List of unsolved problems in neuroscience explained
The following is a list of notable unsolved problems in neuroscience. A problem is considered unsolved if no answer is known or if there is significant disagreement among experts about a proposed solution.
Consciousness
How exactly is it that objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience?
Does quantum mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement and superposition, play an important part in the brain's function and can it explain critical aspects of consciousness?
Why is it that a particular subject of experience is "live" from a given perspective?
- What, if anything, is the function of consciousness?[1] [2]
How exactly do mental states cause intentional actions to happen?
- What is the nature and mechanism behind near-death experiences?
- How can death be defined? Can consciousness exist after death?
- If consciousness is generated by brain activity, then how do some patients with physically deteriorated brains suddenly gain a brief moment of restored consciousness prior to death, a phenomenon known as terminal lucidity?
- What beings are conscious?
What animals or other lifeforms have conscious experience?
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- Problem of representation: How exactly does the mind function (or how does the brain interpret and represent information about the world)?[3]
Is the mind a dynamical system?
Sensation, perception and movement
- Perception:
- How does the brain transfer sensory information into coherent, private percepts?
- What are the rules by which perception is organized?
- What are the features/objects that constitute our perceptual experience of internal and external events?
- How are the senses integrated?
- What is the relationship between subjective experience and the physical world?
Learning and memory
- Learning and memory:
- Where do our memories get stored and how are they retrieved again?
- How can learning be improved?
- What is the difference between explicit and implicit memories?
- What molecule is responsible for synaptic tagging?
- Neuroplasticity: How plastic is the mature brain?
- Cognition and decisions:
- How and where does the brain evaluate reward value and effort (cost) to modulate behavior?
- How does previous experience alter perception and behavior?
- What are the genetic and environmental contributions to brain function?
Language
- Language:
- Language acquisition:
- Controversy: infant language acquisition/first-language acquisition. How are infants able to learn language? One line of debate is between two points of view: that of psychological nativism, i.e., the language ability is somehow "hardwired" in the human brain, and usage based theories of language, according to which language emerges through to brain's interaction with environment and activated by general dispositions for social interaction and communication, abstract symbolic thought and pattern recognition and inference.
- Is the human ability to use syntax based on innate mental structures or is syntactic speech the function of intelligence and interaction with other humans? The question is closely related to those of language emergence and acquisition.
- Is there a language acquisition device: How localized is language in the brain? Is there a particular area in the brain responsible for the development of language abilities or is it only partially localized?
- What fundamental reasons explain why ultimate attainment in second-language acquisition is typically some way short of the native speaker's ability, with learners varying widely in performance?
- What are the optimal ways to achieve successful second-language acquisition?
- Animals and language: How much human language can animals be taught to use? How much of animal communication can be said to have the same properties as human language (e.g. compositionality of bird calls as syntax)?[4]
- What role does linguistic intuition play, how is it formed and how does it function? Is it closely linked to exposure to a unique set of different experiences and their contexts throughout one's personal life?
- Linguistic relativity
What are the relations between grammatical patterns and cognitive habits of speakers of different languages? Does language use train or habituate speakers to certain cognitive habits that differ between speakers of different languages? Are effects of linguistic relativity caused by grammar structures or by cultural differences that underlie differences in language use.
Mind-body connection
Computational neuroscience
What are the limits of understanding thinking as a form of computing?
- How important is the precise timing of action potentials for information processing in the neocortex?
- Is there a canonical computation performed by cortical columns?
- How is information in the brain processed by the collective dynamics of large neuronal circuits?
- What level of simplification is suitable for a description of information processing in the brain?
- What is the neural code?
- How do general anesthetics work?
See also
External links
Notes and References
- Book: Sejnowski, Terrence J. . Hemmen, J. L. van . 23 problems in systems neuroscience . Oxford University Press . Oxford [Oxfordshire] . 2006 . 978-0-19-514822-0 .
- 10.1098/rstb.2014.0167. 25823865. 4387509. Consciousness: Here, there and everywhere?. 2015. Tononi. Giulio. Koch. Christof. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 370. 1668. 20140167.
- Vacariu . Gabriel . Vacariu . Mihai . Troubles with Cognitive Neuroscience . Philosophia Scientae . 1 May 2013 . 17–2 . 151–170 . 10.4000/philosophiascientiae.864. free .
- 2018. Toshitaka N. . Suzuki. David . Wheatcroft . Michael . Griesser. Call combinations in birds and the evolution of compositional syntax. PLOS Biology. 16 . 8 . e2006532 . 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006532. 30110321 . 6093598 . free .
