List of wars involving Korea explained

This is a list of wars involving Korea and its predecessor states.

Gojoseon

? - 108BC

Conflict	Gojoseon	Opponents	Results	Monarch of Gojoseon
Gojoseon-Yan War (c.300 BC)	Gojoseon	Yan	Defeat Gojoseon loses its core territory in Liaodong and is forced to retreat to Pyongyang.	Unknown
Wiman's political change (c.194 BC)	Gojoseon	Wiman	Defeat Jun defeats and Wiman becomes the monarch of Gojoseon.	Jun
Gojoseon-Han War (109-108 BC)	Gojoseon	Han dynasty	Defeat Gojoseon is annexed by the Han dynasty, which installs the Four Commanderies of Han in its former lands.	King Ugeo

Goguryeo

37 BC – 668 AD

Conflict	Goguryeo and its allies	Opponents	Results	Monarch of Goguryeo
Goguryeo–Wei War (244-245)	Goguryeo	Cao Wei	Defeat Goguryeo temporarily loses its capital and is nearly destroyed.	King Dongcheon
Goguryeo–Wa War (391-404)	Goguryeo Silla	Baekje Wa Gaya	Victory The power of Geumgwan Gaya is broken and Wa is expelled from Korean affairs. Silla becomes a protectorate of Goguryeo.	Gwanggaeto the Great
Goguryeo–Sui War (598, 612–614)	Goguryeo	Sui dynasty	Victory One of the major causes of the fall of the Sui Dynasty	King Yeongyang
Goguryeo–Tang War (645–668 CE)	Goguryeo Baekje Yamato Mohe	Tang dynasty Silla	Defeat Fall of Goguryeo Annexation of Goguryeo by Tang End of the Three Kingdoms of Korea Establishment of Andong Protectorate Goguryeo and Baekje swear fealty to Silla, thereby forming Unified Silla Beginning of territorial disputes between Silla and Tang	King Bojang

Baekje

18 BC – 660 AD

Silla

57 BC – 935 AD

Conflict	Silla and its allies	Opponents	Results	Monarch of Silla
Silla–Gaya War (88–562)	Silla	Gaya Baekje	Victory Gaya was absorbed into Silla and Baekje.	Various
Silla–Tang War (668–676)	Silla Goguryeo (vassal of Silla) Baekje (vassal of Silla)	Tang dynasty	Victory Silla recaptured the territory south of Taedong River, while Tang held control over former Gorguryeo territory north of Taedong River.	King Munmu

Goryeo

918–1392

Conflict! rowspan="1"

Goryeo and its allies	Opponents	Results	Monarch of Goryeo
Goryeo–Khitan War (993, 1010, 1018–1019)		Liao dynasty	Victory The Khitan Liao dynasty cedes territory around the Yalu River basin to Goryeo Goryeo pays tribute to the Liao dynasty to establish diplomatic relations Peace ensues between Goryeo and Liao, and Liao never attacks Goryeo again	King Hyeonjong
Korean–Jurchen border conflicts (10th century – 14th century)		Jin dynasty Jurchens	Stalemate	Various
Mongol invasions of Korea (1231, 1232, 1235–1239, 1251, 1254, 1255, 1257)		Mongol Empire	Defeat Goryeo capitulates in 1259 and becomes a vassal between 1270 and 1356.	King Gojong
Mongol invasions of Japan (1274, 1281)	Mongol Empire---- Yuan dynasty (vassal of Mongol Empire)	Imperial Court Kamakura shogunate Hōjō clan Sō clan Shōni clan Sashi clan Taira clan Kikuchi clan Ōtomo clan Shimazu clan Matsura clan	Defeat	King Wonjong King Chungnyeol
Red Turban invasions of Korea (1359, 1361)		Red Turbans	Victory Although Goryeo had repulsed the Red Turbans, both the population and the economy had been severely damaged.	King Gongmin

Joseon dynasty

1392–1897

Conflict	Joseon dynasty and its allies	Opponents	Results	Monarch of the Joseon Dynasty
Joseon dynasty
Second Tsushima Expedition (1396)		Tsushima Province	Victory Resulted in yearly tributes by Tsushima.	King Taejong
Third Tsushima Expedition (1419)		Tsushima Province	Victory Sadamori sends a letter of surrender to Joseon court ^[1] Wokuo pirates cease their activities in Joseon ^[2]	King Sejong the Great
Joseon Northern Expedition (1443)		Jianzhou Jurchens	Victory Led to establishment of present-day northern borders.	King Sejong the Great
Sampo Invasion (1510)		Tsushima Province Japanese pirates	Victory Joseon broke all diplomatic relations with Japan after the incident.	King Jungjong
Imjin War (1592–1598)	Righteous Army Ming dynasty	Azuchi-Momoyama Japan	Victory Joseon and Ming victory	King Seonjo
Ming-Manchu War (1618–1683)	Ming dynasty Kumul Khanate Turfan Khanate	Manchus	Defeat Joseon helped the Ming dynasty in the Battle of Sarhu.	Gwanghaegun
First Manchu invasion of Korea (1627)		Later Jin Dynasty	Defeat Was spurred by actions of Mao Wenlong, a Ming commander who operated off islands of Korea.	King Injo
Second Manchu invasion of Korea (1636–1637)		Qing Dynasty	Defeat Brought forth the idea of Punitive North Expedition in Joseon.	King Injo
Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)	China	Russia Cossacks	Victory Part of Russia's expansion into Siberia.	King Hyojong
French invasion of Korea (1866)			Victory Spurred by Joseon's execution of French Catholic priests on the same year.	Heungseon Daewongun
United States invasion of Korea (1871)		United States	Victory Spurred by Joseon's unknown treatment of the American merchant ship General Sherman.	Heungseon Daewongun
Ganghwa Island incident (1875)			Defeat Joseon was forced to sign Treaty of Ganghwa in 1876.	King Gojong
Imo Incident (1882)		Korean military dissidents, mostly from the Central Defense Command	Victory Spurred by Central Defense Command receiving significantly worse treatment compared to the newly established "Byolkigun".	King Gojong
Gapsin Coup (1884)	Supported by China	Reformist Faction Supported by	Victory Joseon victory.	King Gojong
Donghak Peasant Revolution (1894–1895)		Donghak Peasant's Army	Victory Resulted in First Sino-Japanese War.	King Gojong

Korean Empire

1897–1910

Conflict	Korean Empire and its allies	Opponents	Results	Emperor of Korean Empire
Korean Empire
Korean Invasion of Manchuria (1902)			Victory Korean settlers and soldiers moved into Southern Manchuria as the Qing Dynasty weakened	Emperor Gwangmu
Eulsa Righteous War (1905)	Righteous Army		Defeat Reaction to Eulsa Protective Treaty, which made the Korean Empire a Protectorate of Japan.	Emperor Gwangmu
Jeungmi Righteous War (1907)	Righteous Army		Defeat Reaction to the forced dissolution of the Korean Imperial Army.	Emperor Yunghui
Great Korean Militia Roundup Campaign (1909)	Righteous Army		Defeat Most battles were around the Southern Korea region of Jeolla.	Emperor Yunghui

Occupied Korea: 1910–1945

Conflict	Provisional Government of Korea and its allies	Opponents	Results	Leader of Provisional Government
Provisional Government of Korea
Battle of Fengwudong (1920)	Korean Independence Army	Imperial Japanese Army	Victory One of earlier Korean independence movements.	President Syngman Rhee
Battle of Chongsanli (1920)	Korean Independence Army	Imperial Japanese Army	Victory Referred in Korea as "Great victory of Chongsanli".	President Syngman Rhee
Free City Incident (1921)	Korea Independence Corps		Defeat Most of initial Korean militia was destroyed during the massacre.	President Syngman Rhee
South-East Asian theatre of World War II (1942–1945)	United Kingdom Malaya Korean Liberation Army United States	State of Burma Azad Hind Thailand	Victory The KLA fought in the Burma Campaign.	Premier Kim Gu

Korea

1948–present

North Korea

Conflict	North Korea and its allies	Opponents	Results	North Korean losses	North Korea leader
				Military		Civilian
North Korea
Korean War (1950–1953)	China	United Nations Command United States United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand Turkey Philippines Thailand France Colombia Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg	Stalemate North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled, UN invasion of North Korea repelled, Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled. Korean Armistice Agreement signed. Korean Demilitarized Zone established, little territorial change at the 38th parallel border.
Simba Rebellion (1964)	Simba Rebels Military advisors: Cuba China	Combat support: Belgium United States	Defeat (limited involvement) Rebellion defeated.
Communist insurgency in Thailand (1965–1983)	Communist Party of Thailand Pathet Lao^[3] ^[4] Khmer Rouge (until 1978) Malayan Communist Party Weapons and advisors (until 1976) (from 1976) China	Thailand (until 1967) United States Malaysia	Defeat (limited involvement) Defeat of communist insurgency.
Vietnam War (1967–1969)	Viet Cong Pathet Lao Khmer Rouge China	United States Australia New Zealand Cambodia Khmer Republic Thailand Philippines	Victory (in 1975) Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina in 1973 North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam in 1975 Dissolution of the South Vietnamese state Communist regimes take power in South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969)		United States	Defeat North Korean failure to instigate an armed insurgency in South Korea
1971 JVP insurrection (1971)	JVPSupported by: ^[5] ^[6] ASBPI^[7] ^[8] CCP (Maoist) (alleged)^[9]		Defeat (limited involvement) Rebel leaders captured and remaining members surrender. Ceylonese government reestablishes control over entire island. Expulsion of North Korean diplomats.
Yom Kippur War (1973)	Egypt <	-- Egypt, Syria, and Libya all had the same flag in 1972, see Flag of Syria (historical section) and and the current flag was introduced in 1980 --> Jordan Algeria Morocco Tunisia Cuba ^[10] ^[11]	Israel	Defeat^[12] Syrian invasion of Israel repelled. Israel–Syria Disengagement Agreement Geneva Conference and the Sinai II Agreement Strategic political gains for Egypt and Israel
Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991)	Derg (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Cuba	EPRP TPLF MEISON (from 1977) EPDM EDU EPLF	Defeat Fall of Communist government Independence of Eritrea Ethiopia becomes a landlocked country
Angolan Civil War (1975–2002)	MPLA SWAPO MK Cuba (1975–91) (1975–89) (1975–89)^[13] ^[14] EO (1992–95)	UNITA FNLA FLEC South Africa (1975–89) (1975)^[15]	Victory (by 1992) Withdrawal of all foreign forces in 1989 Transition towards a multiparty political system in 1991/92 Dissolution of the armed forces of FNLA Participation of UNITA and FNLA, as political parties, in the new political system, from 1991/92 onwards, but civil war continues Jonas Savimbi killed in 2002 Immediate peace agreement and dissolution of the armed forces of UNITA in 2002 Resistance of FLEC continued beyond 2002
Ugandan Bush War (1980–1986)	UNLA (until 1985)	NRA	Defeat Overthrow of Milton Obote
1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War (1982)	Ethiopia SSDF Supported by: Cuba^[16]	Somalia Supported by: United States^[17]	Defeat (limited involvement)
Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)	Tamil Tigers Supported by: (from 1997)^[18] ^[19] Eritrea^[20] ^[21] ^[22]	Sri Lanka India	Defeat (limited involvement) Rebel group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam militarily defeated. Sri Lankan government reestablishes control over entire island.
1987–1989 JVP insurrection (1987–1989)	JVP DJV Support: ^[23] ^[24] Cuba^[25] PLOTE ^[26] ^[27] ^[28]	Sri Lanka India Military support for Sri Lanka: Israel^[29] Pakistan South Africa United Kingdom United States	Defeat (limited involvement) Emergency conditions in South-western and Central provinces lifted. Insurgency declined following the fall of the Eastern bloc.
United States invasion of Panama (1989–1990)	Panama Panama Defense Force Supported by: Cuba^[30] Nicaragua	United States Panama	Defeat (limited involvement) Military leader Manuel Noriega deposed
Yemeni Civil War (1994)	South Yemen Supported by: Saudi Arabia^[31] ^[32]	North Yemen Jihadists^[33] Supported by: United States^[34] Egypt	Defeat (limited involvement) Reunification under northern government Purge of Yemeni socialism and the left Further tension in Yemen eventually leads to Yemeni crisis
Battle of Amami-Ōshima (2001)		Japan	Defeat North Korean naval trawler sunk^[35]
First Libyan Civil War (2011)	Belarus Zimbabwe Foreign mercenaries^[36] ^[37] ^[38] ^[39] ^[40] Minor border clashes: Darfur rebels^[41] Weapons and advisors: ^[42] Algeria^[43] Cuba^[44] ^[45] China (until 12 September)^[46] (until 1 September)^[47] Mozambique	Anti-Gaddafi forces Qatar Enforcing UNSC Resolution 1973: Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Romania Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Other countries: Sweden Jordan^[48] United Arab Emirates^[49] Saudi Arabia^[50] ^[51] Minor border clashes Tunisia Arms suppliers: Egypt ^[52] Switzerland^[53] Morocco Other support: Botswana Peru Ethiopia	Defeat (limited involvement) Overthrow and collapse of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Death of Muammar Gaddafi and end of his rule over Libya Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council; remains in power until August 8, 2012 UN authorisation of NATO military intervention Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU Factional violence leading to another civil war in 2014^[54] Rise and spread of Salafism in Libya^[55]
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)	Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces (until 2017) Some Popular Committees^[56] Sana'a-GPC forces^[57]	Pro-Hadi Security forces Yemen National Army (YNA) Al-Islah Popular Resistance Committees^[58] Popular Committees Southern Movement^[59] ^[60] Strategic Reserve (pro-Hadi Saleh forces)^[61] ^[62] ^[63] ^[64] ^[65] Saudi-led coalition Saudi Arabia^[66] United Arab Emirates Senegal^[67] Sudan^[68] Morocco^[69] Qatar Academi security contractors^[70] ^[71] ^[72] ^[73] Green Berets^[74] ^[75] French Army Special Forces Command^[76] ^[77] ^[78] Al-Qaeda^[79] ^[80] ^[81] Academi---- Southern Transitional Council (from 2017)^[82] Tareq Saleh forces (from 2017)^[83] ^[84] National Resistance Tihamah Resistance ---- Ansar al-Sharia AQAP^[85] ---- ISIL-YP^[86] ^[87]	Ongoing Houthis dissolve Yemeni government Houthis take control of northern Yemen Conflict in Najran, Jizan and Asir

South Korea

Conflict	South Korea and its allies	Opponents	Results	President of South Korea
					South Korea
Korean War (1950–1953)	United Nations Command United States United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand Turkey Philippines Thailand France Colombia Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg	China	Stalemate North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled, UN invasion of North Korea repelled, Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled. Korean Armistice Agreement signed. Korean Demilitarized Zone established, little territorial change at the 38th parallel border.	Syngman Rhee
Vietnam War (1964–1973)	United States Australia New Zealand Cambodia Khmer Republic Thailand Philippines	Viet Cong Pathet Lao Khmer Rouge China	Defeat Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina in 1973 North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam in 1975 Dissolution of the South Vietnamese state Communist regimes take power in South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos	Park Chung Hee
Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969)	United States		Victory North Korean failure to instigate an armed insurgency in South Korea	Park Chung Hee
Gulf War (1990–1991)	Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Oman United Arab Emirates Bahrain Qatar Other Allies		Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored. Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure.	Roh Tae-woo
War in Afghanistan (2002–2014)	Northern Alliance (2001) Afghanistan (from 2001) ISAF United States United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand Germany Italy France Czech Republic Netherlands Turkey Romania Georgia Poland Denmark Sweden Norway Singapore	Islamic Emirate (2001)---- Taliban (from 2001) al-Qaeda	Withdrawal Fall of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Establishment of new Afghan government War in North-West Pakistan	Kim Dae-jung
Iraq War (2003–2008)	Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan MNF–I United States United Kingdom Italy Poland Australia New Zealand Georgia Ukraine Netherlands Spain Romania Japan Denmark Bulgaria	SCJL Naqshbandi Army---- ISI al-Qaeda FIA Ansar al-Islam IAI---- Mahdi Army Special Groups Badr Brigades Kata'ib Hezbollah	Victory Depletion of Iraqi insurgency, improvements in public security. Re-establishment of democratic elections. U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement	Roh Moo-hyun

See also

• List of wars involving South Korea
• List of wars involving North Korea
• Republic of Korea Armed Forces
• Korean People's Army

External links

The Korean War:

• Korean War resources, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• North Korea International Documentation Project
• Grand Valley State University Veteran's History Project digital collection
• The Forgotten War, Remembered – four testimonials in The New York Times
• Collection of Books and Research Materials on the Korean War an online collection of the United States Army Center of Military History
• The Korean War at History.com
• Korean-War.com
• Koreanwar-educator.org

Capital Mechanized Infantry Division, a division that fought in Korea and Vietnam:

• ROMAD with Korean Tiger Division, DASF's No's 1–7 listed with photos
• Photo of Commanding General of ROKF-V, LTG. Chae Myung Shin
• Photo of a Forward Observation Post (OP) of the 6th Company, ROK Blue Dragon Marine Corp.(2) – Vietnam 1970
• http://www.vietvet.co.kr/
• https://web.archive.org/web/20070930161928/http://cafe3.ktdom.com/vietvet/us/us.htm

Notes and References

1. Web site: The Veritable Records of King Sejong . 20 January 2021 . "The Daimyo of Daemado (Tsushima), Sadamori (宗都都熊瓦), sent a letter to Yejo Panseo, begging for surrender, and petitioned for personal trust."].".
2. Seoh . M.S. . 1969 . A Brief Documentary Survey of Japanese Pirate Activities in Korea in the 13 th—15 th Centuries . Journal of Korean Studies (1969-1971) . 1 . 1 . 23–39 . 23849476 . 0022-2127.
3. Web site: Communist Insurgency In Thailand. CIA Report. 1 December 2014. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045131/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000012498.pdf. dead.
4. Web site: Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory. January 2007. 1 December 2014. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191631/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/marks.pdf. dead.
5. Web site: The story of a North Korea-backed rebellion in Sri Lanka – NK News – North Korea News. 10 October 2017.
6. Web site: North Korea's role in Sri Lanka. 12 March 2014.
7. http://www.jvpsrilanka.com/english/download/1168/
8. Sri Lanka the years of Terror. p. 59
9. https://www.divaina.com/2011/10/03/mano03.html
10. Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). "Hundreds of Tanks Clash in a Struggle for Suez Area". The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
11. Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). "Flow of Soviet Jews Is Undimished". The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
12. References:
    • Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
    • Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday (publisher), 1974, page 450
    • Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
    • Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
    • 0-313-31302-4&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2
    • Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
    • Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
13. Web site: AfricanCrisis . AfricanCrisis . 2013-08-18 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120313165633/http://www.africancrisis.co.za/Article.php?ID=24839& . 2012-03-13 .
14. News: North Korea: Opponents of Apartheid . Benjamin R . Young . . 16 December 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161103232746/https://www.nknews.org/2013/12/north-korea-opponents-of-apartheid/ . 3 November 2016 . 28 June 2019 .
15. Perez de Cuellar C. Pilgrimage for Peace: A Secretary-General's Memoir pp. 325–326
16. Web site: The History Guy: Ethiopia-Somalia Wars and Conflicts.
17. Web site: Somalia SOMALIA'S DIFFICULT DECADE, 1980–90 – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System. www.workmall.com.
18. Web site: Transcript- Rohan Gunaratne. Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission. 2010. 28 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120119072710/http://www.llrcarchive.org/2010/10/rohan-gunaratne/. 19 January 2012. dead.
19. Web site: LTTE runs illegal operations overseas – Minister Gunawardena. priu.gov.lk. 2011. 29 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120111131341/http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca201101/20110107ltte_runs_illegal_operations_overseas.htm. 11 January 2012. dead. dmy-all.
20. Web site: Sri Lanka finds LTTE fighter planes in Eritrea – Report . . 2009 . 30 July 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111003123953/http://www.jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Sri_Lanka_finds_LTTE_fighter_planes_in_Eritrea_Report/32664 . 3 October 2011 .
21. Web site: Eritrea providing direct military assistance to LTTE – USSFRC. Ministry of Defense. 2007. 30 July 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120923173238/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20070901_01. 23 September 2012. dmy-all.
22. Web site: Sri Lanka Goes After LTTE assets in Eritrea « The Eight Man Team . Lrrp.wordpress.com . 2009-09-14. 31 January 2013.
23. Book: The History of the JVP 1965–1994. 2009. Niyamuva Publishers. 9789558696392.
24. Web site: TheSundayNews: Protesters shot dead at Indo-Lanka opposition. 2022-02-10. 2020-10-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20201009131846/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20040328/spotlight-more.htm. dead.
25. Our times great Fidel, අපේ කාලයේ ආදර්ශය ෆිදෙල්. Niyamuva Publications. p. 1.
26. Gunaratna, (1993) p. 133
27. Book: Sri Lanka: The Years Terror. 141.
28. Gunaratna, Rohan (1990), p. 22
29. Book: Indian Intervention in Sri Lanka: Role of Indian Agencies. 23.
30. Book: Cole, Ronald H. . Operation Just Cause: The Planning and Execution of Joint Operations in Panama, February 1988 – January 1990 . Joint History Office, Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . 1995 . 6.
31. Book: The Yemeni War of 1994: Causes and Consequences. Jamal S. al-Suwaidi. Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. 1995. 0-86356-300-7.
32. Web site: Backgrounder: Yemen's Civil War, the Houthis, and the Saudi Intervention - Council on Foreign Relations . 2016-03-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150509030311/http://www.cfr.org/yemen/yemen-crisis/p36488 . 2015-05-09 . dead .
33. Book: Said, Behnam T. . Geschichte al-Qaidas. Bin Laden, der 11. September und die tausend Fronten des Terrors heute . History of al-Qaeda. Bin Laden, 11 September, and the thousand fronts of terror today . 2018 . . Munich . German . 978-3-406-72585-2 . 106.
34. http://yemenembassy.org/issues/ymusrelshp/index.htm Embassy of Yemen – Yemeni-American relations
35. News: Japan Says a Mystery Boat Fired Rockets at Its Ships. The New York Times. 25 December 2001. 13 June 2018.
36. News: Is Libya's Gaddafi Turning to Foreign Mercenaries?. https://web.archive.org/web/20111130075253/http://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFLDE71N11N20110224. dead. 30 November 2011. Reuters Africa. 24 February 2011. 6 June 2011.
37. News: Mali fears as Tuaregs return from Libya. 16 October 2011. News24. Cape Town, South Africa. 5 November 2011. 13 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112851/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-fears-as-Tuaregs-return-from-Libya-20111016. dead.
38. News: Gadhafi Using Foreign Children As Mercenaries In Libya. NPR. 3 March 2011.
39. News: African Mercenaries in Libya Nervously Await Their Fate . 27 February 2011 . The Daily Telegraph . London . Meo. Nick.
40. News: Libya: Gaddafi and His Mali-Chad Tuareg Mercenaries . Afrik News. 24 March 2011. Stephanie. Plasse.
41. Web site: Sudan: Govt Deploys Troops to Borders With Libya. 18 July 2020.
42. Web site: North Korea and Libya: friendship through artillery | NK News. 5 January 2015. NK News – North Korea News.
43. Web site: Algeria May have Violated UN Resolution By Providing Weapons to Libya, US State Dept . 2011-07-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110729023137/http://www.moroccoboard.com/news/5363-algeria-possible-violation-un-resolution-for-providing-weapons-to-libyas-gaddafi- . 2011-07-29 . dead .
44. Web site: Cuba Pulls Diplomats Out of Libya. Circles. Robinson. 4 September 2011.
45. News: Venezuela's Chavez gives lukewarm backing to Gaddafi. Reuters. 26 February 2011. www.reuters.com.
46. Web site: China Sought to Sell Arms to Gaddafi, Documents Suggest. Anne. Barnard. 5 September 2011. www.cnbc.com.
47. Web site: Russia and China Team Up Against NATO Libya Campaign. Kenneth. Rapoza. Forbes.
48. News: Jordanian Fighters Protecting Aid Mission. The Jordan Times. 6 April 2011. 6 April 2011.
49. News: UAE Updates Support to UN Resolution 1973. Emirates News Agency. 25 March 2011. 26 March 2011.
50. 10.1111/mepo.12310. Why Was Muammar Qadhafi Really Removed?. 2017. Davidson. Christopher M.. Middle East Policy. 24. 4. 91–116. free.
51. News: Gaddafi's sons tried to get Saudi cleric help: TV. Reuters. 28 February 2011.
52. https://m.point.md/ru/novosti/politika/moldova-prodala-oruzhie-livijskim-terroristam Молдова продала оружие ливийским террористам
53. http://nashagazeta.ch/news/12112 Швейцарское оружие оказалось в руках ливийских повстанцев
54. News: UPDATE 1-Anger, chaos but no revolt after Libya violence. https://web.archive.org/web/20120430035735/http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL5E8CO2HB20120124. dead. 30 April 2012. 24 January 2012. 24 January 2012. Reuters Africa. Bani Walid. Oliver. Holmes.
55. Web site: The rise of the 'Madkhalists': Inside Libya's struggle for religious supremacy. Middle East Eye. 18 July 2020.
56. News: Yemen's Military: From the Tribal Army to the Warlords . Eleonora Ardemagni . . 19 March 2018 . 29 May 2018.
57. News: Death of a leader: Where next for Yemen's GPC after murder of Saleh? . . 23 January 2018 . 31 May 2018.
58. News: My enemy's enemy is my ally: How al-Qaeda fighters are backed by Yemen's government. Middle East Eye . 2017-11-13. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113031/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/my-enemy-s-enemy-is-my-ally-how-al-qaeda-fighters-are-backed-yemen-government-houthi-saudi-popular-resistance-1047546687. 13 November 2017. dmy-all.
59. Web site: Google Translate. translate.google.com.
60. News: Brothers no more: Yemen's Islah party faces collapse of Aden alliances . . 21 October 2017 . 5 June 2018.
61. News: Hadi counts on Saleh kin to revive elite forces . . 23 March 2018 . 29 May 2018.
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