List of wars by death toll explained

This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers include the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of a battle or other military wartime actions, as well as wartime/war-related deaths of civilians which are often results of war-induced epidemics, famines, genocide, etc. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing methods of counting, and various other reasons, death tolls of wars have often been quite uncertain, and heavily debated.

While the definition of war isn't entirely clear-cut, there is a general understanding of what it is. Merriam-Webster defines war as "a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations",[1] Oxford English Dictionary defines war as "hostile contention by means of armed forces, carried on between nations, states, or rulers, or between parties in the same nation or state; the employment of armed forces against a foreign power, or against an opposing party in the state",[2] and Encyclopædia Britannica defines war as "a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude".[3]

This list excludes mass killings and atrocities not explicitly classified as genocides, as well as genocides occurring outside of wartime, human sacrifices, ethnic cleansing operations, and acts of state terrorism or political repression during peacetime.

List

width=170ptWardata-sort-type="number" Death
range		data-sort-type="isoDate" width=95ptDateCombatantsLocation
World War II50–85 million[4] [5] 1939–1945Allied Powers vs. Axis PowersGlobal
Mongol invasions and conquests20–60 million[6] [7] [8] 1207–1405Mongol Empire vs. various states in EurasiaAsia and Europe
Three Kingdoms34 million[9] 220–280Multiple sides China
Taiping Rebellion20–30 million[10] [11] 1850–1864Qing Dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly KingdomChina
World War I15–30 million[12] [13] 1914–1918Allied Powers vs. Central PowersGlobal
Manchu Conquest of China25 million[14] [15] 1618–1683Manchu vs. Ming DynastyChina
Conquests of Timur7–20 million1369–1405Timurid Empire vs. various states in AsiaCentral Asia, West Asia, and South Asia
An Lushan rebellion13 million[16] 754–763Tang Dynasty and Uyghur Khaganate vs. Yan DynastyChina
Thirty Years' War4–12 million[17] 1618–1648Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial AllianceEurope
Spanish conquest of Mexico10.5 million[18] 1519–1530Spanish Empire and allies vs. Aztec Empire and alliesMexico
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire10 million[19] 1533–1572Spanish Empire vs. Inca EmpireSouth America
Russian Civil War7–10 million[20] 1917–1922Multiple sides; Bolsheviks, Anti-Bolshevik left, White Movement, Allied and Central Intervention, as well as various separatistsRussia
Chinese Civil War4–9 million[21] 1927–1949Multiple sides; but predominantly Communists vs. KuomintangChina
Crusades1–9 million[22] [23] 1095–1291Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuk Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. MuslimsEurope and the Middle East
Reconquista7 million[24] 718–1492Spanish and Portuguese Christians vs. Spanish and Portuguese MuslimsIberian Peninsula
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars5–7 million[25] 1792–1815French Republic, later French Empire, vs. Coalition forcesEurope
Conquests of Menelik II6 million[26] 1878–1904Ethiopian Empire vs. Emirate of Harar, Kingdom of Kaffa, Kingdom of Wolaita, and alliesHorn of Africa
Second Congo War3–5.4 million[27] [28] [29] 1998–2003Multiple sidesDemocratic Republic of the Congo
Spanish conquest of New Granada5.25 million[30] [31] 1525–1540Spanish Empire and Klein-Venedig vs. Muisca Confederation and other civilizationsColombia
Deccan wars4.6–5 million[32] 1680–1707Mughal Empire vs. Maratha ConfederacyIndian subcontinent
Nigerian Civil War3.04–4.1 million[33] [34] 1967–1970Nigeria vs. BiafraNigeria
Deluge3–4 milion[35] 1648–1666Poland–Lithuania vs Swedish Empire and RussiaEastern Europe
French Wars of Religion2–4 million[36] 1562–1598French catholics vs HuguenotsFrance
Korean War2.5–3.5 million[37] 1950–1953North Korea and allies vs. South Korea and alliesKorean Peninsula
Vietnam War1.1–3.4 million[38] [39] 1955–1975North Vietnam and allies vs. South Vietnam and alliesIndochina
Hundred Years' War2.3–3.3 million[40] [41] 1337–1453House of Valois vs. House of PlantagenetWestern Europe
Afghan conflict1.17–3 million[42] [43] [44] 1978–presentMultiple sides; Afghan mujahideen, later Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, United Tajik Opposition vs. Soviet Union, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Northern Alliance, Tajikistan, and the United States-led coalitionAfghanistan, Pakistan and Tajikistan
Delhi Conquest of North India0.5–3 million[45] 1300–1310Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian StatesIndian subcontinent
Bangladesh Liberation War0.3–3 million[46] [47] 1971India and Provisional Government of Bangladesh vs. PakistanIndian subcontinent
Mexican Revolution1.7–2.7 million[48] 1910–1920Anti-government vs. Pro-governmentMexico
Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence1.75–2 million[49] [50] [51] 1961–1991EPRDF, later EPLF vs. Derg and People's Democratic Republic of EthiopiaHorn of Africa
Russo-Circassian War and Caucasian War1.5–2 million[52] 1763–1864Circassian Confederation, Principality of Abkhazia, and Caucasian Imamate vs. Russian EmpireCaucasus
Second Sudanese Civil War1–2 million[53] [54] 1983–2005Sudan vs. SSPDFSudan
Tây Sơn wars1–2 million[55] [56] 1771-1802Tây Sơn dynasty vs. Nguyễn lords, Kingdom of Cambodia, Rattanakosin Kingdom, and Kingdom of FranceIndochina
Akbar's Conquest of North India1–2 million[57] 1556–1605Mughal Empire vs. North Indian StatesIndian subcontinent
Indian Rebellion of 18570.8–2 million[58] 1857–1858United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and alliesIndian subcontinent
Balkan Wars0.75–1.77 million[59] [60] 1912–1913Ottoman Empire vs. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; later Bulgaria vs. Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and RomaniaBalkans
Algerian War0.4–1.6 million[61] [62] 1954–1962France vs. Separatists National Liberation Front, Algerian National Movement, and Algerian Communist PartyNorth Africa
French conquest of Algeria0.98–1.48 million[63] [64] [65] 1830–1903France vs. Regency of Algiers, Emirate of Abdelkader, Kingdom of Beni Abbas, and alliesNorth Africa
Gallic Wars1.47 million[66] [67] [68] 58 BCE–50 BCERoman Empire vs. GaulsGaul
Jewish-Roman wars0.35–1.4 million[69] [70] 66–135Roman Empire vs. Judean provisional governmentFertile Crescent
War of the Spanish Succession0.4–1.25 million[71] [72] 1701–1714Habsburg Spain, Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, and allies vs. Bourboun Spain, Kingdom of France, and alliesGlobal
Franco-Prussian War1.15 million[73] [74] 1870–1871Second French Empire, later Third French Republic vs. North German ConfederationCentral Europe
Japanese invasions of Korea1 million [75] 1592–1598Joseon and Ming dynasty vs. JapanKorean Peninsula
Panthay Rebellion1 million[76] 1856–1873Qing Dynasty vs. Pingnan GuoChina
Seven Years' War1 million[77] 1756–1763Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, Hanover, Portugal, and allies vs. Kingdom of France, Habsburg empire, Saxony, Spain, and alliesGlobal
American Civil War0.6–1 million[78] 1861–1865United States vs. Confederate StatesNorth America
0.5–1 million[79] [80] 1955–1972Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, later Democratic Republic of the Sudan vs. Sudan Defence ForceSudan
First Indochina War0.4–0.84 million[81] [82] 1946–1954Viet Minh, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Issarak vs. French UnionIndochina
Burundian Civil War0.55–0.8 million[83] [84] 1993–2005Burundi vs. Ethnic Hutu vs. Tutsi MilitantsRwanda and Burundi
Second Punic War0.77 million[85] 218 BCE–201 BCERoman Republic vs. Ancient CarthageSouthern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
War of Austrian Succession0.75 million[86] 1740–1748France, Prussia, Spain, and allies vs. Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and alliesEurope, Americas, and Indian subcontinent
Nine Years' War0.68 million[87] 1688–1697Kingdom of France vs. Grand AllianceEurope
Crimean War0.61–0.67 million[88] [89] [90] 1853–1856Russian Empire vs. Ottoman Empire, France and United KingdomCrimea, Black Sea, Caucasus and Balkans
Warring States period and Qin's wars of unification0.65 million[91] 475 BCE–221 BCEMultiple sidesChina
Syrian civil war0.58–0.61 million[92] [93] 2011–presentMultiple sidesLevant
Mexican War of Independence0.6 million[94] 1810–1821Mexican patriots vs. Spanish EmpireNorth and Central America
Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars0.6 million[95] 1362–1443Vijayanagara Empire and Musunuri Nayakas vs. Bahmani SultanateIndian subcontinent
Turkish War of Independence0.4–0.6 million[96] [97] 1919–1923Turkey vs. Greece, France, United Kingdom, and ArmeniaAnatolia
Tigray War0.16–0.6 million[98] [99] 2020–2022Ethiopia and Eritrea vs. Tigray People's Liberation Front and alliesHorn of Africa
Northern Wars0.57 million[100] [101] [102] 1554–1721Tsardom of Russia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and allies vs. Swedish Empire and alliesNorthern and Eastern Europe
Roman-Germanic wars0.54 million[103] [104] 113 BCE–774Roman Republic, later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire vs. Germanic tribesGermania
First Punic War0.4–0.54 million[105] [106] 264 BCE–241 BCERoman Republic vs. Ancient CarthageSouthern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
Iran-Iraq War0.45–0.5 million[107] [108] 1980–1988Islamic Republic of Iran vs. Iraqi RepublicIran and Iraq
Paraguayan War0.15–0.5 million[109] 1864–1870Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay vs. ParaguaySouth America
Uganda-Tanzania War and Ugandan Bush War0.1–0.5 million[110] [111] [112] [113] 1978–1986Uganda vs. Tanzania, National Liberation Front, and National Resistance MovementUganda and Tanzania
Papua conflict0.1–0.5 million[114] [115] 1962–presentIndonesia vs. Free Papua MovementNew Guinea
Eighty Years' War0.1–0.5 million[116] 1566–1648Spanish Empire vs. Separatist Dutch RepublicLow Countries
Spanish Civil War0.35–0.47 million[117] [118] [119] 1936–1939Nationalists vs. RepublicansIberian Peninsula
Colombian conflict0.45 million[120] 1964–presentColombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. FARCColombia
Polish–Ottoman Wars0.43 million[121] [122] 1485–1699Poland-Lithuania, Holy League, and allies vs. Ottoman Empire and alliesCentral Europe and Balkans
Roman–Greek wars0.42 million[123] 280 BCE–30 BCERoman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels and Ptolemaic KingdomPeloponnese Peninsula, Balkans, Anatolia, Egypt and Italy
Maratha invasions of Bengal0.4 million[124] [125] 1741–1751Maratha Confederacy vs. Bengal NawabIndian subcontinent
Colombian War of Independence0.4 million[126] 1810–1825Colombian patriots vs. Spanish EmpireColombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
Third Indochina War0.4 million[127] 1975–1991Democratic Kampuchea, China, and Thailand vs. Vietnam, Laos, and People's Republic of Kampuchea vs. Communist Party of ThailandIndochina
War in Darfur0.4 million[128] 2003–2020Sudan vs. SRF and SLM/ASudan
Mexican war on drugs0.35–0.4 million[129] [130] 2006–presentMexico vs drug cartelsMexico
Song–Đại Việt war0.25–0.4 million[131] [132] 1075–1077Song Dynasty vs. Đại ViệtIndochina
0.39 million[133] [134] 1868–1898United States, Cuban Revolutionaries, and Philippine Revolutionaries vs. Spanish EmpireCaribbean and the Philippines
South Sudanese Civil War0.38 million[135] 2013–2020South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO, Nuer White Army, and SSDMSouth Sudan
Yemeni civil war0.15–0.37 million[136] [137] 2014–presentMultiple sidesYemen
Boko Haram insurgency0.03–0.35 million[138] 2009–presentMultinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko HaramNigeria
Franco-Dutch War0.34 million[139] 1672–1678Kingdom of France vs. Dutch RepublicWestern Europe
Ottoman–Venetian wars0.34 million[140] [141] 1415–1718Ottoman Empire vs. Holy LeagueMediterranean Sea, Greece and Cyprus
Liberian Civil Wars and Sierra Leone Civil War0.3–0.32 million[142] [143] [144] 1989–2003Liberian government, Revolutionary United Front vs. National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, Sierra LeoneWest Africa
Goguryeo–Sui War0.3 million[145] [146] 598–614Sui Dynasty vs. GoguryeoManchuria and Korean Peninsula
Carlist Wars0.3 million[147] 1833–1876Carlists vs. Liberals and RepublicansIberian Peninsula
Iraqi conflict0.27–0.3 million[148] 2003–2017Multiple sidesLevant
Gulf War0.17–0.3 million[149] [150] 1990–1991Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs. IraqKuwait and Iraq
Roman conquest of Britain0.13–0.29 million[151] [152] [153] 43–84Roman Empire vs. Celtic BritonsGreat Britain
Russo-Ukrainian War0.12–0.28 million[154] [155] [156] [157] [158] 2014–presentRussia vs. UkraineEastern Europe and the Black Sea
Philippine–American War0.21–0.27 million[159] 1899–1913United States vs. Philippine Republic, later Tagalog Republic, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of MaguindanaoPhilippines
Burmese–Siamese wars0.26 million[160] [161] 1547–1855Thailand vs. MyanmarSoutheast Asia
Kalinga War0.25 million[162] 262 BCE–261 BCEMaurya Empire vs. KalingaIndian subcontinent
First Congo War0.25 million[163] 1996–1997Zaire vs. AFDLDemocratic Republic of the Congo
Cristero War0.25 million[164] 1926–1929Mexico vs. CristerosMexico
Greek War of Independence0.24 million[165] [166] 1821–1829Ottoman Empire vs. Separatist First Hellenic RepublicBalkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Myanmar conflict0.23 million[167] [168] 1948–presentNational Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration CouncilMyanmar
American Revolution0.18–0.23 million[169] [170] 1775–1783American Patriots vs. Great BritainNorth America
Chechen conflict0.08–0.23 million[171] [172] [173] [174] [175] [176] 1994–2009Russia vs. Separatist Chechen Republic of IchkeriaCaucasus
Indian Invasion of Hyderabad0.2 million[177] [178] 1948India vs. HyderabadIndian subcontinent
La Violencia0.2 million[179] 1948–1958Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal PartyColombia
Greco-Persian Wars0.2 million[180] 499 BCE–449 BCEGreek city-states vs. Achaemenid EmpireSoutheast Europe, West Asia, and Northeast Africa
Guatemalan Civil War0.14–0.2 million[181] [182] 1960–1996Government of Guatemala vs. Guatemalan National Revolutionary UnityCentral America
North Yemen Civil War0.1–0.2 million[183] [184] 1962–1970Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab RepublicYemen
Italo-Senussi Wars0.07-0.2 million[185] [186] [187] 1911–1934Kingdom of Italy vs. Senusiyya, Ottoman EmpireNorth Africa
Portuguese Colonial War0.14–0.18 million[188] [189] [190] 1961–1974Estado Novo vs. MPLA, PAIGC, FNLA, among othersAngola, Guinea, and Mozambique
Thousand Days' War0.1–0.18 million[191] 1899–1902Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal PartyColombia
Sri Lankan Civil War0.08–0.17 million[192] [193] 1983–2009Sri Lankan government vs. Separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil EelamSri Lanka
Russo-Japanese War0.12–0.16 million[194] 1904–1905Empire of Japan vs. Russian EmpireEast Asia
Arab-Israeli conflict0.15 million[195] [196] [197] [198] 1948–presentIsrael vs. Arab League, Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthi movementLevant
Sudanese civil war (2023–present)0.15 million[199] [200] 2023–presentSudan and allies vs. Rapid Support Forces and alliesSudan
Algerian Civil War0.15 million[201] 1992–2002Multiple sidesNorth Africa
Lebanese Civil War0.12–0.15 million[202] [203] [204] 1975–1990Multiple sidesLevant
Greek Civil War0.08–0.15 million[205] [206] 1946–1949Kingdom of Greece vs. Provisional Democratic GovernmentBalkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Yugoslav Wars0.13–0.14 million[207] [208] 1991–2001Separatist forces and NATO vs. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, later Federal Republic of YugoslaviaBalkans
Irish Nine Year's War0.13 million[209] 1593–1603Kingdom of England vs. Irish rebelsIreland
Chaco War0.08–0.13 million[210] [211] [212] 1932–1935Paraguay vs. BoliviaParaguay and Bolivia
Federal War0.1 million[213] 1859–1863Federalists vs. ConservativesVenezuela
Congo Crisis0.1 million[214] 1960–1965Republic of the Congo, later Democratic Republic of the Congo, and allies vs. Free Republic of the Congo, South Kasai, Katanga, Kwilu rebels, Simba rebels, and alliesRepublic of the Congo
Wars of Alexander the Great0.1 million[215] [216] [217] 336 BCE–323 BCEMacedonian Empire vs. Achaemenid Empire among othersGreece, Balkans, Anatolia, Persia, Middle East, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: war . Merriam-Webster.
  2. Web site: war . Oxford English Dictionary.
  3. Web site: Frankel . Joseph . war . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 September 2024 .
  4. Web site: Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II . National World War II Museum.
  5. Book: Ponting, Clive . Clive Ponting . The Twentieth Century: A World History . 1999 . H. Holt . 978-0-8050-6088-1 . 1st American . New York . 281 . en.
  6. Book: 10.1515/9783111542737-007 . An estimate of the total population of Sung-Chin China . Histoire et institutions, 1 . 1970 . Ho . Ping-Ti . 33–54 . 978-3-11-154273-7 . 8159945824 .
  7. McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978). Atlas of World Population History. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172. .
  8. Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population". Academic Press. p.34.
  9. Web site: Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century . Necrometrics.
  10. Web site: Taiping Rebellion . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 August 2024 .
  11. Book: Platt, Stephen R. . Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War . xxiii . Knopf . 2012 . 978-0-307-27173-0 . New York . registration.
  12. Book: Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War . 9789004233768 . Revised . Hirschfeld . Gerhard . Krumeich . Gerd . Renz . Irina . 2012 . Brill .
  13. Web site: First World War Defining Moments, 1914–1918 . National Museum of Australia.
  14. Web site: 28 October 2011 . To history, today's violence is a speck . South China Morning Post.
  15. Web site: 6 October 2014 . 5 Of The 10 Deadliest Wars Began In China . Business Insider.
  16. Book: White, Matthew . 2012 . The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities . W. W. Norton . 93 . 978-0-393-08192-3.
  17. Web site: Daudin . Pascal . 23 May 2017 . The Thirty Years' War: The first modern war? . International Committee of the Red Cross.
  18. Borah/Cook 1989: "El pasado de México: aspectos sociodemográficos" 218-219
  19. Web site: De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios. remilitari.com.
  20. Book: Mawdsley, Evan . The Russian Civil War . 24 February 2009 . Simon and Schuster . 978-1-681-77009-3 . xi . But their hold on power was bought at the price of great suffering and an unknown but terrible number of deaths — perhaps seven to ten million in all..
  21. Web site: Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century . Necrometrics.
  22. Book: Hittell, John Shertzer . A Brief History of Culture . 25 April 2017 . 137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." . Fb&c Limited . 9780259439288.
  23. Book: Robertson, John M. . J. M. Robertson . A Short History of Christianity . Third . 1931 . 1902 . 169

    "nine million"

    . Watts & Co.
  24. Kabha . Mustafa . 2023 . The Fall of Al-Andalus and the Evolution of its Memory in Modern Arab-Muslim Historiography . The Maghreb Review . 48 . 3 . 289–303 . 10.1353/tmr.2023.a901468 . 2754-6772.
  25. Book: Esdaile, Charles . Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815 . 2007 . Viking . 9780670020300 . 561 . The watchword of the Congress, in fact, was not reaction, but rather peace, and, in the wake of the estimated five to seven million deaths of the French Wars, one can thank God for it..
  26. Book: Gemeda, Eshete . African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective . 2012 . LIT Verlag Münster . 978-3-643-90233-7 . en . 186.
  27. Web site: Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo . Council on Foreign Relations.
  28. Web site: Bavier . Joe . 22 January 2008 . Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study . Reuters.
  29. Moszynski . Peter . 2 February 2008 . 5.4 million people have died in Democratic Republic of Congo since 1998 because of conflict, report says . BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) . 336 . 7638 . 235 . 10.1136/bmj.39475.524282.DB . 18244974 . 2223004 .
  30. Web site: Ensayos de historia social: La sociedad neogranadina . Jaime Jaramillo Uribe . es . 7 August 2024.
  31. Web site: Caída de la población indígena en Colombia, 1500-1630: tres escenarios . Decline of the indigenous population in Colombia, 1500-1630: three scenarios . Banco de la República.
  32. Book: White, Matthew . Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements . 2011-10-20 . Canongate Books . 978-0-85786-125-2 . en.
  33. Stevenson . J. . 2014 . Capitol gains: How foreign military intervention and the elite quest for international recognition cause mass killing in new states . University of Chicago Press. 155490944 .
  34. Web site: 2024-09-18 . Nigerian Civil War Summary, Causes, Death Toll, & Facts Britannica . 2024-09-30 . www.britannica.com . en.
  35. Book: Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk) . Polska w okresie drugiej wojny pólnocnej, 1655-1660. . Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe . 1957 . Warszawa . 271–280 . pl . Poland during the Second Northern War.
  36. Book: Robert Knecht . The French Religious Wars 1562-1598 (Essential Histories) . 2002-06-25 . Osprey Publishing . Internet Archive . 978-1-84176-395-8.
  37. Web site: Korean War . Millett . Allan . Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 August 2024 .
  38. Web site: Rummel . R.J. . Statistics of Vietnamese Democide . University of Hawaiʻi.
  39. Web site: How many people died in the Vietnam War? . Encyclopædia Britannica.
  40. Book: Heller, Henry . Labour, Science and Technology in France 1500-1620 . 9780521550314.
  41. Book: Baumgartner, Frederic J. . France in the Sixteenth Century . 14 November 1995 . Palgrave Macmillan US . 9780312158569.
  42. Web site: Human Costs of U.S. Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones Figures Costs of War . 2024-09-29 . The Costs of War . en.
  43. Book: Joes, Anthony James . Victorious Insurgencies: Four Rebellions that Shaped Our World . 2010-10-20 . University Press of Kentucky . 978-0-8131-2614-2 . en.
  44. Web site: 2021-06-27 . The Peace Deal That Ended Tajikistan's Bloody Civil War . 2024-10-17 . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . en.
  45. Conquest of Malwa (1305): 10,000-20,000 Hindus killed

    Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351)

    - Campaigns against the Rajputs: 50,000–100,000 Rajputs killed

    Rebellion against Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1327-1351): 100,000–200,000 casualties

    Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)

    - Campaigns against the Jats and Rajputs: 20,000–40,000 killed Total Deaths500,000–3,000,000 deaths

    Sources:

    1. Minhaj-i-Siraj's Tabakat-i-Nasiri

    2. Hasan Nizami's Taj-ul-Ma'sir

    3. Amir Khusrau's Khazain-ul-Futuh

    4. Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi

  46. Bolinger . Kylee . Methods of Memorialization: Holocaust Commemoration in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . 2021 . Portland State University Library . 10.15760/honors.1191 .
  47. Web site: The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh . 1 February 2023 . Harvard International Review.
  48. Web site: Rummel. Rudolph. Table 11.1 The Mexican Democide Line 39. Statistics of Mexican Democide.
  49. Obermeyer . Ziad . Murray . Christopher J L . Gakidou . Emmanuela . 2008-06-28 . Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme . BMJ: British Medical Journal . 336 . 7659 . 1482–1486 . 10.1136/bmj.a137 . 0959-8138 . 2440905 . 18566045.
  50. News: 2024-01-02 . Mengistu Leaves Ethiopia in Shambles . 2024-09-30 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
  51. Book: De Waal . Alexander . Evil days: thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia . Human Rights Watch (Organization) . 1991 . New York: Human Rights Watch . unknown library . 978-1-56432-038-4.
  52. Web site: 2024-02-23 . The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide – American University: Journal of International Service . 2024-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240223225321/https://ausisjournal.com/2023/12/06/the-circassian-genocide-the-forgotten-tragedy-of-the-first-modern-genocide/ . 2024-02-23 .
  53. Web site: Civil War in Sudan . 2024-09-30 . Global Conflict Tracker . en.
  54. Web site: Foundation . World Peace . Sudan: 1985 – 2005 Mass Atrocity Endings . 2024-09-30 . en-US.
  55. Book: Dutton, George . The Tây Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam . 2006 . University of Hawai'i Press . j.ctt6wqv93 . 978-0-8248-2984-1.
  56. Book: Khanh, Tran . The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam . 1993 . ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute . 978-981-3016-66-8 . Indochina Unit.
  57. Historian John F. Richards estimates that the cumulative impact of Akbar’s campaigns in the north, including the Siege of Ranthambore and the Third Battle of Panipat, led to the deaths of 1 million people or more, both from direct military action and the resulting famines and displacements (John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire, 1993). Similarly, Satish Chandra’s analysis highlights the widespread destruction and execution orders that contributed to a high civilian death toll (Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals, 1997).

    The total number of deaths resulting from the Mughal conquest of North India (1526–1605) is difficult to ascertain, as historical records from the period do not provide exact cumulative figures. However, estimates from modern historians suggest that between 1 million and 2 million people, including both military personnel and civilians, perished as a result of warfare, massacres, and famines caused by the Mughal campaigns.

  58. Peers, Douglas M. (2013), India Under Colonial Rule: [Pg-64] 1700–1885, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-88286-2
  59. Book: Hupchick, D. . The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism . 2002-01-11 . Springer . 978-0-312-29913-2 . en.
  60. Web site: 1912-1913 Balkan Wars; Death and Forced Exile of Ottoman Muslims, An Annotated Map .
  61. Web site: 2012-03-16 . France remembers the Algerian War, 50 years on . 2024-10-02 . France 24 . en.
  62. Web site: STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS; Estimates, Calculations, And Sources .
  63. Book: Bloxham . Donald . The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies . Moses . A. Dirk . 2010-04-15 . OUP Oxford . 978-0-19-923211-6 . en.
  64. Book: Greenhalgh, Michael . The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa, 1830-1900 . 2014-05-08 . BRILL . 978-90-04-27163-0 . fr.
  65. Book: Kateb, Kamel . Européens, "indigènes" et juifs en Algérie (1830-1962): représentations et réalités des populations . 2001 . INED . 978-2-7332-0145-9 . fr.
  66. Book: Alexandria, Appian of . Delphi Complete Works of Appian (Illustrated) . 2016-03-23 . Delphi Classics . 978-1-78656-370-5 . en.
  67. Web site: Warlords of Republican Rome: Caesar versus Pompey WorldCat.org . 2024-10-01 . search.worldcat.org . en.
  68. Book: Caesar . Julius . The conquest of Gaul . Handford . S. A. (Stanley Alexander) . Gardner . Jane F. . 1982 . London ; New York: Penguin Books . Internet Archive . 978-0-14-044433-9.
  69. Book: White, Matthew . The Great Big Book of Horrible Things . New York . W.W. Norton . 978-0-393-08192-3. 531.
  70. Cohen . Shaye J. D. . 1982 . The Destruction: From Scripture to Midrash . Prooftexts . 2 . 1 . 18–39 . 20689020 . 0272-9601.
  71. Book: Clodfelter, Micheal . Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. . 2017-04-24 . McFarland . 978-1-4766-2585-0 . en.
  72. Book: Levy, Jack S. . War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495–1975 . 1983 . University Press of Kentucky. 10.2307/j.ctt130jjmm . j.ctt130jjmm .
  73. Book: Nolte, Frédérick . L'Europe militaire et diplomatique au dix-neuvième siècle, 1815-1884 . 1884 . E. Plon, Nourrit et Ce . fr.
  74. Book: Clodfelter, Micheal . Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. . 2017-04-24 . McFarland . 978-1-4766-2585-0 . en.
  75. The Japanese Invasion of Korea — 1592 . Jones . Geo H. . 1899 . 234 . 23 . 5 . The China Review . Thus ended for a time one of the bloodiest wars in history. During the two years and more the loss of life was frightful; nothing remains upon which to base a reliable estimate, but the War Monument at Kiuto, and the accounts of such battles as Kyong-chu, Choung-chu, Haing chu, the Im Chiu River, Pyongyang, Yenan, the massacre at Söul, Ulsan and Chiu-chu, and fifty other engagements would make a million lives a conservative estimate. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190710001136/http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/4778c624c169aafe0710b922b29f7104.pdf . 2019-07-10 . 2018-05-13.
  76. Web site: Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century . Necrometrics.
  77. Book: Danley . Mark . The Seven Years' War: Global Views . Speelman . Patrick . 2012-11-09 . BRILL . 978-90-04-23408-6 . en.
  78. 2011-05-09 . CBS News/New York Times Monthly Poll, September 2009 . 2024-09-25 . ICPSR Data Holdings. 10.3886/icpsr27805 .
  79. Web site: De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios . 2024-09-30 . remilitari.com.
  80. Book: Martell, Peter . First Raise a Flag: How South Sudan Won the Longest War but Lost the Peace . 2019-04-15 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-008338-0 . en.
  81. Lomperis, T. (1996). From People's War to People's Rule.
  82. Karnow, S. (1983). Vietnam: a History.
  83. Web site: Rwanda . 2024-09-30 . www.hrw.org.
  84. News: 2008-04-18 . Heavy shelling in Burundi capital . 2024-09-30 . en-GB.
  85. Book: Ayrault Dodge, Theodore . Hannibal: A History of the Art of War Among the Carthaginians and Romans . 978-1441791368.
  86. Book: Clodfelter, Micheal . Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000 . 2002 . McFarland . 978-0-7864-1204-4 . en.
  87. Book: Levy, Jack S. . War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495–1975 . 1983 . University Press of Kentucky. 10.2307/j.ctt130jjmm . j.ctt130jjmm .
  88. Web site: ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[Военная история ]-- Зайончковский А. М. Восточная Война 1853-1856 ]. 2024-10-01 . militera.lib.ru.
  89. Book: Figes, Orlando . Crimea: The Last Crusade . 2010 . Allen Lane . 978-0-7139-9704-0 . en.
  90. Kozelsky . Mara . 2012 . The Crimean War, 1853-56 . Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History . 13 . 4 . 903–917 . 10.1353/kri.2012.0047 . 1538-5000.
  91. Book: Zhao, Dingxin . In the Age of Total War: Qin and the Drive toward Unification . November 2015.
  92. Web site: 2023-02-06 . Syria - Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect . 2024-10-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051649/https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria/ . 2023-02-06 .
  93. Web site: Syrian Revolution 13 years on Nearly 618,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011 .
  94. Web site: Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century . Necrometrics.
  95. Book: White, Matthew . Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements . 2011-10-20 . Canongate Books . 978-0-85786-125-2 . en.
  96. Death by Government, Rudolph Rummel, 1994.
  97. These are according to the figures provided by Alexander Miasnikyan, the President of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Armenia, in a telegram he sent to the Soviet Foreign Minister Georgy Chicherin in 1921. Miasnikyan's figures were broken down as follows: of the approximately 60,000 Armenians who were killed by the Turkish armies, 30,000 were men, 15,000 women, 5,000 children, and 10,000 young girls. Of the 38,000 who were wounded, 20,000 were men, 10,000 women, 5,000 young girls, and 3,000 children. Instances of mass rape, murder and violence were also reported against the Armenian populace of Kars and Alexandropol: see Vahakn N. Dadrian. (2003). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 360–361 . .
  98. Web site: York . Geoffrey . October 21, 2022 . Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say . registration . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221022002129/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-surge-of-dehumanizing-hate-speech-points-to-mounting-risk-of-mass/ . October 22, 2022 . . Independent scholars, based at Ghent University in Belgium, suggest that the death toll in Tigray is now between 385,000 and 600,000..
  99. Web site: Negash . Emnet . Updated assessment of civilian starvation deaths during the Tigray war . 24 May 2023 . 4 July 2023 . As our estimate of the civilian deaths in the Tigray war is regularly mentioned in the media, it seems important to share our evolving understanding and updated (lower) number of civilian deaths as a result of the Tigray war and blockade. We concluded that the IPC/FEWS categorization, on which our Tigray statistics are mainly based, overestimates hunger mortality. Along with developing information on the ground, this would point to a total number of civilian deaths ranging from 162,000 to 378,000. . 4 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230704003827/https://martinplaut.com/2023/05/24/updated-assessment-of-civilian-starvation-deaths-during-the-tigray-war/ . live .
  100. Book: Isacson, Claes-Göran . Karl X Gustavs krig : fälttågen i Polen, Tyskland, Baltikum, Danmark och Sverige 1655-1660 . 2002 . Historiska Media . 978-91-89442-57-3.
  101. Web site: 2007-11-10 . Урланис Б. Ц. Войны и народонаселение Европы. Людские потери вооруженных сил Европейских стран в войнах XVII-XX вв. (Историко-статистическое исследование). . 2024-10-01 . prussia.online . ru.
  102. Book: Wolke, Lars Ericson . Svenska knektar: indelta soldater, ryttare och båtsmän i krig och fred . 2004 . Historiska media . 978-91-85057-55-9 . sv.
  103. Web site: 2024-04-17 . Cimbrian War: Rome's Greatest Threat Since Hannibal . 2024-10-01 . TheCollector . en.
  104. Web site: Probus, Summer 276 - September 282 A.D. .
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  106. Web site: J. Bebber . Robert . August 2021 . The First Punic War: Audacity and Hubris . United States Naval Institute.
  107. Book: Pfetsch . Frank R. . National and International Conflicts, 1945-1995: New Empirical and Theoretical Approaches . Rohloff . Christoph . 2013-10-11 . Routledge . 978-1-136-35781-7 . en . 154.
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  109. Web site: Las mayores guerras y genocidios del siglo XIXs. 15 May 2013. Victimario Histórico Militar. De Re Militari. es. https://web.archive.org/web/20180412081700/http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario5.htm. 12 April 2018.
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  135. News: 2018-09-26 . Death toll for South Sudan's civil war climbs to nearly 400,000 . 2024-09-30 . The Globe and Mail . en-CA.
  136. Web site: 2021-11-23 . Yemen war will have killed 377,000 by year's end: UN . 2024-10-03 . France 24 . en.
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  138. Web site: Northeast Nigeria insurgency has killed almost 350,000 - UN . .
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  144. Web site: Evaluation of UNDP assistance to conflict-affected countries: Case Study: Sierra Leone .
  145. Book: Yi, Ki-baek . A new history of Korea . 1984 . Cambridge, Mass.: Published for the Harvard-Yenching Institute by Harvard University Press . Internet Archive . 978-0-674-61575-5.
  146. Book: Shi, Li . Book of Zhou and Sui Dynasty: 二十四史 周书 隋书 . DeepLogic . en.
  147. Salvador . Antonio Caridad . 2018-05-23 . Las consecuencias socioeconómicas directas de la Primera Guerra Carlista . Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea . es . 40 . 149–167 . 10.5209/CHCO.60327 . 1988-2734.
  148. Web site: Human Costs of U.S. Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones Figures Costs of War . 2024-10-03 . The Costs of War . en.
  149. Web site: Appendix - Iraqi Death Toll The Gulf War FRONTLINE PBS . 2024-09-29 . www.pbs.org.
  150. Web site: 2021-02-28 . Remembering The Gulf War: Key Facts And Figures About The Conflict . 2024-09-29 . www.forcesnews.com . en.
  151. Book: Gillespie, Caitlin C. . Boudica: Warrior Woman of Roman Britain . 2018-01-15 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-087558-9 . en.
  152. Book: Crane, Nicholas . The Making Of The British Landscape: From the Ice Age to the Present . 2016-10-13 . Orion . 978-0-297-85735-8 . en.
  153. Book: Copeland, Tim . Life in a Roman Legionary Fortress . 2014-09-15 . Amberley Publishing Limited . 978-1-4456-4393-9 . en.
  154. Web site: 2024-09-20 . 70 000 погибших: что известно о потерях России в Украине к концу сентября . 2024-09-30 . BBC News Русская служба . ru.
  155. News: 2024-02-25 . Ukraine war: Zelensky says 31,000 troops killed since Russia's full-scale invasion . 2024-09-30 . en-GB.
  156. Web site: Ukraine - protection of civilians in armed conflict .
  157. Web site: Conflict-related civilian casualties as of 31 December 2021 .
  158. News: Pancevski . Bojan . September 17, 2024 . One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War .
  159. Book: Silbey, David . A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 . 2008-03-04 . Macmillan . 978-0-8090-9661-9 . en.
  160. Book: DASGUPTA, K. K. . A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA,VOL.3,PART1 . 1960 . PEOPLES OF PUBLISHING HOUSE.
  161. Web site: Intercourse between Burma and Siam as recorded in Hmannan Yazawindawgyi .
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  163. Web site: Democratic Republic of Congo: War against unarmed civilians . 2024-09-30 . Amnesty International . 23 November 1998 . en.
  164. Edgar Danés Rojas (2008). Noticias del Edén: la iglesia católica y la Constitución mexicana. Tamaulipas: Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, pp. 82. ISBN 978-970-819-063-3.
  165. Web site: Greek Independence Day: The Beginning of Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans . 2024-10-02 . www.tc-america.org.
  166. Web site: Greek War of Independence 1821-1832 . 2024-10-02 . onwar.com.
  167. Web site: MODERN CONFLICTS DATABASE: ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATES FOR DEATH TOLLS . https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091321/http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/dpe/modern_conflicts/death_tolls.pdf . 2011-07-20 .
  168. Web site: Data . 2024-10-01 . ACLED . en-US.
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  170. [#clodfelter2017|Clodfelter 2017]
  171. Web site: 1999-11-04 . The Second Chechen War - Russian Federation ReliefWeb . 2024-10-02 . reliefweb.int . en.
  172. Web site: Book of Numbers, Book of Losses, Book of the Final Judgment .
  173. Web site: Первая чеченская война – 20 лет назад . 2024-10-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230606222649/http://myshelepiha.ru/first-chechen-war-20-years-ago . 2023-06-06 .
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  176. Book: Reinke, Sarah . Schleichender Völkermord in Tschetschenien: Verschwindenlassen - ethnische Verfolgung in Russland - Scheitern der internationalen Politik . 2005 . GfbV . de.
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  179. Web site: Análisis demográfico de la Violencia en Colombia Portal de Investigaciones Económicas. 2 June 2019 . es . Romero-Prieto . Julio Enrique . Meisel-Roca . Adolfo Enrique .
  180. Book: The Greek and Persian Wars 499-386 BC . 25 January 2003 . Philip de Souza . 41 . 978-1841763583.
  181. News: 2012-07-03 . Timeline: Guatemala . 2024-10-01 . en-GB.
  182. News: Briggs . Billy . 2007-02-02 . Secrets of the dead . 2024-10-01 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
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  186. Book: Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif . Genocide in Libya: Shar, a Hidden Colonial History . 2021 . Routledge . 978-0-367-46889-7 . en.
  187. Book: Boca, Angelo Del . Mohamed Fekini and the Fight to Free Libya . 2010-12-14 . Springer . 978-0-230-11633-7 . en . 5.
  188. Web site: Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls . 2024-09-30 . users.erols.com.
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  191. Waiss, Óscar (1954). Nacionalismo y Socialismo en América Latina. Prensa Latinoamericana, pp. 17. esta cifra carece de fundamento e implicaría prácticamente la perdida total de las fuerzas de combate de ambos bandos.
  192. Web site: Death Toll In Sri Lanka's 2009 War .
  193. News: 2019-05-17 . Sri Lanka's war 10 years on: Finding Father Francis . 2024-10-02 . en-GB.
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  195. Web site: 2016-12-18 . Total Casualties, Arab-Israeli Conflict Jewish Virtual Library . 2024-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161218221702/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/casualtiestotal.html . 2016-12-18 .
  196. July 20, 2024 . Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential . The Lancet . 404 . 10449.
  197. Web site: 2023-12-17 . Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths . 2024-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231217222630/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths . 2023-12-17 .
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  199. Web site: Dabanga . 2024-05-02 . US Senate hears urgent plea from envoy to Sudan . 2024-09-30 . Dabanga Radio TV Online . en-GB.
  200. News: 2024-05-09 . The World's Biggest Displacement Crisis Is Not in Gaza . 2024-09-30 . Bloomberg.com . en.
  201. Web site: 2020-08-31 . HiCN Households in Conflict Network . 2024-10-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200831015819/http://www.hicn.org/ThirdAnnualWorkshop_Hagelstein.pdf/ . 2020-08-31 .
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