List of wars involving Algeria explained

This is a list of wars involving the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and its predecessor states.

Zayyanid Sultanate (1235–1556)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Zayyanid–Almohad wars (1236–1248) Location: Algeria and eastern Morocco	Zayyanid Sultanate	Almohads	Zayyanid victory Independence of the Zayyanid emirate secured
Battle of Oujda (1248) Location:Oujda	Zayyanid Sultanate	Almohads	Zayyanid victory Independence of the Zayyanid emirate secured
Zayyanid Capture of Sijilmasa (1264) (1264) Location:Sijilmasa	Zayyanid Sultanate	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid victory
Siege of Tlemcen (1299–1307) (1299–1307) Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Zayyanid Sultanate	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid victory Surrender of the siege by the Marinids.
Siege of Béjaïa (1326–1329) Location:Béjaïa, Algeria	Zayyanid Sultanate	Hafsid kingdom	Hafsid Victory Lifting of the siege of Bejaia
Capture of Tunis (1329) (1329) Location:Tunis	Zayyanid Sultanate	Hafsid kingdom	Zayyanid victory Hafsids become vassals of the Zayyanids.
Siege of Tlemcen (1335–1337) Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Zayyanid Sultanate	Marinid Sultanate	Marinid victory Temporary occupation of the Central Maghreb (Algeria) by the Marinid sultanate
Battle of Kairouan (1348) Location: Kairouan, Tunisia	Zayyanid Sultanate Hafsid Kingdom Banu Sulaym Banu Hilal	Marinid Sultanate	Victory of the Zayyanids and Hafsids
Barbary Crusade (July 1 – October 1, 1390) Part of the Later Crusades (1291-1578) Location: Mahdia, Hafsid Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia)	Hafsid Kingdom Zayyanid Sultanate Hafsids of Béjaïa	Kingdom of France Republic of Genoa	Crusader withdrawal Status quo ante bellum
Sack of Torreblanca (1397) LocationTorreblanca, Spain	Zayyanid Sultanate	County of Aragon	Zayyanid victory
Zayyanid conquest of Fez Location: Fez, Morocco	Zayyanid Sultanate	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid victory Marinids become a vassal of the Zayyanids
Battle of Mers-el-Kébir Location:Mers-el-Kébir	Zayyanid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Zayyanid victory
Spanish conquest of Oran (1509) Location: Oran	Zayyanid Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Spanish victory Spanish victory, founding of the Spanish Oran
Spanish Expedition to Tlemcen Location:Tlemcen	Zayyanid Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Zayyanid victory

Beylerbeylik, Pashalik, and Aghaliks of Algiers (1515-1671)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Algiers Expedition (1516) (1516) Location:Algiers	Barbarossa Kingdom of Kuku	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Algiers Expedition (1519) (1516) Location:Algiers	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Fall of Tlemcen (1519) Location:Tlemcen, Algeria	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire Zayyanid Sultanate	Spanish victory
Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529) (1529) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars, and the establishment of the Regency of Algiers Location:Algiers	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Beylerbeylikal victory Algiers secured by Barbarossa
Campaign of Cherchell (1531) (1531) Location:Cherchell	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Empire of Charles V: Spanish Empire Kingdom of France	Algerian victory
Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540) Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Holy League: Kingdom of Sicily Knights of Malta	Ottoman victory A treaty or "Capitulation" was signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire to end the war on 2 October 1540. In the period between the start of the Second Ottoman–Venetian War in 1499 and the end of this war in 1540, the Ottoman Empire made significant advances in the Dalmatian hinterland – it didn't occupy the Venetian cities, but it took the Kingdom of Hungary's Croatian possessions between Skradin and Karin, eliminating them as a buffer zone between the Ottoman and Venetian territory.^[1] The economy of the Venetian cities in Dalmatia, severely impacted by the Turkish occupation of the hinterland in the previous war, recovered and held steady even throughout this war.^[2]
Algiers expedition (1541) Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Algiers	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Holy Roman Empire Milan Spanish Empire Naples Sicily Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Duchy of Savoy Papal States	Algerine victory Charles V's retreat to the port of Bougie
Italian War of 1542–1546 (1542–1546) Part of the Anglo-French Wars & Italian Wars Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Western Europe	Kingdom of France Ottoman Empire Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Holy Roman Empire Brandenburg Saxony Spanish Empire Kingdom of England	Inconclusive Treaty of Crépy Treaty of Ardres
Expedition to Mostaganem (1543) (1543) Location:Mostaganem	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Expedition to Mostaganem (1547) (1547) Location:Mostaganem	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Campaign of Tlemcen (1551) (1551) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Ait Abbas	Spanish Empire Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory The Moulouya river is set as the border
Campaign of Tlemcen (1552) (1552) Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory The Moulouya river imposed as the border^[3]
Capture of Fez (1554) (1554) Location: Fez, Morocco	Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Kuku	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1557) (1557) Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory
Expedition to Mostaganem (1558) (1558) Location:Mostaganem	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1560) (1560) Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory^[4] ^[5]
Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571) Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Spain	Muslims of Granada Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Spanish victory Mass expulsion of most Muslims in Granada Resettlement of Granada with Catholic settlers
Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Kingdom of France	Algerian victory
Tunisian–Algerian War (1628) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Algeria, Tunisia	Pashalik of Algiers	Beylik of Tunis	Algerian victory The border continues to be fixed further by the wadi Mellègue.
Cretan War (1645–1669) Part of:Ottoman–Venetian wars Location: Candia,Crete,Dalmatia and Aegean Sea	Regency of Algiers Ottoman Tripolitania Ottoman Tunis	Knights of Malta Greek revolutionaries Maniots	Ottoman victory
Djidjelli expedition (1664) Location: Jijel	Pashalik of Algiers Kingdom of Ait Abbas Kingdom of Kuku	Kingdom of France Knights Hospitaller	Algerian victory France abandons Djidjelli

French Algeria (1830–1962)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
French conquest of Algeria (1830–1903) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Algeria	Regency of Algiers Constantine Titteri Oran Emirate of Mascara Kingdom of Ait Abbas Sultanate of Tuggurt Kel Ahaggar Awlad Sidi ShaykhSupport: Morocco (until 1844)	(1830–1848) (1848–1852) (1852–1870) (1870 onward) Support: Morocco (1847)	French victoryPacification of Algeria
Algerian War (1954–1962) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Algeria	FLN MNA PCA	France	Algerian independence Military stalemate^[11] ^[12] ^[13] ^[14] FLN political victory^[15] ^[16] Évian Accords End of the French Colonial Empire^[17] ^[18] ^[19] ^[20] ^[21] Collapse of the Fourth French Republic Establishment of the Fifth Republic ~1,500,000 total deaths (FLN estimate) ~700,000 total deaths (Horne's estimate)^[22] ~350,000 total deaths (French estimate) 1 million Europeans fled^[23] 200,000 Jews fled^[24] 2,000,000 Algerians resettled or displaced

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (1962-present)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Sand War (1963–1964) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Algeria	Algeria Egypt Cuba^[25]	Morocco Support: France^[26]	Inconclusive The closing of the border south of Figuig, Morocco/Béni Ounif, Algeria. Morocco abandoned its intentions to control Béchar and Tindouf after OAU mediation. No territorial changes were made. Demilitarized zone established
Yom Kippur War (1973)	Egypt & Syria (United Arab Republic)Expeditionary forces Saudi Arabia Algeria Jordan Iraq Libya Kuwait Tunisia Morocco Cuba Sudan Supported by: Soviet Union East Germany North Korea Pakistan Lebanon	IsraelSupported by: United States Portugal Netherlands Greece	Israeli military victory Political gains for Egypt and Israel 1978 Camp David Accords 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty
Western Sahara War (1975–1976) Location: Western Sahara	Algeria	Mauritania	Inconclusive Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976) Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims Military Stalemate^[27] ^[28] ^[29] Ceasefire agreed on between the Polisario Front and Morocco (1991)
Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Location: Algeria	Algeria Local militias^[30] DRS FLN RND (from 1997) Rally for Culture and Democracy Socialist Forces Front General Union of Algerian Workers MSI/Hamas MRI/Nahda OJAL (mid-1990s) Tunisia France^[31] Egypt^[32] ^[33] South Africa^[34] (from 1997)^[35]	FIS loyalists AIS (1994–99) MIA (until 1994) MEI (until 1994) FIDA (until 1996) MIPD (1996–97) LIDD (1997) Supported by: Libya (until 1995) Morocco (alleged)^[36] ^[37] Saudi Arabia (pre-war) (alleged) Saudi private donors----GIA (from 1993) Afghan Arabs^[38] Takfir wal-Hijra Supported by: Sudan (alleged)^[39] ^[40] ^[41] (alleged) Finsbury Park Mosque^[42] ^[43] Brandbergen Mosque^[44] ^[45] EIJ (until 1995)^[46]	Government victory FIS victory in 1991 election cancelled by military coup, formation of FIS loyalist guerrillas GIA radicals declare war on FIS in 1994 after negotiations with government Spillover to France with Air France Flight 8969 & 1995 France bombings^[47] AIS/FIS declare unilateral ceasefire in 1997 as a result of GIA's massacres of civilians Civil war subsided after government amnesty peace plan in 2000^[48] GIA largely ceased to exist by 2002, a dissident insurgency continued
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) (2002–present) Location: Maghreb, Sahara, Sahel	Algeria Mauritania Tunisia Libya Mali Niger^[49] Chad^[50] ^[51] ^[52] Morocco^[53]	GSPC (until 2007) AQIM (from 2007) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (from 2017) MOJWA (2011–13) Al-Mourabitoun (2013–17) Ansar Dine (2012–17) Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) (from 2011)^[54] Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade (from 2012)^[55] Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (2012–17) Salafia Jihadia Boko Haram (from 2006, partially aligned with ISIL since 2015)^[56] ^[57]	Ongoing Insurgency in Algeria spreads through the Maghreb and Sahel US-led Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara initiated in 2007 Islamists capture northern Mali in 2012, until largely fought back by French-led Operation Serval in 2013 UN peacekeeping mission MINUSMA, African-led AFISMA deployed to Mali French-led Operation Barkhane across the Sahel begins 2014 Chaambi Operations and ISIL insurgency in Tunisia ISIL captures territory in Libyan Civil War, largely fought back by 2016
ISIL insurgency in Tunisia (2015–2022) Location: Tunisia	Tunisia Algeria	(ISIL) Wilayat Tarabulus Wilayah al-Jazair^[58] Wilayat Tunis Ansar al-Sharia (only in March 2016)^[59]	Government victory The armed insurgency was suppressed in 2022.^[60]

See also

• Foreign relations of Algeria
• History of Algeria
• Politics of Algeria
• Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002 - present)

Notes and References

1. Turske provale i osvajanja na području današnje severne Dalmacije do sredine XVI. stoleća . sr . Bogumil Hrabak . Bogumil Hrabak . Journal – Institute of Croatian History . 19 . 1 . September 1986 . 0353-295X . . 2012-07-08.
2. Tomislav . Raukar . Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću . hr . Journal – Institute of Croatian History . 10 . 1 . November 1977 . 0353-295X . . Zagreb, Croatia . 218–221 . 2012-07-08.
3. https://books.google.com/books?id=s9rqAAAAMAAJ&q=17+000 Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane: La course, mythes et réalités
4. https://books.google.com/books?id=qm-y5iFbLIYC&pg=RA4-PA1575 The Last Crusaders: East, West and the Battle for the Centre of the World
5. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFMkAQAAIAAJ&q=1560+withdraw History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E.
6. Book: Galibert, Léon. L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader. 1844. Furne. fr.
7. https://books.google.com/books?id=fDz4q2JLTUkC Present-day Morocco - Osmund Hornby WarneAllen & Unwin, 1937 - Morocco - Pg 237
8. https://books.google.com/books?id=bvcnAAAAMAAJ Bulletin économique et social du Maroc, Volume 21, Issues 73-76 Société d'études économiques, sociales, et statistiques, 1957 - Morocco - Pg 74
9. Web site: Correspondance des Beys de Tunis et des consuls de France avec la Cour: 1577-1830. Plantet. Eugène. 1893.
10. "Les Deys 2". exode1962.fr. Retrieved 2021-05-10
11. Book: Windrow . Martin . Chappell . Mike . The Algerian War 1954–62 . Osprey Publishing . 1997 . 978-1-85532-658-3 . 11.
12. Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
13. Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.
14. George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.
15. Book: Robert J. C. Young. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. 12 October 2016. Wiley. 978-1-118-89685-3. 300. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh..
16. Book: R. Aldrich. Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. 10 December 2004. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 978-0-230-00552-5. 156. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory..
17. Book: Alec G. Hargreaves. Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. 2005. Lexington Books. 978-0-7391-0821-5. 1. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962..
18. "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).
19. Book: Paul Allatson . Jo McCormack . Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities . 2008 . Rodopi . 978-90-420-2406-9 . 117 . The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow..
20. Book: Yves Beigbeder . Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005) . 2006 . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . 978-90-04-15329-5 . 35 . The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire..
21. Book: France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative . 15 October 2013 . University of Wales Press . 978-1-78316-585-8 . 111 . The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past..
22. Book: Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. 1978. 978-1-59017-218-6. 358. New York Review of Books .
23. Book: The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Cutts, M.. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2000. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-924104-0. 38. 2017-01-13. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
24. Hobson . Faure L. . 2009 . The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France? . Archives Juives . 42 . 2 . 67–81 . 10.3917/aj.422.0067.
25. Book: Brian Latell. Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. 24 April 2012. St. Martin's Press. 978-1-137-00001-9. 164. In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king..
26. Book: Nicole Grimaud. La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978). 1 January 1984. KARTHALA Editions. 978-2-86537-111-2. 198. L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain.

    The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground.

    .
27. Book: Anouar Boukhars. Jacques Roussellier. Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics. 18 December 2013. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 978-1-4422-2686-9. 77.
28. Book: Véronique Dudouet. Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from armed to nonviolent struggle. 15 September 2014. Routledge. 978-1-317-69778-7. 20.
29. Book: Ho-Won Jeong. Conflict Management and Resolution: An Introduction. 4 December 2009. Routledge. 978-1-135-26511-3. 19.
30. Book: Paul Collier . Nicholas Sambanis. Understanding Civil War: Africa. 2005. World Bank Publications. 235. 978-0-8213-6047-7.
31. Book: Karl DeRouen, Jr. . Uk Heo. Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II. 2007. ABC-CLIO. 115–117. 978-1-85109-919-1.
32. Book: Rex Brynen . Bahgat Korany . Paul Noble. Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. 1. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 1995. 289. 978-1-55587-579-4.
33. Book: Sidaoui, Riadh. Islamic Politics and the Military: Algeria 1962–2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=UouRFVxywIQC&pg=PA241. Jan-Erik Lane . Hamadi Redissi . Riyāḍ Ṣaydāwī. Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization. 2009. Ashgate. 241–243. 978-0-7546-7418-4.
34. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/safrica/Sarfio00-05.htm#P575_119558 Arms trade in practice
35. https://maxpark.com/user/1407890/content/686582 Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии
36. Book: Yahia H. Zoubir . Haizam Amirah-Fernández. North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation. 2008. Routledge. 184. 978-1-134-08740-2.
37. Web site: 16 July 2021. Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Community abroad. 2021-07-20. UN Algeria. en.
38. Book: Atkins, Stephen E.. Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. 2004. Greenwood. 11. 978-0-313-32485-7.
39. Book: Mannes, Aaron. Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations. 2004. Rowman & Littlefield. 8. 978-0-7425-3525-1.
40. Book: Cordesman, Anthony H.. A Tragedy of Arms: Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb. 2002. Greenwood Publishing Group. 126. 978-0-275-96936-3.
41. Book: Johan. Brosché. Kristine. Höglund. The diversity of peace and war in Africa. https://books.google.com/books?id=jx7uCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116. Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. 2015. 116. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-873781-0.
42. Book: Lyubov Grigorova Mincheva . Lyubov Grigorova . Ted Robert Gurr. Crime-terror Alliances and the State: Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security . 2013 . Routledge . 96 . 978-0-415-50648-9.
43. Book: Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. 2006. I.B.Tauris. 263–273. 978-1-84511-257-8.
44. News: Pascale Combelles. Siegel. Coalition Attack Brings an End to the Career of al-Qaeda in Iraq's Second-in-Command. Terrorism Monitor. 6. 21. 7 November 2008.
45. News: Claes. Petersson. Terrorbas i Sverige. Aftonbladet. sv. 13 July 2005.
46. Book: Tabarani, Gabriel G.. Jihad's New Heartlands: Why The West Has Failed To Contain Islamic Fundamentalism. 2011. AuthorHouse. 329. 978-1-4678-9180-6.
47. Book: Harmon, Stephen A.. Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012–2013. 2014. Ashgate. 54. 978-1-4094-5475-5.
48. News: A hostage crisis haunted by the ghosts of Algeria's bloody past. The Washington Post.
49. News: Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash. https://web.archive.org/web/20110616113740/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5izdxWFAGBaPrzePzMhFV_lG7_8UA?docId=CNG.7c89daafc598520ace67ee7e41be9139.621 . dead . June 16, 2011 . 15 June 2011 . AFP .
50. Web site: Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). Council on Foreign Relations. 26 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122144/http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/al-qaeda-islamic-maghreb-aqim/p12717#p8. 11 May 2015.
51. Web site: 4600 soldats français mobilisés . Ledauphine.com . 2013-01-31 . 2013-11-22.
52. News: François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region. Economist.
53. News: Tipping point of terror. The Guardian. 4 April 2004.
54. Exporting Jihad. The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.
55. News: Aaron Y. Zelin . Andrew Lebovich . Daveed Gartenstein-Ross . Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy. Combating Terrorism Center. July 23, 2013.
56. News: ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group. International Business Times. 12 February 2016.
57. News: Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram. BBC News. 13 May 2016. 2016-03-18.
58. News: Tunesia, 18 March 2018. Global Terrorism Database. 18 March 2015. 21 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160513/https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=201503180017. 21 August 2018. live. dmy-all.
59. News: As fighters return, Tunisia faces growing challenge. Reuters. 24 May 2016. 20 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180820234923/https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/as-fighters-return-tunisia-faces-growing-challenge. 20 August 2018. live. dmy-all.
60. Web site: A Challenge from Insurgency to the Nation–State. Australian Army Research Centre. 12 May 2022.