List of wars involving Egypt explained

This is a list of wars involving the Arab Republic of Egypt and its predecessor states.

Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2890 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Monarch	Egyptian losses
Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt	Upper Egypt	Lower Egypt	Upper Egypt victory Unification of egypt	Narmer	?
Egypto-Nubian conflict (c. 3100 - 3000 BC)	First Dynasty of Egypt	A-Group culture (Nubia)	Victory A-Group culture destroyed by the pharaohs of Egypt.^[1] Lower Nubia was not inhabited for centuries afterwards.	Djer or Djet^[2]	?

Middle Kingdom Period (c. 2055-1650 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Monarch	Egyptian losses
Egyptian Campaign in Lower Nubia (c. 1953 BC)^[6]	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Various peoples in Lower Nubia.	Victory Nubians defeated and Egyptian colonisation of Lower Nubia.	Senusret I	?
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia (c. 1870–1859 BC)^[7]	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Various Nubian peoples	Victory Nubians defeated and Egyptian expansion into Nubia.^[8]	Senusret III	?
Egyptian Campaign in Canaan (Between c. 1880 and c. 1840 BC)	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Shechem Retjenu	Victory Both Shechem and Retjenu defeated by Egypt.^[9]	Senusret III	?

New Kingdom Period (c. 1550-1077 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Monarch	Egyptian losses
Egyptian Campaign in the Levant (1458 - 1457 BC)	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Canaanites Kadesh Megiddo Kingdom of Mitanni Hurrians	Victory Egyptian victory at the Battle of Megiddo, resulting in expansion of Egyptian empire.^[10]	Thutmose III	4,000 at the Battle of Megiddo
		Cyprus	Victory Egyptian rule of Cyprus Inhabitants forced to pay tribute		?
Egyptian-Hittite conflict	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Hittites	inconclusive^[11] Egypt briefly recaptures southern Syrian territory from the Hittites Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty	Seti I, Ramses II	?
Sea Peoples' invasion of Egypt	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt	Sea Peoples	Victory Egyptians defeat the Sea Peoples in two land and sea battles invasion repelled	Ramses III	?

Late Period (c. 664-332 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Monarch	Egyptian losses
Egyptian campaign against the Kingdom of Judah	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Kingdom of Judah	Victory Subjugation of Judah by the twenty sixth dynasty.^[12]	Necho II	Undetermined, but low
Egyptian Babylonian war		Neo-Babylonian EmpirePersiansScythiansMedes	Victory egyptian capture of Kummuh and Gaza		?
	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Cyprus	Victory Egyptian control over Cyprus	Amasis II	?

Ptolemaic Kingdom (310-30 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Monarch	Egyptian losses
First Syrian War (274 - 271 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire	Victory Ptolemaic rule extended into Caria and most of Cilicia (both in modern-day Turkey).	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	?
Chremonidean War (267 - 261 BC)	Athens Sparta Ptolemaic Kingdom	Macedonia	Defeat Macedonian victory. Antigonid control over the city-states of Greece.	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	?
Second Syrian War (274 - 271 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire Macedonia	Stalemate Cilicia, Pamphylia, Ionia, Miletus and Ephesus taken by the Selecuid Empire. Marriage of Antiochus II Theos to Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Syra.	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	?
Third Syrian War (246 - 241 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire	Stalemate Loss of Cyclades to Seleucid Empire. Ptolemaic kingdom awarded new territories in Syria, including Seleucia Pieria.	Ptolemy III Euergetes	?
Fourth Syrian War (219 - 217 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire	Victory Ptolemaic victory at the Battle of Raphia and preserved control of Coele-Syria.	Ptolemy IV Philopator	2,200 at the Battle of Raphia
Fifth Syrian War (202 - 195 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire Macedonia	Defeat Coele-Syria taken by the Seleucid Empire. Conciliatory treaty signed in 195 BC. Ptolemy V agrees to marry Antiochus III's daughter Cleopatra I Syra.	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	?
Sixth Syrian War (170 - 168 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom Roman Republic (168 BC)	Seleucid Empire	Victory Antiochus IV Epiphanes leaves Egypt after given ultimatum by Gaius Popillius Laenas.	Ptolemy VIII Physcon	?
War of Actium (32 - 30 BC)	Rome supporting Mark Antony Ptolemaic Kingdom	Rome supporting Octavian	Defeat Rome annexes Egypt. Cleopatra commits suicide.	Cleopatra VII	?

Ikhshidid Emirate (935–969)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Monarch	Egyptian losses
Ikhshidid-Makurian conflict	Ikhshidid Emirate	22px|border Makuria	Ikhshidid Victory Kafur al-Ikhshidi annexed Old Dongola.	Kafur al-Ikhshidi	?
	Ikhshidid dynasty	Fatimid Caliphate	Defeat Capitulation of Fustat and Egypt Foundation of Cairo and move of the Fatimid Caliphate's seat from Ifriqiya to Egypt Beginning of Fatimid expansion into the Levant and the Hejaz	Emir Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali Ja'far ibn al-Furat Nihrir al-Shuwayzan	?

Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1250)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Third Crusade(1189 - 1192)	Ayyubid Sultanate Sultanate of Rum	Angevin Empire Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Principality of Antioch Republic of Genoa Republic of Pisa	Stalemate Treaty of Jaffa Crusader military Victory, resulting in a three-year truce. Acre, Philomelion, Iconium, Arsuf, and Jaffa all Crusader military victories. Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine to the Crusader States Crusader States. The safety of both Christian and Muslim unarmed pilgrims guaranteed throughout the Levant. The Crusader Captures Cyprus and the Kingdom of Cyprus is established The Levantine coast from Tyre to Jaffa returned to Crusader control The Crusaders recapture Tiberias and some inland territories from the Muslims	Saladin	?
Crusade of 1197(1197 - 1198)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Holy Roman Empire	Defeat Beirut restored to the Kingdom of Jerusalem	Al-Aziz Uthman	?
Fifth Crusade (1217–1221)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of France Papal states Kingdom of Jerusalem Kingdom of Cyprus Latin Empire Knights Templar Teutonic Order Knights Hospitaller Sultanate of Rum	Victory Eight-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders	Al-Kamil	?
Sixth Crusade(1228–1229)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Holy Roman Empire Teutonic Order Kingdom of Sicily	StalemateDiplomatic Crusader victory Jerusalem given back to the Crusaders	Al-Kamil	?
Baron's Crusade (1239–1241)	Ayyubid Sultanate	Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar Teutonic Order Knights Hospitaller	Defeat Kingdom of Jerusalem returned to largest size since 1187	As-Salih Ayyub	?

Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Seventh Crusade (1248 - 1254)	Ayyubid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of France Knights Templar	Victory Fall of the Ayyubid Dynasty in Egypt.	Aybak	?
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260 - 1323)	Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid Sultanate Golden Horde	Ilkhanate Armenian Cicilia Kingdom of Georgia Sultanate of Rum Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Golden Horde Kingdom of England Knights Templar	Victory Treaty of Aleppo	Qutuz	?
Ninth Crusade (1271 - 1272)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of England Kingdom of France Cicilian Armenia Kingdom of Cyprus Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Ilkhanate	Victory Ten-year truce between warring sides.	Baibars	?
Alexandrian Crusade (1365)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Cyprus Knights Hospitaller Republic of Venice	Defeat Alexandria sacked.	Al-Ashraf Sha'ban	?
Mamluk campaigns of Cyprus (1424 - 1426)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Cyprus	Victory Cyprus becomes a tributary state	Barsbay	?
Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485 - 1491)	Mamluk Sultanate	Ottoman Empire	Victory Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted.	Qaitbay	?
Mamluk-Portuguese War (1505 - 1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Portugal	Defeat Ended with the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate.	Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri	?
Mamluk-Tahirid war(1515–1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Tahirid Sultanate	Victory The entire Tahirid realm fell under the Mamluks with the exception of Aden Mamluk fleet sets up a tributary regime in Zabid		?
Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516 - 1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate.		?

Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Khedivate of Egypt (1803–1914)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
Fraser Expedition (1807)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt	British Empire	Victory Defeat of the British forces.	Muhammad Ali of Egypt	?
Egyptian–Saudi War (1811 - 1818)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt	Emirate of Diriyah	Victory Execution of Abdullah bin Saud.	8,000 casualties^[13]
Egyptian conquest of Sudan(1820 - 1824)	Ottoman Egypt	Funj Sudan	Victory Invasion of Egypt into Sudan adding it to Egypt Eyalet.	?
Greek War of Independence (1821 - 1829)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt	Kingdom of Greece	Defeat Establishment of the Kingdom of Greece.	over 8,000^[14]
First Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831 - 1833)	Ottoman Egypt	Ottoman Empire	Victory Egypt gained the Aleppo Vilayet and the Syria Vilayet.	792^[15]
Ottoman-Ethiopian border conflicts (1832 - 1848)	Ottoman Egypt		Inconclusive	?
Expedition to Najd (1836) (1836)	Ottoman Egypt	Emirate of Najd	Victory Egyptian influence in the Middle East until 1840.	?
1838 Druze revolt (1838)	Egypt Eyalet Chehab's Christian forces	Druze clans	Victory Peace agreement signed Egyptian rule restored Druze exempted from conscriptions	~400^[16]
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839 - 1841)	Ottoman Egypt	Ottoman Empire British Empire	Defeat Egypt renounced its claim to Syria.	1,100+
Crimean War (1853 - 1856)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt French Empire British Empire	Russian Empire	Victory Treaty of Paris.	Abbas I of Egypt	?
Cretan revolt (1866 - 1869)	Ottoman Empire Khedivate of Egypt	Cretan revolutionaries Kingdom of Greece	Victory	Isma'il Pasha	1,333
Ethiopian–Egyptian War (1874 - 1876)	Khedivate of Egypt	Ethiopian Empire	Defeat Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia repelled		13,000+^[17]
Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa (1874–1885)	Khedivate of Egypt	Sultanate of AussaAfran Qallo	Victory Occupation of Hararghe and western Somaliland Establishment of the Khedivate's Somali Coast Emirate of Harar occupied by Egypt, with northern regions (such as Afar) split off		?
Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876 - 1878)	Khedivate of Egypt	(from 1877)	Defeat Serbia gains independence from the Ottomans		?
Russo-Turkish War (1877 - 1878)	Khedivate of Egypt Polish Legion	Romania Serbia Opalchentsi	Defeat Official recognition of de facto and de jure independence of the Balkan states. Treaty of San Stefano Treaty of Berlin		?
‘Urabi Revolt (1879 - 1882)	Tewfik Pasha Forces British Empire	Ahmed ‘Urabi Forces	Defeat of ‘Urabi Exile of ‘Urabi, British occupation of Egypt.	Tewfik of Egypt	2,250^[18]
Mahdist War (1881 - 1899)	Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt (British Occupation) British Empire Italian Empire Ethiopia	Mahdist Sudan	Victory Formation of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.	13,102^[19] ^[20] ^[21]

Sultanate of Egypt (British Protectorate) (1914–1922)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
World War I (1914 - 1918)	French Protectorate of Morocco French Algeria French Protectorate of Tunisia British Empire United Kingdom British Sultanate of Egypt Canada Australia New Zealand Hejaz Armenia Nejd and Hasa Siam	German Empire German Cameroon German Togo German East Africa German South West Africa Emirate of Jabal Shammar Bulgaria Senusiyya	Victory End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires New countries formed in Europe and the Middle East Establishment of the League of Nations	Hussein Kamel	14,763+
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition (1916)	Sultanate of Egypt	Sultanate of Darfur	Victory Darfur becomes a province of Sudan	5
Egyptian Revolution (1919)	British Empire British Egypt British Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Australia	Wafd Party	Diplomatic Revolutionary Victory British Recognition of Egyptian Independence and establishment of the Kingdom of Egypt in 1922 Continued British presence in Egypt and Sudan	Fuad I	800

Kingdom of Egypt (1919–1953)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
World War II (1939 - 1945)	United States United Kingdom France Poland Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Denmark Norway Canada Australia Kingdom of Egypt New Zealand Philippines Ethiopia Brazil Mexico Mongolia	Finland Thailand	Victory Collapse of the German Reich and the Empire of Japan Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War	Farouk I	1,125^[22]
Abdeen Palace incident (1942)	Kingdom of Egypt	United Kingdom	Defeat
First Arab–Israeli War (1948 - 1949)	Kingdom of Egypt Kingdom of Iraq Holy War Army Emirate of Transjordan Republic of Syria Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Kingdom of North Yemen Republic of Lebanon Arab Liberation Army		Defeat Tactical and strategic Arab failure 1949 Armistice Agreements Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip	1,161- 2,000^[23]
Egyptian Revolution (1952)	Kingdom of Egypt	Free Officers	Free Officers' Victory End of rule of the Muhammad Ali dynasty Establishment of the Republic of Egypt End of the Kingdom of Egypt	2

United Arab Republic (1958–1971)

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
						Military	Civilians
North Yemen Civil War (1962 - 1967)	United Arab Republic		Stalemate Khartoum Resolution, Egyptian withdrawal Eventual Republican victory in 1970.	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Abdel Wahab el-Beshry	26,000 dead^[28]	None
Sand War (1963)	United Arab Republic		Stalemate The closing of the border south of Figuig	Unknown	None
Six-Day War (1967)	United Arab Republic Jordan Iraq		Defeat Israel captured the Gaza Strip, Sinai, the West Bank and the Golan Heights	Shams Badran	9,800–15,000 killed or missing^[29] ^[30]	Unknown
War of Attrition (1967 - 1970)	United Arab Republic Soviet Union PLO Jordan		Both sides claimed victory Israeli invasion of Port Fuad repelled; creation of the Bar Lev Line Continued Israeli occupation of Sinai Peninsula	Mohamed Fawzi	2,882^[31] –10,000^[32]
Nigerian Civil War (1967 - 1970)	United Arab Republic		Victory (Limited Involvement) Reincorporation of Biafra into Nigeria.	Unknown	None

Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present)

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
						Military	Civilians
Yom Kippur War (1973)	Federation of Arab Republics Egypt Syria Iraq Jordan Morocco ^[33] ^[34] <	-- Egypt, Syria, and Libya all had the same flag in 1972, see Flag of Syria (historical section) and and the current flag was introduced in 1980 -->		Defeat^[35] (Strategic Political Gains)^[36] Syrian invasion repelled, Egyptian Third Army surrounded; UN ceasefire Egypt–Israel peace treaty^[37]	Anwar Sadat	Ahmad Ismail Ali	5,000^[38] –15,000^[39] dead	Unknown
Shaba I (1977)	Egypt	FNLC	Victory FNCL expelled from Katanga	Mohamed el-Gamasy	None	None
Egyptian–Libyan War (1977)	Egypt	Libya	Ceasefire Libyan Armed Forces expelled from Egypt Egyptian armed forces success Anwar El Sadat declaration of a ceasefire	~100	Unknown
Egyptian conscripts riot (1986)	Egyptian Army	Central Security Forces	Egyptian Army Victory Riot suppressed Mubarak regime promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps	Hosni Mubarak	Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala	107^[40]	None
Gulf War (1990 - 1991)	United States	Iraq	Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure	Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb	11^[41] ^[42]	None
War on terror (2001 - present)	------------(note: most contributing nations are included in the international operations)	Afghan Taliban (until 2021) Pakistani Taliban----	Ongoing Ongoing conflict	Mohamed Tantawi	?	?
2011 Egyptian revolution (2011)	Pro-Government: National Democratic Party Central Security Forces Egyptian Armed Forces Police forces State Security Intelligence Supreme Council of the Armed Forces	Opposition Groups: 6 April Youth Movement Muslim Brotherhood Kefaya	Pro-Government Victory Toppling of the Mubarak government Resignation of Prime Ministers Nazif and Shafik^[43] Assumption of power by the military^[44] Suspension of the Constitution and dissolution of the Parliament^[45] Disbanding of the State Security Investigations Service^[46] Dissolution of the NDP (former ruling party) and transfer of its assets to the state^[47] Arrest and prosecution of Mubarak, his family and former ministers^[48] ^[49] ^[50] 31-year state of emergency lifted^[51] Democratic election to replace Mubarak; Mohamed Morsi elected as new president^[52] Protests in response to Morsi's temporary constitutional declaration.	During revolution: 846^[53] ^[54] Post-Revolution: 300+^[55]
Sinai Insurgency (2011 - 2023)	United Arab Emirates	Islamic State	Ongoing Ongoing Conflict	Mohamed Tantawi	3,277 killed (2013-2022) 12,280 Injured (2013–2022)^[56]	1,539+ Egyptian,^[57] ^[58] 219 Russians, 4 Ukrainians, 1 Belarusian,^[59] 3 South Koreans,^[60] 3 Vietnamese, 2 Germans,^[61] 1 Croatian^[62]
2013 Egyptian coup d'état (2013)	Egyptian Government Muslim Brotherhood Freedom and Justice Party Islamists Egyptian Islamic Labour Party ---- Pro-Morsi protesters----Supported by:	Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Egyptian Armed Forces Egyptian Police Nasserists National Democratic Party Al-Azhar University Al-Nour Party	Supreme Council of the Armed Forces VictoryPresident Mohamed Morsi deposed by the Egyptian army Constitution suspended, and a transitional roadmap declared Adly Mansour becomes interim president Arrests and detention of Muslim Brotherhood leaders and members, including Morsi Closure of perceived pro-Muslim Brotherhood media outlets Dissolution of Shura Council^[63] Escalation of militant attacks in the Sinai Peninsula Increasing unrest and instability in response to coup Temporary suspension of Egypt from the African Union New presidential election held in 2014 Morsi and other Muslim Brotherhood figures jailed on various charges Crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood Mohamed Morsi dies during his court trial on 17 June 2019	Mohamed Morsi	Abdel Fattah al-Sisi	1,150+^[64] ^[65]
Second Libyan Civil War (2015 - 2020)		GNC Shura Council Islamic State	Victory (limited involvement) Egyptian military intervention	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Sedki Sobhi	None	21
Intervention In Yemen (2015 -)	Hadi government Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Sudan Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Jordan Morocco Egypt France	Revolutionary Council Houthis Saleh loyalists	Ongoing Houthis dissolve Yemeni government. Houthis take control of northern Yemen.	None	None

Notes and References

1. Web site: Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC. The Oriental Institute. 30 June 2023.
2. Somaglino . Claire . Tallet . Pierre . Gebel Sheikh Suleiman : a First Dynasty Relief after all... . Archéo-Nil 25 . 2015 . en.
3. Book: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. 144.
4. Book: The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. 100.
5. Book: Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. 107.
6. Book: Simpson, William K.. Sesostris II. Wolfgang Helck. Lexikon der Ägyptologie Vol. 5. Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden. 1984. 3447024895. 895.
7. Book: Breasted, J.H. . Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One . 1906 . Chicago . 640–673.
8. Book: Breasted, J.H. . Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One . 1906 . Chicago . 652.
9. Book: Pritchard . James B. . Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement . 2016 . Princeton University Press . 978-1-4008-8276-2 . 230 . en.
10. Book: Steindorff. George. Seele. Keith. When Egypt Ruled the East. 55. University of Chicago. 1942.
11. Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 256.
12. Book: Coogan, Michael David . Michael Coogan . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . 2001 . Oxford University Press . 9780195139372 . 261.
13. The era of Muhammad Ali, pp. 131-pg. 132 by Abd al-Rahman al-Rafei.
14. Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 241.
15. Lt. Col. Osama Shams El-Din. "A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War." United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a479427.pdf PDF
16. Firro, Kais. A history of the Druzes, Volume 1. pp.70-75
17. Book: Dunn . John P. . Khedive Ismail's Army . 2005 . Routledge . 150 . 9780714657042 .
18. Book: Wright . William . A Tidy Little War: The British Invasion of Egypt, 1882 . 2009 . Spellmount.
19. Snook, op.cit., p.13
20. Churchill p. 30
21. Churchill p. 33
22. Book: Heike . Liebau . Katrin . Bromber . Katharina . Lange . Dyala . Hamzah . Ravi . Ahuja . 1 . World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia . limited . Studies in Global Social History . Boston . Brill . 2010 . 227 . 978-90-04-18545-6.
23. Web site: Wars of the World: Israeli War of Independence 1948–1949 . Onwar.com . 29 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120406090925/http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/ink/israel/fisrael1948.htm . 6 April 2012 . dead .
24. Tal (2001) p 203
25. Book: Mart, Michelle . Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally . 159 . 0791466876 . 2006-02-09 . SUNY Press .
26. Stewart (2013) p 133
27. Tal (2001) p 203
28. Pollack (2002), p. 56
29. El Gamasy 1993 p. 79.
30. Herzog 1982, p. 165.
31. [Saad el-Shazly]
32. [Benny Morris]
33. Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). "Hundreds of Tanks Clash in a Struggle for Suez Area". The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
34. Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). "Flow of Soviet Jews Is Undimished". The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
35. References:
    • Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
    • Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450
    • Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
    • Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
    • Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2
    • Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
    • Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
36. News: How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the . Loyola. Mario. 7 October 2013. National Review. 1. 2 December 2013.
37. News: How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the . Loyola. Mario. 7 October 2013. National Review. 1. 2 December 2013.
38. Garwych, p. 243.
39. Herzog, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing House, 1974, p. 87.
40. Europa Publications Limited, The Middle East & North Africa, Volume 50: p.303
41. Schmitt, Eric (22 March 1991). "After the War". The New York Times.
42. https://apnews.com/6f675aabb4b07225fea68fa64e3f976c "Soldier Reported Dead Shows Up at Parents' Doorstep"
43. Web site: Egypt's prime minister quits, new govt soon-army . Forexyard.com . 5 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110501033518/http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Egypts-prime-minsiter-quits-new-govt-soon-army-2011-03-03T093300Z . 2011-05-01.
44. https://web.archive.org/web/20110215082342/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110211-713327.html Egypt's Mubarak Steps Down; Military Takes Over
45. News: Reuters. Egypt's military moves to dissolve parliament, suspend constitution. Haaretz. 29 November 2010. 24 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110214075534/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-s-military-moves-to-dissolve-parliament-suspend-constitution-1.343140. 14 February 2011. live.
46. News: Egyptian state security disbanded . 15 March 2011 . 15 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110316103017/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/20113151885983516.html. 16 March 2011. live.
47. Egypt dissolves former ruling party http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011416125051889315.html
48. Web site: How the mighty have fallen . . 2 February 2011 . 23 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110501064050/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1036/eg31.htm . 1 May 2011 . dead.
49. News: Prosecutors Order Mubarak and Sons Held . The New York Times . 13 March 2011 . David D. . Kirkpatrick . Liam . Stack . 13 April 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110416093740/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14egypt.html?_r=1. 16 April 2011 . live.
50. News: Mubarak to be tried for murder of protesters. Reuters . 24 May 2011. 24 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110531105100/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/24/us-egypt-mubarak-idUSTRE74N3LG20110524. 31 May 2011. live.
51. News: Egypt's state of emergency ends after 31 years . London . The Daily Telegraph . 31 May 2012.
52. News: Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president . CBS News . 30 June 2012 . 17 November 2012.
53. Web site: 846 killed in Egypt uprising. 20 April 2011. Haaretz. 20 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110420102838/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/government-fact-finding-mission-shows-846-killed-in-egypt-uprising-1.356885. 20 April 2011. live.
54. Web site: 924 killed in Egyptian Revolution. 31 December 2011. 31 December 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120106234947/http://elbadil.net/%D9%87%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-2011-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87/ . 2012-01-06.
55. Web site: Activists on Facebook: the military killed 99 and wounded 2702 in 10 months . Tahrirnews.com . 30 December 2011 . 6 January 2012.
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