This list of unusual deaths includes unique or extremely rare circumstances of death recorded throughout the Middle Ages, noted as being unusual by multiple sources.
| Name of person | Image | Date of death | Details | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li Bai | According to popular legend, the Chinese poet got drunk while riding his boat along the Yangtze River and tried to hug the moon's reflection. He then fell off and drowned.[1] [2] | |||
| Louis III of France | The king of West Francia died aged around 18 at Saint-Denis. Whilst mounting his horse to pursue a girl who was running to seek refuge in her father's house, he hit his head on the lintel of a low door and fell, fracturing his skull.[3] [4] | |||
| Basil I | The Byzantine emperor's belt was entangled between antlers of a deer during a hunt and the animal subsequently dragged him for 16miles through the woods. Because of this accident, Basil contracted fever and he died shortly afterwards.[5] [6] | |||
| Sigurd the Mighty | The second Earl of Orkney strapped the head of his defeated foe Máel Brigte to his horse's saddle. Brigte's teeth rubbed against Sigurd's leg as he rode, causing a fatal infection, according to the Old Norse Heimskringla and Orkneyinga sagas.[7] [8] | |||
| Hatto II | The archbishop of Mainz is claimed in legend to have been punished for his cruelty to the poor by being eaten alive by rodents.[9] [10] | |||
| Edmund Ironside | According to Henry of Huntington, the English king was stabbed whilst on a toilet by an assassin hiding underneath.[11] [12] | |||
| Béla I of Hungary | After the Holy Roman Empire decided to launch a military expedition against Hungary to restore his nephew Solomon to the throne, the Hungarian king was seriously injured when "his throne broke beneath him" in his manor at Dömös, later succumbing at a creek near Nagykanizsa.[13] | |||
| Crown Prince Philip of France | The French prince who co-ruled with Louis VI died while riding through Paris when his horse tripped over a black pig that was running out of a dung heap. | |||
| Henry I of England | According to Henry of Huntington, while visiting relatives, the English king ate too many lampreys against his physician's advice, causing a pain in his gut which led to his death.[14] [15] | |||
| John II Komnenos | The Byzantine Emperor cut himself with a poisoned arrow during a boar hunt, subsequently dying from sepsis.[16] [17] | |||
| Pope Adrian IV | The only Englishman to serve as Pope reportedly died after choking on a fly while drinking spring water. | |||
| Victims of the Erfurt latrine disaster | While Henry VI, the King of Germany, was holding an informal assembly at the Petersburg Citadel in Erfurt, the combined weight of the assembled nobles caused the wooden second story floor of the building to collapse. Most of the nobles fell through into the latrine cesspit below the ground floor, where about 60 of them drowned in liquid excrement.[18] | |||
| Frederick Barbarossa | While leading the German army on the Third Crusade, the Holy Roman Emperor unexpectedly drowned while bathing in the Saleph.[19] | |||
| Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy | Enguerrand III, French nobleman and Lord of Councy, died at 60 years of age when, during a rough ride, he fell off his horse and impaled himself on his own sword.[20] | |||
| Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ab Iorwerth | The first-born son of Llywelyn the Great died while attempting to lower himself from the Tower of London in an escape attempt. The rope, made out of sheets and other fabrics, snapped, and his neck was broken in the fall, according to English monk and chronicler, Matthew Paris.[21] | |||
| Al-Musta'sim | The last Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad, was executed by his Mongol captors by being rolled up in a rug and then trampled by horses.[22] | |||
| Edward II of England | The English king was rumoured to have been murdered after being deposed and imprisoned by his wife Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer, by having a horn pushed into his anus through which a red-hot iron was inserted, burning out his internal organs without marking his body.[23] [24] However, there is no real academic consensus on the manner of Edward II's death, and it has been plausibly argued that the story is propaganda.[25] [26] | |||
| Charles II of Navarre | The contemporary chronicler Froissart relates that the king of Navarre, known as "Charles the Bad", suffering from illness in old age, was ordered by his physician to be tightly sewn into a linen sheet soaked in distilled spirits. The highly flammable sheet accidentally caught fire, and he later died of his injuries.[27] [28] | |||
| Martin of Aragon | The Aragonese king died from a combination of indigestion and uncontrollable laughing. According to legend, Martin was suffering from indigestion, caused by eating an entire goose, when his favorite jester, Borra, entered the king's bedroom. When Martin asked Borra where he had been, the jester replied with: "Out of the next vineyard, where I saw a young deer hanging by his tail from a tree, as if someone had so punished him for stealing figs." This joke caused the king to die from laughter. |