List of wars involving Argentina explained

This is a list of wars involving the Argentine Republic and its predecessor states from the colonial period to present day.

Colonial Argentina (1536–1810)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
First attempt of colonizing Buenos Aires (1536–1541)	Port of Santa Maria del Buen Aire	Querandí Help from: Charrúa Guaraní Chana Timbú	Defeat The city is burned down by the natives in 1536, it was later reconstructed by the conquerors The Spanish destroy the city and migrate to Asunción in 1541
First Calchaquí War (1560–1563)	Tucuman Governorate	Diaguita Confederation Omaguacas	Defeat Various Spanish cities destroyed Weakening of the Diaguita leadership and later acceptance of the encomienda by the natives
Spanish conquest of Mesopotamia (1573–1583)	Río de la Plata and Paraguay Governorate Jesuitic Guaraní Tribes	Charrúan Complex Querandí Guaraní	Victory Rise of the tensions with the Portuguese conquerors Death of Juan de Garay
Revolution of the Seven Chiefs (1580)	Río de la Plata and Paraguay Governorate	Rebel Criollos	Government victory Revolution crushed
Viltipoco Rebellion (1582)	Tucuman Governorate	Omaguacas	Victory Rebellion against the encomienda crushed Omaguacas' land annexed to the Spanish territory
Conflicts against Pirates (1582–1724)	Río de la Plata and Paraguay Governorate	Denmark	Victory The island Martín García remains in Spanish control Attacks on Buenos Aires repelled Pirate incursions dramatically reduced Foundation of Montevideo
Second Calchaquí War (1630–1637)	Tucuman Governorate	Diaguita Confederation	Indecisive The Spanish Empire defeat and annex the Diaguitas, but are unable to annex the rest of the confederation. The natives get rid of the encomienda The Quilmes become the leaders of the confederation
Battle of Mbororé(1641)	Río de la Plata Governorate Jesuitic Guaraní Tribes	Colonial Brazil Bandeirantes	Victory Portuguese raids stop Guarani people are excluded from forced labour The jesuits gain more autonomy regarding the administration of their missions
Third Calchaquí War (1658–1667)	Tucuman Governorate	Diaguita Confederation	Victory End of the Diaguita rebellions Full annexation of the Diaguita Confederation by Spain
First occupation of Sacramento Colony (1680)	Río de la Plata Governorate Tucuman Governorate Paraguay Governorate	Colonial Brazil	Victory Spanish occupy Sacramento Sacramento is given back to Portugal in 1683
Battle of the Yi (1702)	Río de la Plata Governorate Guaraní Tribes		Stalemate 300 Charrúas were killed during the negotiations Decisive weakening of the Charrúa forces
Second occupation of Sacramento Colony Part of the War of the Spanish Succession (1705)	Río de la Plata Governorate	Colonial Brazil	Victory Spanish occupy Sacramento Sacramento is given back to Portugal in 1715
Commoner Revolution (1721–1735)	Río de la Plata Governorate	Paraguayan Civilians	Government victory Rebellion crushed Paraguayan people lose their right to vote
Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)	Río de la Plata Governorate	Colonial Brazil	Defeat Failure at occupying Sacramento Colony
Guaraní War (1756)	Río de la Plata Governorate Colonial Brazil Bandeirantes	Guaraní Tribes Jesuits	Victory End of Jesuitic influence on the Platine region Portuguese territorial gain
First Ceballos Expedition Part of the Seven Years' War (1762–1763)	Río de la Plata Governorate	Colonial Brazil	Victory Sacramento Colony temporarily occupied by Spain Rio Grande temporarily occupied by Spain The occupied territories are given back to Portugal
Capture of Port Egmont (1770)	Río de la Plata Governorate		Victory The Falklands are annexed to Spain as Malvinas Withdrawal of both forces from the islands
Second Ceballos Expedition (1776–1777)	Río de la Plata Governorate	Colonial Brazil	Victory Sacramento Colony occupied and annexed to Spain Santa Catarina temporarily occupied by Spain Spain annexation of southern Brazilian territory Spanish annexation of Equatorial Guinea
War of the Oranges(1801)	Spanish Empire Buenos Aires Intendency	Colonial Brazil	Defeat Eastern Missions annexed to Brazil
British invasions of the Río de la Plata Part of the Napoleonic Wars (1806–1807)	Spanish Empire Buenos Aires Intendency Montevideo Government	United Kingdom	Victory Both invasions repelled

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1810–1831)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Spanish American wars of independence (1810–1833)Argentine participation in: Argentine War of Independence Bolivian War of Independence Independence of Paraguay Chilean War of Independence Mexican War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence Ecuadorian War of Independence	Patriots United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Gran Colombia Chile Mexico Peru Bolivia Paraguay Amerindian allies of the Patriots	Royalist Spanish Monarchy Spain Spanish America Amerindian allies of the Royalists	Victory Formation of the new Hispanic American states Subsequently, Spain recognizes each of the new Hispanic American states through the signing of international treaties
Portuguese Invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)	United Provinces of the Río de la Plata	Colonial Brazil Spain	Inconclusive Withdrawal of Portuguese troops from the Banda Oriental
First Argentine Civil War (1814–1820)	Buenos Aires Tucuman Salta Cuyo La Rioja Entre Ríos Republic	League of the Free Peoples Banda Oriental Entre Ríos Corrientes Santa Fe Misiones Occidentales Córdoba Charrúa Tribes Guaycuru Tribes Santiago del Estero	Consequences: End of the Federal League and the directory Anarchy of the 20's La Rioja separates from Cordoba Creation of the Entre Rios Republic and Tucuman Republic Separation of Cuyo into Mendoza, San Luis and San Juan Reintegration of Santiago del Estero into Tucuman The League of the Free Peoples does not represent the Argentine government of that era, so their conflicts with Portugal will not be counted on this page
Battle of Makassar (1817)	United Provinces of the Río de la Plata	Malay Pirates	Victory Bouchard continues his expedition on the Pacific Ocean Incident on Jolo
Incident on Jolo (1818)	United Provinces of the Río de la Plata	Sultanate of Sulu	Victory Reconciliation after the arrival of the Sulu leader Bouchard continues his expedition to reach the Philippines
Martín Rodríguez Campaign (1820–1824)		Ranquel Ulmanate	Victory Territorial expansion to the west
Conflicts against Ramírez (1820–1821)	Buenos Aires Santa Fe	Entre Ríos Republic	Buenos Aires and Santa Fe's victory The Entre Ríos Republic separates into the provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes
Battle of La Rioja (1820)	La Rioja	Army of the Andes Andes Auxiliary Division	Riojan victory More autonomy of La Rioja Francisco Aldao had to withdraw from the province of La Rioja Nicolás Dávila takes over as governor of the province Facundo Quiroga's first important victory
Battle of Rincón de Marlopa (1821)	Tucuman Republic	Salta Province Santiago del Estero Rebels	Tucuman's victory Santiago del Estero separates from Tucuman as a new province Catamarca's secession from Tucuman End of the Tucuman Republic (which despite the name wasn't a country)
Cisplatine War (1825–1828)	United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Thirty-Three Orientals		Stalemate Preliminary Peace Convention
Brigandage of the Pincheira Brothers (1825–1832)	Chile United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (until 1831) Argentine Confederation (from 1831 to 1832) Wallmapu Allies	Montoneras of Pincheira Pehuenches Boroan Confederation	Victory End of the Montoneras of Pincheira Argentine campaign on the Desert (1833–1834)
Second Argentine Civil War (1826–1827)	Unitarian Government Buenos Aires Tucumán Salta Catamarca Venezuelan Mercenaries	Federal Provinces La Rioja Córdoba Santiago del Estero	Federal victory Bernandino Rivadavia resigns Manuel Dorrego becomes the new president
Third Argentine Civil War (1828–1831)	Interior League Mendoza San Luis San Juan Salta Tucumán Santiago del Estero Córdoba Catamarca La Rioja	Litoral League Buenos Aires Entre Ríos Corrientes Santa Fe Montoneras of Quiroga	Consequences: Fall of Manuel Dorrego Rise and fall of Juan Lavalle Rise of Juan Manuel de Rosas End of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Start of the Argentine Confederation

Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Fourth Argentine Civil War (1832–1838)	Argentine Confederation Uruguay (1836–1838)---- Salta Province	Unitarians Colorados (1836–1838)---- Jujuy Rebels	Federal / Colorado / Jujuy's victory Causus belli for the War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation Unitarian uprising crushed The Colorados take over Uruguay Argentine invasion of Uruguay Jujuy separates from Salta as a new province Death of Facundo Quiroga Start of the second term of Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1835
Falklands Expedition (1832)	Argentine Confederation	United States	Consequences Argentina and the United States break diplomatic relations Weakening of the Argentine settlement on the islands British occupation in 1833.
Desert Campaign (1833–1835)	Argentine Confederation Mapuche Allies Tehuelche Tribes	Mapuche Tribes	Victory Argentine territorial expansion Rise of the popularity of Juan Manuel de Rosas
Boroan Conflict (1836)	Argentine Confederation Ranquel Ulmanate		Victory End of Boroan influence on the Pampas Calfucurá becomes the leader of the entirety of Puelmapu, forming the Confederation of Salinas Grandes
War of the Confederation (1836–1839)	Chile Argentine Confederation	North Peru South Peru Bolivia	Victory Chile, Argentina and the Peruvian dissidents defeat the Peru-Bolivian Confederation Argentine territorial integrity secured
Tarija War Part of the War of the Confederation (1837–1839)	Argentine Confederation		Final Victory Argentine territorial integrity secured Abandonment of the Bolivian pretentions of annexing the Argentine northern provinces
French blockade of the Río de la Plata (1838–1840)	Argentine Confederation		Victory France leaves the island Martín García
Argentine invasion of Uruguay(Second phase of Guerra Grande) (1839–1843)	Blancos Argentine Confederation	Uruguay	Victory The Blancos party creates the Government of Cerrito, which controlled most of Uruguay. The Colorados remain in control of Montevideo, creating the Government of La Defensa. Great Siege of Montevideo.
Fifth Argentine Civil War (1840–1841)	Argentine Confederation Buenos Aires Entre Ríos Santa Fe Mendoza San Luis San Juan Santiago del Estero Córdoba Blancos	Unitarians Jujuy Salta Tucumán Catamarca La Rioja Corrientes Support:	Government victory Death of Juan Lavalle
Combat of Costa Brava (1842)	Argentine Confederation	Redshirts (Kingdom of Italy)	Victory Giuseppe Garibaldi escapes to Montevideo
Great Siege of Montevideo (1843–1851)	Government of Cerrito Argentine Confederation Spanish Mercenaries	Government of La Defensa Italian Legion (until 1846) French Legions (until 1850) Exiled Argentines	Ceasefire Start of the Platine War
Fourth Correntine Revolution (1843–1847)	Argentine Confederation	Corrientes State Paraguay (since 1845)	Victory Revolution crushed Corrientes reintegrated into Argentina Growth of Paraguayan influence on the disputed province of Misiones
Paraná War (1845–1850)See also: Battle of Vuelta de Obligado Battle of San Lorenzo (1846) Battle of Quebracho	Argentine Confederation	United Kingdom	Victory France and Britain recognize the sovereignty of Argentina on River Plate and its tributaries France pulls its forces out of Montevideo
Correntine–Paraguayan War (1847–1850)	Argentine Confederation Corrientes Support: Entre Ríos	ParaguaySupport:	Victory Paraguayan army expulsed from most of Misiones except for Candelaria and Trinchera San Jose.
Platine War(Sixth Argentine Civil War) (1851–1852)	Buenos Aires Province Government of Cerrito	Ejercito Grande Coalition: Entre Ríos Corrientes Santa Fe Unitarians Government of La Defensa	Defeat of Buenos Aires Victory of the coalition army of General Justo José de Urquiza in Argentina Colorado victory in Uruguay Argentine clout over the Platine region ends Brazilian hegemony in the Platine region starts War between the State of Buenos Aires and the Confederation
Seventh Argentine Civil War (1852–1862)	Argentine Confederation Salinas Grandes Confederation	State of Buenos Aires	Consecuences Buenos Aires defeats the Argentine Confederation, leading to unification and the creation of the Argentine Republic Buenos Aires does this with the condition of being able to secede from Argentina again if needed
Campaigns against Calfucurá (1855–1872)	State of Buenos Aires (until 1861) Argentina (1861–1872)	Salinas Grandes Confederation	Victory Calfulcurá is defeated and dies one year after that

Argentine Republic (1861–present)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Uruguayan War (1864–1865)	Colorados Unitarians Argentina	Uruguay Blancos Federalists	Victory The Colorados take over the Uruguayan government Start of the Paraguayan War
War of the Triple Alliance (1865–1870)	Argentina Paraguayan Legion Uruguay	Paraguay	Victory Allied occupation of Paraguay Argentina definitively asserts its sovereignty on the Misiones Province and other territories south of the Pilcomayo River Brazil definitively asserts its sovereignty on Mato Grosso do Sul
Eighth Argentine Civil War (1866–1867)	Argentina	Federals Mendoza San Luis San Juan La Rioja Chilean volunteers	Government Victory Felipe Varela escapes from the country
Ninth Argentine Civil War (1870–1876)	Argentina	Federals Entre Ríos Province	Government Victory Death of Justo José de Urquiza Defeat of Ricardo López Jordán End of the era of caudillos
Conquest of the Chaco (1870–1917)	Argentina Abipones Tribes	Guaycuru Tribes Wichí Toba Pilagá Mocoví	Victory Annexation of a big part of the Gran Chaco
Tenth Argentine Civil War (1873-1874)	National Autonomist Party	Liberal Party	Autonomist Victory Autonomist party's rule of the country through 40 years
Kolla Rebellion (1874–1875)	Argentina	Colla Tribes	Victory Reestablishment of the government of Jujuy Rebel survivors flee to Bolivia
Revolution of La Boca (Unclear, either 1876 or 1882)	Argentina	La Boca Republic	Government Victory The genoese revolutionaries are defeated and La Boca is reintegrated into Argentina The republic would later reappear as a recreative micronation with no independentist intentions
Conquest of the Desert (1878–1884)	Argentina Allied Tribes	Mapuche and Pampas Tribes Chile (Battle of Aluminé)	Victory Annexation of the eastern Patagonia Chile would stop claiming the eastern part of Patagonia Emergence of the military and political influence of Argentina in South America
Revolution of 1880 (1880)	Argentina	Buenos Aires Province	Government Victory Federalization of Buenos Aires End of the Argentine Civil Wars Buenos Aires loses its right to secede
Selk'nam Genocide (1880–1910)	Argentina Bounty Hunters	Selk'nam Tribes	Victory 3,900 Selk'nams killed Only around 900 of the deaths were directly inflicted due to most victims dying due to diseases unknown to them Death of the last native speaker of the Selk'nam language in the 1980s^[1] Extinction of the Yagán domestic fox used by the Selk'nam
Argentine occupation of the Puna de Atacama (1885–1886)	Argentina		Victory Annexation of most of the Puna de Atacama in 1888
Revolution of the Park (1890)	Argentina	Civic Union	Government military victory, political defeat President Miguel Juárez Celman resigns, Vice President Carlos Pellegrini assumes the presidency Revolution crushed by the government
Argentine Revolution of 1893 (1893)	Argentina	Radical Civic Union	Government military victory, political defeat Revolution crushed by the government
Russo-Japanese War (1901)	JapanSupport: Argentina		Japanese victory Russia withdraws from Manchuria Improvement of relations between Argentina and Japan
Venezuelan Crisis of 1902–1903 (1902–1903)	Support: Argentina United States	United Kingdom Support: Spain Mexico Belgium Netherlands Denmark	Compromise Venezuelan debt dispute resolved European fleet withdraws Argentina's Drago Doctrine becomes famous internationally
Argentine Revolution of 1905 (1905)	Argentina	Radical Civic Union	Government military victory, political defeat Sáenz Peña law sanctioned in 1912, which allowed secret, universal and mandatory suffrage Revolution crushed by the government
War of Chile Chico (1918)	Argentina Carabineros de Chile	Chilean Settlers	Victory Incarceration of Chileans settlers The settlers were released a month later they returned to Chile
Tragic Week (1919)	Argentina Argentine Patriotic League	FORA Anarchists and Communists	Government victory Rebellion crushed Multiple human rights violations towards immigrants and Jews First pogrom on the history of the Americas Roots of fascism in Argentina
Patagonia Rebelde (1920–1922)	Argentina Argentine Patriotic League	FORA Anarchists and Communists Support: Carabineros de Chile	Government victory Rebellion crushed Facón Grande executed
1930 Argentine coup d'état (1930)	Argentine Government	Nacionalistas	Rebel victory Argentine military seizes power Overthrow of Hipólito Yrigoyen Start of the Infamous Decade
Chaco War (1932–1935)	Paraguay Support: Argentina United States	Support: United Kingdom	Paraguayan victory Paraguay gets most of the disputed zone with Bolivia
Radical Revolution of 1932 (1932)	Argentina	Radical Civic Union	Government victory Revolution crushed by the government
1943 Argentine coup d'état (1943) combat of the esma	Argentine Government	GOU	Rebel victory Argentine military seizes power Overthrow of Ramón Castillo End of the Infamous Decade Rise of Juan Domingo Perón's popularity Argentina remains neutral through most of World War II Tension between the Allies and Argentina
World War II (1945) Argentina during World War II	United States United Kingdom France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Brazil Mexico Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Argentina		Victory Collapse of the German Reich Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ----Regarding Argentina: U-977 and U-530 surrender to the Argentine Navy. Several nazis secretly protected by Argentina by the use of ratlines. Thousands of Argentine volunteers served with all three British armed services, particularly the Royal Air Force, as well as the Royal Canadian Air Force.^[2] ^[3]
Third Paraguayan Civil War (1947)	Paraguay Colorado Party Support: Argentina United States	Liberal Party Febrerista Revolutionary Party Paraguayan Communist Party	Paraguayan government victory Guerrillas defeated Paraguay would later save Juan Domingo Perón from the Liberating Revolution.
Liberating Revolution (1955–1958)	Argentina Nationalist Liberation Alliance Loyal Armed Forces CGT	Rebel Armed Forces Civil Commands Radicals Catholic Conservatives	Rebel victory Argentine military seizes power Overthrow of Juan Domingo Perón Political persecution of Peronism
Peronist Resistance (1959–1963)	Argentina	Peronist Youth Uturuncos Nationalist Liberation Alliance	Government victory Rebel guerrillas dissolved some years after the conflict Former members would join later join Montoneros or FAR
1963 Argentine Navy revolt (1962–1963)	Azules: Argentine Army Argentine Air Force	Colorados: Argentine Navy	Azules victory Colorados revolt suppressed Argentina joins the blockade against Cuba End of military rule, presidential elections of 1963
Cuban Missile Crisis (quarantine operation) (1962)	United States Argentina Colombia Dominican Republic Trinidad and Tobago	Cuba	Consequences: Expulsion of Cuba from the OAS Naval blockade of Cuba towards the USSR
Guevarist incursion in Argentina (1963–1964)	Argentina	EGPSupport: Cuba	Government victory Disarticulation of the guerrilla The attempt of revolution, along with the later fall of Tacuara and the bad decisions taken by the government of Ongania would later provoke the Cycle of Azos and creation of far-leftist guerrillas
Nazi insurgency in Argentina(1963-1966)	Argentina Argentine Federal Police	Tacuara Nationalist MovementSupport: Nazi refugees Argentine armed Forces Arab League	Government victory The Tacuara Nationalist Movement is dissolved Founder of the guerrillas, José Joe Baxter, becomes communist and creates the ERP Without Tacuara, far-left guerrillas begin to appear. Former members would later become part of the Triple A to fight communism
Laguna del Desierto Incident (1965)		Chile	Victory Argentina gets the disputed zone
The Cycle of Azos(1969-1972)		AUF MPTW CGT PRT	Rebel Victory Military junta collapses Ongania, Levingston and Lanusse resign Juan Domingo Perón comes back from exile
Far-leftist insurgency in Argentina (1967–1980)	Argentina Triple A	ERP Montoneros FAR FAP FAL CPL GEL OCPO	Government victory Leftist guerrillas defeated mostly eradicated by 1977 9,500+ guerrillas (4,500+ Montoneros and 5,000 ERP), hundreds of soldiers/police, and 3,252 civilians killed in political violence from 1969 to 1980; 30,000 people disappeared by the government.^[4] ^[5]
Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) (Argentina helped since 1976)	Guatemala Support: Argentina (1976–1983) United States (1963–1996)	URNG	Peace accord signed in 1996
Beagle Crisis (1978–1984)	Argentina	Chile	Consequences (bloodless conflict): Signing of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1984 Bioceanity of Argentina and Chile. Not mutually recognized. Chile's support to the United Kingdom during the Falklands War
Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)	El Salvador Support: United States Argentina (until 1983) Israel Chile (until 1990)	FMLN Support: Cuba Nicaragua	Ceasefire Chapultepec Peace Accords of 1992 Restructuring of Salvadoran Armed Forces National and Treasury Police are dissolved (new civilian-overseen police created) FMLN becomes a political party, its combatants are exonerated
Falklands War (1982)	Argentina	United Kingdom	Defeat Status quo ante bellum in South Georgia and the Falklands Argentine occupation of Southern Thule ended Collapse of the military junta
Carapintadas Uprisings (1987–1990)	Argentina	Carapintadas	Government victory Uprisings stopped
1989 Attack on La Tablada Barracks (1989)	Argentina	Movimiento Todos por la Patria	Government victory Argentine army and police victory
Gulf War (Operativo Alfil) (1990–1991)	United States Kuwait United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Italy Canada Egypt Morocco Pakistan Oman Qatar Argentina Coalition	Iraq	Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait
Croatian War of Independence (Operation Bljesak) (1991–1995)	Croatia---- Argentina United States Canada Denmark France Jordan Nepal Spain		Victory Croatian forces regain control over most of RSK-held Croatian territory Croatian forces advance into Bosnia and Herzegovina which helps lead to the eventual end of the Bosnian War Argentine arms trafficking scandal
Operation Uphold Democracy (Operative Talos) (1994–1995)	United States Poland Argentina	Haiti	Victory Reinstatement of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as President of Haiti

See also

• List of hostile incidents at the Argentine border

Bibliography

• Book: Furtado . Joaci Pereira . 2000 . pt . A Guerra do Paraguai (1864–1870) . Saraiva . São Paulo . 978-85-02-03102-9 .
• Book: Golin . Tau . 2004 . pt . A Fronteira . 2 . L&PM Editores . Porto Alegre . 978-85-254-1438-0 .
• Book: Halperín Donghi . Tulio . Tulio Halperín Donghi . 2007 . The Contemporary History of Latin America . registration . Duke University Press . Durham . 978-0-8223-1374-8 .

Notes and References

1. Book: Adelaar . Willem . Moseley . Christopher . Nicolas . Alexandre . Atlas of the world's languages in danger . 2010 . . Paris . 978-92-3-104096-2 . 86-94 . 3rd entirely revised, enlarged and updated . South America.
2. News: Buckley . Martha . How Argentines helped British win war . . 9 April 2005 . 8 January 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060308052701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4425035.stm . 8 March 2006 .
3. https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN02329934 Argentine pilots break silence over World War Two
4. Book: Clodfelter, M. . Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 . McFarland . Jefferson, North Carolina . 2017 . 4th . 978-0786474707 . . Pages 649-650.
5. Book: A 32 años de la caída en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho y la Dirección Histórica del PRT-ERP . Cedema.org . 2019-09-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110725151539/http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713 . 2011-07-25 . dead .