusborg (1652)Location: Cape Coast Castle	Swedish Empire	Dutch Republic	Swedish victory	Unknown
First Bremian War (1654)Location: Bremen	Swedish Empire	Bremen (1654)	First Stade Recess, Bremen pays homage to Sweden	Unknown
Capture of Fort Casimir (1654)Location: Delaware	Swedish Empire		Swedish victory	Unknown
Jämtland uprising (1655)^[70] Location: Jämtland	Swedish Empire	Jämtlanders	Uprising crushed	Unknown
Conquest of New Sweden (1655)Location: New Sweden	Swedish Empire	Dutch Republic	Dutch victory	Unknown
Capture of Carolusborg (1658)Location: Carolusborg	Swedish Empire	Dutch Gold CoastFetu Kingdom Rebellious slaves	Dano-Norwegian victory	Entire garrison captured
Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)Location: Livonia, Finland	Swedish Empire	Russia	Swedish victory	Unknown
Second Northern War (1655–1660)Location: Denmark–Norway, Swedish Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Swedish colonies in North America	Swedish Empire Brandenburg-Prussia (1656–57) Principality of Transylvania Ukrainian Cossacks (1657)^[71] Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Poland (Poland-Lithuania) Denmark–Norway (1657–60) Moscow Tsardom (1656–58) Crimean Khanate Brandenburg-Prussia (1655–56, 1657–60) Duchy of Courland (1656–58)	Swedish victory against Denmark-Norway Dutch victory in North America Swedish invasion of Poland-Lithuania unsuccessful	70 000
Second Bremian War (1666)Location: Bremen	Swedish Empire	Bremen (1654/66) Electorate of Cologne (1666) Brunswick-Lüneburg (Celle) (1666) Denmark–Norway (1666) Electorate of Brandenburg (1666) Dutch Republic (1666)	Treaty of Habenhausen, Conflicting Results	Unknown
War of Devolution (24 May 1667 – 2 May 1668)Location: Spanish Netherlands Franche-Comté Northern Catalonia	Spanish Empire----Triple Alliance: Swedish Empire		Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) Armentières, Bergues, Charleroi, Kortrijk, Douai, Veurne, Lille, Oudenaarde and Tournai to France	Unknown
Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678)Location: Low Countries, Rhineland, Italy, France, North Sea, Catalonia, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and East Indies			Treaties of Nijmegen	Unknown
Scanian War (1675–1679)Location: Scandinavia, Europe	Swedish Empire Kingdom of France	Denmark–Norway Brandenburg-Prussia	Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679) Treaty of Lund (1679) Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) Sweden restores their territories in Pomerania	Heavy
Siege of Hamburg (1686)Location: Hamburg	Swedish Empire Hamburg Brandenburg-Prussia Holy Roman Empire	Denmark–Norway	Siege lifted Danish withdrawal Hamburg pays 300,000 thalers in compensation to Denmark	Heavy
Nine Years' War (1688–1697)Location: Bremen	Grand Alliance Spanish Empire Swedish Empire (until 1691)	France	Treaty of Ryswick	Unknown
Great Northern War (22 February 1700 – 10 September 1721)Location:	Swedish Empire Holstein-Gottorp (1700–20) Warsaw Confederation (1704–09) Ottoman Empire (1710–14) Crimean Khanate (1710–14) Wallachia (1710–14) Cossack Hetmanate (1708–14) Dutch Republic (1700) (1700) (1700) (1700) Great Britain (1719–20)	Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate Kalmyk Khanate Saxony (1700–06, 1709–19) Duchy of Courland (1700–01) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1701–04, 1709–19) Sandomierz Confederation (1704–09) Denmark–Norway (1700, 1709–20) Prussia (1715–20) Hanover (1715–19) Great Britain (1717–19) Montenegro (1711–12) (1711)	Coalition victory: Treaty of Nystad Treaties of Stockholm Treaty of Frederiksborg Treaty of the Pruth	200 000

Age of Liberty (1718–1772)

Conflict	Sweden & its Allies	Sweden's opposition	Outcome	Casualties
Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) (Part of the War of the Austrian Succession)Location: Finland, Russia	Sweden		Russian victory Treaty of Turku	7000
Dalecarlian rebellion (1743) (1743)Location: Sweden	Sweden	Dalecarlian rebels	Rebellion crushed	+150
Expedition to the Mediterranean (1759–1760)^[72] Location: Mediterranean Sea	Sweden	Pirates	Successful expedition	None
Pomeranian War (13 September 1757 – 22 May 1762)Location: Swedish Pomerania, Prussian Pomerania, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin	Sweden	Prussia	Prussian victory Status quo ante bellum	A couple thousands
Tunis-Swedish War (1763)^[73] Location: Mediterranean	Sweden	Tunis Ottoman Empire (De-jure)	Inconclusive	Unknown

Gustavian era (1772–1809)

Conflict	Sweden & its Allies	Sweden's opposition	Outcome	Casualties
Battle of Ibiza (28–29 February 1780)Location: coast of Ibiza		United Kingdom	Swedish victory	3
Theatre War 1788–1789Location: Sweden	Sweden Supported by: United Kingdom		Status quo ante bellum Swedish political and diplomatic victory Danish military victory	5
Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)Location: Finland, Baltic Sea, Sweden	Sweden	(1788–1789)^[74]	Favourable outcome for Sweden; Status quo ante bellum	3000
Swedish–Algerian war of 1791–1792 (1791–1792)Location: Mediterranean	Sweden	Regency of Algiers Ottoman Empire (De-jure)	Sweden agrees to pay tribute	Unknown
First Barbary War (10 May 1801 – 10 June 1805)Location: Off the Mediterranean coast of Tripoli; Derna	United States Sweden (1801–02) Sicily^[75] ^[76]	Tripolitania Morocco (1802)^[77] ^[78] Ottoman Empire (De-jure)	Peace Treaty	Unknown
Franco-Swedish War (31 October 1805 – 6 January 1810)Location: Swedish Pomerania	Sweden United Kingdom Prussia Co-belligerents: Russian Empire (−1807) Austrian Empire Saxony	French Empire Spain Holland Co-belligerents: Russian Empire (1808–09) Denmark–Norway (1808–09)	French victory Treaty of Paris	+6000
Finnish War (21 February 1808 – 17 September 1809)Location: Scandinavia	Sweden Supported by: United Kingdom	Russian Empire Denmark–Norway (The Dano-Swedish War) Supported by: French Empire	Russian victory Treaty of Fredrikshamn	7000
Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809 (1808–1809)Location: Scandinavia	Sweden United Kingdom (Gunboat War)	Denmark–Norway Russian Empire (Finnish War) Supported by: French Empire	Status quo ante bellum	~200

Kingdom of Sweden (1809–1814)

Conflict	Sweden & its Allies	Sweden's opposition	Outcome	Casualties
Saint-Barthélemy Mutiny (1810)Location: Saint Barthélemy	Sweden	Mutineers	Mutinist victory	Unknown
Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)Location: N/A	Sweden		Status quo ante bellum	None
War of the Sixth Coalition (3 March 1813 – 30 May 1814)Location: Central and Eastern Europe, France, Italy	Original coalition Spain Sweden After the Armistice of Pläswitz After the Battle of Leipzig Baden Netherlands After January 1814 Denmark	Duchy of Warsaw Naples Until January 1814 Confederation of the Rhine (many member states defected after the Battle of Leipzig) Denmark–Norway	Coalition victory	Unknown
Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)Location: Norway	Sweden Supported by: United Kingdom (naval blockade)	Norway	Swedish victory Convention of Moss	400

Kingdom of Sweden (1905–present)

Conflict	Sweden & its Allies	Sweden's opposition	Outcome	Casualties
Invasion of Åland (1918)Location: Åland	Central Powers Germany Sweden		Åland Islands dispute	1
Congo Crisis 5 July 1960 – 25 November 1965Location: Republic of the Congo	1960–1963: Congo-Léopoldville Supported by: (1960) 1964–1965: Congo-Léopoldville United States Belgium Supported by: ONUC (1964)	1960–1963: 1960–1962: Congo-Stanleyville Supported by: 1964–1965: Kwilu and Simba rebels	Victory	19
Gulf War (1990–1991) Location:	Coalition: Sweden		Allied victory	None
Operation Deliberate Force (30 August – 20 September 1995)Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina	---- UNPROFOR (Sweden was a part of UNPROFOR)		Strategic NATO victory Bosnian Serbs return to negotiations	6 (in accidents)^[80]
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)Location: Afghanistan	ISAF/RS phase (from 2001): Resolute Support (from 2015)^[81]	ISAF/RS phase (from 2001): Taliban Islamic Jihad Union^[82] Haqqani network^[83] (from 2002) al-Qaeda (al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS))^[84] Taliban splinter groups Fidai Mahaz (from 2013) Mullah Dadullah Front (from 2012)^[85] IEHCA loyal to Muhammad Rasul (from 2015)^[86] ^[87] ----	Defeat Taliban takeover of Afghanistan	5
First Libyan Civil WarLocation: Libya	Anti-Gaddafi forces National Liberation Army National Transitional Council Islamic Fighting Group Anti-Gaddafi tribes^[88] ^[89] ^[90] ^[91] ^[92] Foreign mercenaries (alleged)^[93] ^[94] Qatar----Enforcing UNSC Resolution 1973: ----Minor border clashes Tunisia----	Libyan Jamahiriya Libyan Armed Forces Paramilitary forces Pro-Gaddafi tribes^[95] Foreign mercenaries (alleged)^[96] ^[97] ^[98] ^[99] ^[100]	Rebel victory	None
Mali War (16 January 2012 – Present)Location: Northern Mali	Government of Mali Military of Mali France ECOWAS---- Chad^[101] Burundi^[102] Gabon^[103] South Africa^[104] Rwanda Uganda^[105] China^[106] Germany^[107] Sweden^[108] Estonia^[109] Egypt^[110] United Kingdom^[111] ----Supported by: ----Non-state combatants: Ganda Iso FLNA^[112] MSA (from 2016) GATIA (from 2014)	National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) Islamic Movement of Azawad (MIA)^[113] Al-Qaeda Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (2017–present) Al-Mourabitoun (2013–17) Ansar al-Sharia (2012–present) Ansar Dine (2012–17)^[114] AQIM (2012–17) Macina Liberation Front (2015–17)^[115] MOJWA (2011–13)^[116] ^[117] Nigerian jihadist volunteers Boko Haram (2012–13) Ansaru (2012–13) ---- Islamic State in the Greater Sahara	Withdrawal in 2023^[118]	None

See also

• List of Swedish peacekeeping missions
• Realm of Sweden
• Dominions of Sweden
• List of Swedish monarchs
• List of Swedish military commanders
• List of Swedish field marshals
• List of Swedish regiments

References

Bibliography

• Book: Comolli, Virginia . Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency . 2015 . . .
• Book: Croxton, Derek . The Last Christian Peace: The Congress of Westphalia as A Baroque Event . 2013 . Palgrave Macmillan . 978-1-137-33332-2.
• Book: Haskin, Jeanne M.. The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship. 2005. New York. Algora Publishing. 0875864163.
• Book: Heitz . Gerhard . Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; History in data; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Rischer . Henning . Koehler&Amelang . 1995 . 3-7338-0195-4 . de.
• Book: Kohn . George C . Seven Years War in Dictionary of Wars . 2000 . Facts on File Inc . 978-0816041572.
  • Book: Nugent, Paul. Africa since Independence: A Comparative History. Palgrave-MacMillan. 2004. New York. 9780333682739.
• Book: Olson . James S. . Roberts . Randy . 2008 . Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945–1995 . 5th . Malden, MA . . 978-1-4051-8222-5.

Notes and References

1. Book: King, Martin. Blood Is Thicker than War: Brothers and Sisters on the Front Lines. 6 September 2022. Simon and Schuster. 9781637583531 . Google Books. 26 July 2023. 23 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230723131724/https://books.google.se/books?id=A12CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT27&dq=Bj%C3%B6rn+ironside+raid+France&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiexPzn9KSAAxXiSPEDHYd_B6oQ6AF6BAgMEAM. live.
2. Book: The Norse Myths: Stories of the Norse Gods and Heroes Vividly Retold . 29 November 2018 . Quercus . 9781786488800 . 23 July 2023 . 26 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726205027/https://www.google.se/books/edition/The_Norse_Myths/wP8_DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bj%C3%B6rn+ironside+raid+rome&pg=PA253&printsec=frontcover . live .
3. [Carl L. Thunberg|Thunberg, Carl L.]
4. Lagerqvist, Lars O., Sveriges regenter från forntid till nutid, Norstedts förlag, Stockholm 1996. ISBN 91-1-963882-5 (andra upplagan) Lagerqvist, Lars O., Sveriges regenter från forntid till nutid, Norstedts förlag, Stockholm 1996. ISBN 91-1-963882-5 (andra upplagan) page 27-30
5. Erik Segersäll (1953) Sture Bolin. https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=15407
6. Adam av Bremen (1984) pp. 87–8 (Book II, Chapters 31–32).
7. Web site: Jämtlands och Härjedalens historia. www.tacitus.nu. 7 July 2023. 28 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230428005534/http://www.tacitus.nu/svenskhistoria/land/jamtland.htm. live.
8. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 55.
9. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 57.
10. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 59.
11. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 61.
12. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 63.
13. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 71.
14. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 77.
15. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 81.
16. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 91.
17. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 93.
18. Web site: The Chronicle of Novgorod. London Offices of the Society, 1914. 5 April 2016. 7 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407170429/http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/MF1914.pdf. live.
19. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 103.
20. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 118.
21. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 115.
22. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 119.
23. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 127.
24. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 121.
25. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 129–131.
26. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 135. Swedish.
27. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 137 . Swedish.
28. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 143 . Swedish.
29. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 145. Swedish.
30. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 147–149. Swedish.
31. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 151.
32. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 153–155.
33. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 157–159.
34. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 161.
35. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 165.
36. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 173–178.
37. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 188.
38. Book: Sweden . Sverges traktater med Främmande magter jemte andra dit hörande handlingar . 1883 . P.A. Norstedt . sv.
39. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 189.
40. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 191.
41. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 205.
42. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 211.
43. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 207.
44. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 217.
45. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 219 . Swedish.
46. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 265.
47. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 262.
48. Web site: SVD | Bloggarkivet | Bondeuppror i Värmland .
49. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 267.
50. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 271.
51. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 273.
52. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 283.
53. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 289.
54. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 301.
55. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 313.
56. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 317.
57. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 325.
58. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 329.
59. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 333.
60. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 345 . Swedish.
61. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 347 . Swedish.
62. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 349 . Swedish.
63. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 351–352 . Swedish.
64. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 355 . Swedish.
65. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . Hjalmarson & Högberg . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 357 . Swedish.
66. Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Sveriges Krig, 1448–1814. SMB. 2010. 978-91-85789-62-7.
67. Norwegian nobles supported, fought and send troops to aid in the war.
68. Norwegian Catholic nobles supported Christian II.
69. Book: Koskinen, Ulla . Aggressive and Violent Peasant Elites in the Nordic Countries, C. 1500–1700 (World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence) . Palgrave Macmillan . 2016 . 978-3319406879 . 1st . 2016-12-28 . 175 . English.
70. Web site: Jamtamot i Uppsala .
71. Hrushevsky (2003), pp. 327ff.
72. Web site: Militaria – Hans Högman .
73. Book: Consuls, Corsairs, and Commerce: The Swedish Consular Service and Long-distance Shipping, 1720-1815 . 978-91-554-6003-7 . 22 April 2024 . Uppsala universitet .
74. Web site: The Swedish-Russian War of 1788–1790. Zentrale Für Unterrichtsmedien. Zentrale Für Unterrichtsmedien (ZUM). 18 November 2011. Zentrale Für Unterrichtsmedien. 28 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180628125211/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/18cen/russwed178890.html. live.
75. Web site: Tripolitan War . 2000 . Encyclopedia.com (from The Oxford Companion to American Military History) . 11 February 2017 . 18 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201018114236/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/north-african-history/tripolitan-war . live .
76. Web site: War with the Barbary Pirates (Tripolitan War) . veteranmuseum.org . 11 February 2017 . 1 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190201045205/http://www.veteranmuseum.org/war-history/war-barbary-pirates-tripolitan-war . live .
77. Book: Joseph Wheelan. Jefferson's War: America's First War on Terror 1801–1805. 21 September 2004. PublicAffairs. 978-0-7867-4020-8. 128–. 6 August 2021. 14 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230414021736/https://books.google.com/books?id=7kl8t_8WWb4C&pg=PA128. live.
78. Book: Tucker, Spencer C.. The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. 2014. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-157-2. 430. 6 August 2021. 14 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230414021717/https://books.google.com/books?id=sApvBAAAQBAJ. live.
79. Web site: Militaria – Hans Högman .
80. Web site: Avlidna och stupade i utlandsstyrkan .
81. Web site: News – Resolute Support Mission. 4 October 2015. 28 February 2015. https://archive.today/20150228192832/http://www.rs.nato.int/troop-numbers-and-contributions/index.php. live.
82. Web site: Taliban storm Kunduz city. The Long War Journal. 30 September 2015. 5 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160205125948/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/taliban-storm-kunduz-city.php. live.
83. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/the-talibans-new-leadership-is-allied-with-al-qaeda.php The Taliban's new leadership is allied with al Qaeda
84. Web site: Al-Qaeda operates under Taliban protection: UN report World News – India TV. 24 July 2021. 6 August 2021. 12 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210812055148/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/al-qaeda-operates-under-taliban-protection-un-report-721719. live.
85. Web site: In Afghanistan, New Group Begins Campaign of Terror . Rod Nordland . . 19 May 2012 . 25 June 2021 . 12 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220512115006/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/world/asia/in-afghanistan-new-insurgent-group-emerges.html . live .
86. Web site: Afghan Government Quietly Aids Breakaway Taliban Faction . Rod Nordland . Jawad Sukhanyar . Taimoor Shah . . 19 June 2017 . 6 September 2017 . 27 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170827173752/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/19/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-faction-renouncers.html . live .
87. Web site: Red on Red: Analyzing Afghanistan's Intra-Insurgency Violence . Matthew DuPée . . January 2018 . 18 February 2018 . 16 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116004929/https://ctc.usma.edu/red-red-analyzing-afghanistans-intra-insurgency-violence/ . dead .
88. News: Libya City Torn by Tribal Feud. The Wall Street Journal. 21 June 2011. 26 July 2011. Sam. Dagher. 29 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180729001656/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304887904576395143328336026. live.
89. News: 26 July 2011. Tribal Rivalries Complicate Libyan War. Der Spiegel. 26 July 2011. Von Rohr. Mathieu. 26 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110726122855/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,776695,00.html. live.
90. News: NTC asks NATO to extend Libya presence. Al Jazeera. 26 October 2011. 26 October 2011. 20 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191220035843/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/2011102693420436507.html. live.
91. News: Libya's Mustafa Abdul Jalil asks Nato to stay longer. BBC. 26 October 2011. 4 November 2011. 26 October 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111026230501/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15459473. live.
92. News: Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels. The Guardian. 26 October 2011. 20 November 2011. Black. Ian. London. 15 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191115131603/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support. live.
93. Web site: На решающий штурм Бени-Валида посылают афганских наемников -. argumentiru.com. 18 July 2020. 24 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195618/https://argumentiru.com/world/2011/09/124401. live.
94. Web site: Старший сын Каддафи утверждает, что в Триполи воюют подразделения НАТО и наемники. 23 August 2011. 18 July 2020. 27 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200727111717/https://www.interfax.ru/russia/204759. live.
95. News: Libya's Tribal Politics Key to Gaddafi's Fate. Reuters. London. Stabroek News. 23 February 2011. 26 July 2011. 20 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155740/http://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/archives/02/23/libya%E2%80%99s-tribal-politics-key-to-gaddafi%E2%80%99s-fate/. live.
96. News: Is Libya's Gaddafi Turning to Foreign Mercenaries?. https://web.archive.org/web/20111130075253/http://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFLDE71N11N20110224. dead. 30 November 2011. Reuters Africa. 24 February 2011. 6 June 2011.
97. News: Mali fears as Tuaregs return from Libya. 16 October 2011. News24. Cape Town, South Africa. 5 November 2011. 13 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112851/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-fears-as-Tuaregs-return-from-Libya-20111016. dead.
98. News: Gadhafi Using Foreign Children As Mercenaries In Libya. NPR. 3 March 2011. 6 August 2021. 1 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150401051337/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/03/03/134223827/gadhafi-using-foreign-children-as-mercenaries-in-libya. live.
99. News: African Mercenaries in Libya Nervously Await Their Fate . 27 February 2011 . The Daily Telegraph . London . Meo . Nick . 6 August 2021 . 15 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110315034843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8349414/African-mercenaries-in-Libya-nervously-await-their-fate.html . live .
100. News: Libya: Gaddafi and His Mali-Chad Tuareg Mercenaries. Afrik News. 24 March 2011. Stephanie. Plasse. 6 August 2021. 24 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224153736/https://www.afrik-news.com/article19172.html. live.
101. News: Chad to send 2000 soldiers to Mali. 18 January 2013. Courier Mail. 17 January 2013. 15 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615111521/https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/chad-to-send-2000-soldiers-to-mali/news-story/16f0e60d3afa23bb59cc410f98fb2287?nk=ed234dc094691ab6a23f9b1de30d394a-1592219721. live.
102. News: AU to hold donor conference on Mali intervention. 18 January 2013. Africa Review. 18 January 2013. 23 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210423112814/http://www.africareview.com/News/AU-to-hold-donor-conference-on-Mali-intervention/-/979180/1668702/-/u8hj4h/-/index.html. dead.
103. Web site: WPR Article | Global Insider: Despite Early Successes, France's Mali Challenge is Long-Term . Worldpoliticsreview.com . 8 March 2004 . 28 January 2013 . 23 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210423111314/https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/12667/global-insider-despite-early-successes-france-s-mali-challenge-is-long-term . live .
104. News: Five more African countries pledge to send troops into Mali: Nigerian minister . NZweek . 28 January 2013 . 23 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210423111347/http://www.nzweek.com/world/five-more-african-countries-pledge-to-send-troops-into-mali-nigerian-minister-45103/ . live .
105. News: Forces capture Gao rebel stronghold – World News . TVNZ . 28 January 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130127175219/http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/forces-capture-gao-rebel-stronghold-5327697 . 27 January 2013 .
106. Web site: Chinese army soldiers conduct first mission as peacekeepers in Mali 1612131 – Army Recognition . 16 December 2013 . Armyrecognition.com . 11 February 2014 . 12 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210512163358/https://www.armyrecognition.com/december_2013_defense_industry_military_news_uk/chinese_army_soldiers_conduct_first_mission_as_peacekeepers_in_mali_1612131.html . live .
107. Web site: Bundeswehr in Mali: dangerous, but necessary? 29.01.2017. DW.COM. 26 July 2017. 25 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210525011136/https://www.dw.com/en/bundeswehr-in-mali-dangerous-but-necessary/a-37321264. live.
108. Web site: MINUSMA – MALI. Swedish Armed Forces. 18 May 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20171012015122/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/archived-pages/about/our-mission-in-sweden-and-abroad/current-missions/mali-minusma/. 12 October 2017.
109. Web site: Estonian government approves sending 50 troops to French-led Mali mission. err.ee. 22 March 2018. 6 August 2021. 19 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211019144435/https://news.err.ee/691357/estonian-government-approves-sending-50-troops-to-french-led-mali-mission. live.
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