List of unsolved murders (before 1900) explained

See also: Lists of unsolved murders.

This list of unsolved murders includes notable cases where victims have been murdered under unknown circumstances.

Before 1800

• Ötzi, (~45) 3350 to 3105 BC; also called The Iceman, he was presumably a high-altitude Shepard from Anatolia. He was killed by an arrow to his left shoulder. He was found on 19 September 1991 by two German tourists.
• The Gebelein Man (18–20), one of six naturally mummified bodies dating back to 3400 BC found in 1896 in Egypt, is suspected to have been murdered, because a 2012 CAT scan determined that there were puncture wounds on his body. As with most things surrounding the mummies' lives, his murder remains a mystery.^[1]
• Bog bodies are a numerous class of people who had been violently killed from prehistoric times into the Middle Ages. The victims had subsequently been dumped in swamps where they were naturally mummified. It is unclear whether the bog bodies were sacrificed, executed, or murdered. Notable examples include the Bocksten Man, the Tollund Man,^[2] the Lindow Man and the Lindow Woman.^[3]

• Caesarion (17), (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar), 30 BC; the son of Cleopatra and (allegedly) Julius Caesar, and as such the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, ruling alone for eleven days, whose death at the orders of Augustus (while still Octavian) is accepted in 30 BC,^[4] and yet the exact circumstances of his death and the location of his body are not documented.`
• Dagobert II, 679; he was one of the last Merovingian kings, murdered in the Ardennes Forest on 23 December.^[5] Whoever killed him is unknown.
• Mawdud, 1113, atabeg of Mosul; stabbed to death in Damascus while a guest of local ruler Toghtekin. The murder is presumed to have been carried out by the Order of Assassins, probably with the collusion of either Toghtekin or Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan.^[6]
• Raymond II, Count of Tripoli and two of his knights were stabbed to death by the Assassins in 1152. The motive for the attack remains unknown.^[6]
• Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (16), the last Přemyslid King of Bohemia, died on 4 August 1306 just short of his 17th birthday in Olomouc. It is known he was murdered,^[7] but not by whom. Most chronicles report the murderer was a Thuringian mercenary named Conrad von Bottennstein, but this has been rejected since the real Conrad died around 1320 and the chronicles also report the supposed murderer was stabbed to death by guards moments after the murder. The person who ordered the murder is completely unknown,^[8] but most assumed it was either Albert I of Germany or Wladyslaw I of Poland, who both had political animosity towards him and against the latter of whom Wenceslaus was then marching with an army since both claimed the Kingdom of Poland as theirs.
• Maol Ruanaidh Cam Ó Cearbhaill, an Irish poet who was famous for playing the harp was killed along with many other people at the Braganstown Massacre by unknown persons on 10 June 1329.^[9] The murders were never solved.
• Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía, 1497; his body was recovered in the Tiber with his throat slit and about nine stab wounds on his torso.^[10] His father, Pope Alexander VI, launched an investigation only for it to end abruptly a week later. Theories range from the Orsini family to his own brothers, Cesare Borgia and Gioffre Borgia, having committed the crime.
• Moctezuma II, 1520, Aztec emperor; according to Spanish accounts he was killed by his own people; according to Aztec accounts he was assassinated by the Spanish.^[11]
• Robert Pakington (46–47), 1536, likely to have been the first person murdered with a handgun in London.^[12]
• John Knight was a British explorer who disappeared after his boat went over a hill most likely near Nain^[13] on 23 or 24 June 1606. Some time after that it was confirmed that he has been killed by local residents, but these people were never identified and no one was charged with his murder.
• Expatriate English Royalists are believed to have ambushed and murdered Isaac Dorislaus in 1649,^{[14] [15]} then a diplomat representing the interests of the Commonwealth to the Dutch government at The Hague, in retaliation for his role in the trial and execution of Charles I. No suspects were ever identified, although some Royalists later boasted of having taken part.
• Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (56), in 1678; he was found impaled on his own sword and strangled at Primrose Hill, London.^[16] Three men were hanged, but later the witness' statement was found to be perjured.
• Alessandro Stradella (38), 1682, composer; he was stabbed to death at the Piazza Banchi of Genoa. His infidelities were well known, and many theorize that a nobleman of the Lomellini family hired the killer.^[17]
• Jean-François Duclerc, a French privateer who was murdered in Rio de Janeiro on 18 March 1711 while he was in prison for unknown reasons by masked gunmen.^[18] The case was never solved.
• Jean-Marie Leclair (67), 1764, violinist and composer; he was found stabbed in his Paris home. Although the murder remains a mystery, his nephew, Guillaume-François Vial, and Leclair's ex-wife were considered main suspects at the time.^[19]
• Although the colonial authorities in Pennsylvania at the time investigated the two December 1764 Paxton Boys massacres of defenseless Conestoga communities near present-day Millersville^[20] as a criminal mass murder, the perpetrators were never identified.
• Gulielma "Elma" Sands (22) disappeared on the evening of 22 December 1799 in Manhattan. Her body was recovered from the newly-created Manhattan Well in January the following year. Circumstantial evidence led to the prosecution of her lover Levi Weeks, but he was acquitted after a vigorous defence by Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton and Henry Brockholst Livingston.^[21]

1800s

• Joseph Hedley (76), was a Quilter from Northumberland, who was killed in his home on 3 January 1826. Despite a large reward being offered, the culprits remain unknown.^[22]
• Elijah Parish Lovejoy (34), was an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, newspaper editor, and abolitionist. He was shot and killed on 7 November 1837^[23] by a pro-slavery mob in Alton, Illinois, during their attack on the warehouse of Benjamin Godfrey and W. S. Gillman to destroy Lovejoy's press and abolitionist materials.
• Helen Jewett (22), American sex worker who was murdered in New York City on 10 April 1836.^[24] A young man named Richard P. Robinson was arrested and charged with her murder, but was found not guilty.^[25] The real killer was never found.
• John Bibby (65), founder of the Bibby Shipping Line, was found dead in a pond on July 17 1840. His cause of death was recorded as drowning. It was believed that he had been killed in a robbery as his valuable watch had been stolen from his body. Only one suspect was identified but there was not enough evidence to charge him and the killing remained unsolved; Merseyside Police still consider the case open.^[26]
• Mary Rogers (21–22), also known as the "Beautiful Cigar Girl"; her body was found in the Hudson River on 28 July 1841. The story became a national sensation and inspired Edgar Allan Poe to write "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt" (1842).^[27]
• Amasa Sprague (45) was shot and beaten to death by two or three men on 31 December 1843 in Knightsville, Rhode Island. Of the three men tried, only one, John Gordon, was found guilty; he was exonerated posthumously in 2011.^[28]
• Françoise de Choiseul-Praslin, wife of French duke Charles de Choiseul-Praslin; she died shortly after a beating and stabbing in the family's Paris apartment on 17 August 1847.^[29] Her husband was arrested, but committed suicide during trial, protesting his innocence all along. No other suspect has ever been identified. The scandal caused by the case helped to provoke the French Revolution of 1848.
• Richard H. Barter (26) member of a stagecoach robbery gang active in California, was found dead outside Auburn on 12 July 1859. He had been ambushed and injured by law enforcement the day before, but it was unclear who had actually landed the fatal shot.^{[30] [31]}
• Barbu Catargiu (54), the first Prime Minister of Romania and a conservative politician, was assassinated during a parliamentary meeting on June 20, 1862. His killer was never found.^[32]
• Sakamoto Ryōma (31), was a Japanese samurai and a prominent figure in the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate who was assassinated at the Ōmiya Inn in Kyoto, not long before the Meiji Restoration took place. On the night of 10 December 1867, assassins gathered at the door of the inn and one approached and knocked, acting as an ordinary caller. The door was answered by Ryōma's bodyguard and manservant, a former sumo wrestler who told the stranger he would see if Ryōma was accepting callers at that hour of the evening. When the bodyguard turned his back, the visitor at the door drew his sword and slashed his back, which became a fatal wound.^[33]
• George W. Ashburn (53), an American Radical Republican politician in Georgia, was assassinated by members of the Ku Klux Klan on 31 March 1868. Twenty people were accused of involvement in Ashburn's murder, but political interference by Georgia legislators resulted in all suspects being released.^[34]
• Nakaoka Shintarō (29), a samurai in Bakumatsu period Japan, and a close associate of Sakamoto Ryōma in the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate.^[35] was killed on 12 December 1867.^[36]

• T. C. Hindman (40), an American politician assassinated by one or more assailants on 27 September 1868. The assassins fired through the parlor window of his home while he was reading the newspaper with his children in Helena, Arkansas.^[37]
• Alexander Boyd (35), the county solicitor of Greene County, Alabama, was lynched by the Ku Klux Klan on 31 March 1870.^[38]
• Benjamin Nathan (56), a financier turned philanthropist; was found beaten to death in his New York City home on 28 July 1870. Several suspects were identified, including Nathan's profligate son Washington, who discovered the body along with his brother, but none was ever indicted.^[39]
• Juan Prim (56), a Spanish general and statesman; in December 1870, he was shot through the windows of his carriage by several assailants and died two days later.^[40] In 2012, his body was exhumed; the autopsy showed he may have been strangled on his deathbed, but results were deemed inconclusive.
• Sharon Tyndale (65), former Illinois Secretary of State, was robbed and shot as he walked from his house in Springfield to the nearby train station early on the morning of 29 April 1871.^[41]
• George Colvocoresses (55), Greek American naval commander and explorer, died of a gunshot wound while returning to a ferryboat on 3 June 1872, in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The insurance company claimed it was suicide, but eventually settled with his family.^[42]
• John Bozeman (32), an American frontiersman who helped establish the Bozeman Trail and founded the city Bozeman, Montana, was killed under unclear circumstances along the Yellowstone River on April 20, 1867. Various theories have been proposed concerning his death, ranging from an attack by Blackfeet Indians to revenge for his flirting with women.^[43]
• Charles Bravo (30), a wealthy British lawyer, died of antimony poisoning on 21 April 1876. It is unclear how and why the antimony was administered to him.^[44]
• Henry Weston Smith (49), a minister, was found dead on the road between his home in Crook City, South Dakota, and Deadwood, where he was going to give a sermon, on 20 August 1876.^[45] Smith was not robbed and the motive for his killing remains unknown.
• Arthur St. Clair, an African-American community leader in Brooksville, Florida, was killed by a white mob in 1877^[46] after presiding over an interracial marriage. The papers relating to the case were incinerated when the county courthouse was destroyed in an arson attack, preventing the killers from being found.
• George Leonidas Leslie (35–36), was an American architect from New York who later became a bank robber. After Leslie had fled from the public in May 1878 he was found dead on 4 June 1878 in Yonkers, New York.^[47]
• Martin DeFoor (73), an early settler of Atlanta, Georgia, was along with his wife the victim of an axe murder on their farm on 25 July 1879.^[48]
• Matilda Hacker's remains were found in a basement in Euston Square in 1879. She was a noted recluse and had not been seen since 1877, although what year the murder occurred could not be determined. The initial suspect, Hannah Dobbs, was acquitted at trial, and another suspect named by Dobbs was not charged due to lack of evidence, although he was jailed for perjury after he was found to have lied about his involvement with Dobbs at her trial.^[49]
• Two trials in Canada's Black Donnellys massacre, in which five members of a family of Irish immigrants were found murdered in the ashes of their Ontario farm after an angry mob attacked it on 4 February 1880,^[50] allegedly as a result of feuds with their neighbors, resulted in all the suspects being acquitted.
• John Henry Blake (74), agent for one of Ireland's more despised British landlords, was shot and killed along with his driver on their way to Mass outside Loughrea on 29 June 1882.^[51] The case received considerable attention at the time because Blake's employer, Hubert de Burgh-Canning, 2nd Marquess of Clanricarde, was a nobleman. Although his wife survived the attack, she was unable to identify any suspects.
• American outlaw Johnny Ringo (32), was found shot dead on 14 July 1882. Although officially ruled a suicide, doubts have been cast upon the sequence of events, and both Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday were implicated in murdering Ringo.^[52]
• The unidentified Servant Girl Annihilator killed eight people, seven women and one man, between 1884 and 1885. Later research suggested that the killer was a man named Nathan Elgin, but this has never been proven.
• Dave Rudabaugh (31), an American gunfighter and outlaw infamous for his stagecoach robberies and association with other notorious characters in the Old West,^[53] was killed in a gunfight at a saloon in Parral, Mexico on 18 February 1886. His killer(s), who decapitated him with a machete and stuck his head on a pole, has/have never been identified.
• The Haymarket bombing occurred on 4 May 1886 when an unidentified person threw a bomb at police officers attempting to break up an organized labour meeting in Haymarket Square, killing officer Mathias J. Degan (34) and sparking further violence which left ten others dead. Although eight people were controversially convicted of helping to plan the attack (three of whom were later pardoned), the actual bomber was never convicted.^[54]
• The Rahway murder of 1887 also known as Unknown Woman and Rahway Jane Doe is the murder of an unidentified young woman whose body was found in Rahway, New Jersey on 25 March 1887. Four brothers traveling to work at the felt mills by Bloodgood's Pond in Clark, New Jersey early one morning found the young woman lying off Central Avenue near Jefferson Avenue several hundred feet from the Central Avenue Bridge over the Rahway River.^[55] Her body was very bloody and had been subjected to a beating.^[56]
• The Whitechapel murders were committed between April 1888 and February 1891 and comprised the murders of eleven women, including at least five - Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes and Mary Jane Kelly - believed to be the work of the same killer, the notorious Jack the Ripper. None of the crimes were ever solved.^[57]
• The Whitehall Mystery; in 1888, the dismembered remains of a woman were discovered at three different sites in the centre of London, including the future site of Scotland Yard.
• John M. Clayton (48), American politician, was shot on the evening of 29 January 1889 in Plumerville, Arkansas, after starting an investigation into possible election fraud.^[58]
• Belle Starr (40), was a notorious female American outlaw.^[59] On 3 February 1889, two days before her 41st birthday, she was killed. She was riding home from a neighbor's house in Eufaula, Oklahoma when she was ambushed. Her death resulted from shotgun wounds to the back, neck, shoulder, and face.^[60]
• Paul Crampel (26), a French explorer while exploring the areas of present-day Gabon and Chad in Africa was murdered on 9 April 1891^[61] by unknown people. No one was ever charged with the crime.
• The People's Grocery lynchings were a series of racially motivated confrontations that occurred from 2–8 March 1892 in Memphis, Tennessee, culminating in the lynching of three black persons.^[62]
• Andrew Jackson Borden and Abby Durfee Borden, father and stepmother of Lizzie Borden, both killed in their family house in Fall River, Massachusetts on the morning of 4 August 1892, by blows from a hatchet. In the case of Andrew Borden, the hatchet blows not only crushed his skull, but cleanly split his left eyeball. Lizzie was later arrested and charged for the murders. At the time her stepmother was killed, Lizzie was the only other person known to have been in the house. Lizzie and the maid, Bridget Sullivan, were the only other people known to have been in the house at the time Mr. Borden was killed. Lizzie was acquitted by a jury in the following year of 1893.^[63]
• Eleven people were killed when the Rock Island locomotive derailed on 9 August 1894 near Lincoln, Nebraska. An investigation found that the railroad track had been sabotaged by persons unknown. One suspected saboteur was convicted but was later declared innocent by Governor John H. Mickey.^[64]
• The Deep Creek murders of 4 February 1896, in which sheep-herders Daniel Cummings and John Wilson were shot to death by an unknown assailant in the Deep Creek Range, were never solved, although multiple different people were said to have confessed to the crime.^[65]
• Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker were a father and daughter who were murdered on 22 February 1898 in their own house in Lake City, South Carolina.^[66]
• The Gatton murders occurred from the rural Australian town of Gatton, Queensland, on 26 December 1898. Siblings Michael, Norah and Ellen Murphy were found deceased the morning after they left home to attend a dance in the town hall which had been cancelled. The bodies were arranged with the feet pointing west and both women had their hands tied with handkerchiefs. This signature aspect has never been repeated in Australian crime and to date remains a mystery.^[67]

Notes and References

1. Web site: British Museum exhibit Gebelein Man died 'violent death'. 16 November 2012. BBC News.
2. Web site: Tollund Man. 22 September 2007. Public Broadcasting System—NOVA. 2006. Susan K. Lewis—PBS. 18 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201118093624/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bog/tollund.html. live.
3. Web site: Dave . Sammut . Chantelle. Craig . Bodies in the Bog: The Lindow Mysteries . July 23, 2019 . Distillations . . August 28, 2019 .
4. Web site: Caesarion. World History Encyclopedia. 6 April 2019.
5. Web site: The Priory of Sion. skirret.com. 19 March 2019.
6. Web site: 10 Shocking Murders By The Original Assassins. Listverse. 20 October 2016. Alex. Hanton.
7. Pražák, Richard (2002). "Vencel (László)". In Kristó, Gyula (ed.). Magyarország vegyes házi királyai [The Kings of Various Dynasties of Hungary] (in Hungarian). Szukits Könyvkiadó. pp. 7–14. .
8. Žemlička, Josef (2011). "The Realm of Přemysl Ottokar II and Wenceslas II". In Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (eds.). A History of the Czech Lands. Charles University in Prague. pp. 106–116. .
9. Bernadette Williams (ed.), The Annals of Ireland by Friar John Clyn (Dublin, 2007), pp. 95–96, 95–101, 102, 194, ISBN 978-1-84682-034-2.
10. Web site: Giovanni (Juan) Borgia – Prisoners of Eternity. 4 May 2019.
11. Web site: The Death of Emperor Montezuma. Tototepec. 23 July 2018. The Aztec Vault. 4 May 2019.
12. Book: Betham, rev William. The baronetage of England, or, The history of the English baronets, and such baronets of Scotland, as are of English families. 1801. en.
13. Laughton, John Knox (1892). "Knight, John (d.1606)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 31. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 254–255.
14. Margo Todd. Margo. Todd. Dorislaus, Isaac (1595–1649). 2004. 24 October 2012. 10.1093/ref:odnb/7832.
15. Spencer, Charles, Killers of the King: The Men Who Dared to Execute Charles I p 33
16. Kenyon, J.P. (2000). The Popish Plot. Phoenix Press reissue.
17. Web site: Top 10 Composers Who Died Unnatural or Odd Deaths. 21 May 2009. Listverse. 4 May 2019.
18. Henri Malo, yksityisasiamies Landolphe: seurasi Du Clerc à Rio-de-Janeiro (1710), Maritime League,1943, 107 Sivumäärä, -8, 15 x 24 cm, s. 99 - 106.
19. Web site: Jean – Marie Leclair (1697–1764) early-music.com. 4 May 2019.
20. Book: Bradsby. Henry C.. History of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. 1893. Nelson. Chicago. 1.567. 23 October 2016.
21. Web site: Weeks' trial sheds light on early procedure. History.com. 2009.
22. Web site: The Murder of Joe the Quilter. Northumberland Archives. 31 January 2017. 13 November 2021. .
23. Web site: A crusading editor is killed defending the freedom of the press. November 7, 1837. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Tim . O'Neil. en. 2019-11-17.
24. Web site: Helen Jewett: The newspapers of 1836 were transfixed by the story of a prostitute murdered by a client. 2017-06-01. The Vintage News. en. 2020-05-11.
25. Ramsland, Katherine. "The sensational murder of Helen Jewett, gorgeous NY prostitute". Crime Library. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
26. Web site: The mystery killing of shipping magnate John Bibby. Liverpool Echo. John. Siddle. 15 July 2015.
27. Book: Meyers, Jeffrey . Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy . Cooper Square Press . New York . Paperback . 1992 . 135 . 0-8154-1038-7.
28. Erika Niedowski, "RI governor pardons Irish man hanged in 1845", Associated Press, 2011-06-29.
29. Web site: Duchess de Choiseul-Praslin: Her Murder in 1847. 19 August 2016. Geri Walton. 30 August 2019.
30. Book: Harlow, Alvin Fay. Old Waybills: The Romance of the Express Companies. January 1, 1976. Arno Press. 9780405076923. Google Books.
31. Book: Moody, Ralph. Wells Fargo. January 1, 2005. U of Nebraska Press. 0803283032. Google Books.
32. Maria Nikolaeva Todorova, Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory (New York: NYU Press, 2004), p. 289
33. Gombrich, Marius, "Crime scene investigation: Edo: Samurai Sakamoto Ryoma's murder scene makes a grisly but fascinating show", Japan Times, 7 May 2010, p. 15.
34. Book: Lane, Charles, 1961-. Freedom's detective : the Secret Service, the Ku Klux Klan and the man who masterminded America's first war on terror. 2019. 9781335006851. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 71–79, 87, 91, 276. 1091189008.
35. National Diet Library (NDL), Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, Nakaoka, Shintaro
36. Web site: 5 of Japan's Most Famous Unsolved Crimes. 7 December 2018. Tokyo Weekender. 11 September 2019.
37. News: HINDMAN, Thomas Carmichael . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . 6 October 2008.
38. Rogers. William Warren. 2 January 2013. The Boyd Incident: Black Belt Violence During Reconstruction. Civil War History. 21. 4. 309–329. 10.1353/cwh.1975.0009. 144484750 . 1533-6271.
39. News: Nathan-Kazis. Benjamin. A Death in the Family. Tablet. 13 January 2010. 27 April 2015.
40. Book: Baynes, Thomas Spencer. The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 1891. M. Sommerville. en.
41. News: A Double Crime . Illinois State Register . 29 April 1871 . 12 November 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131104232846/http://www.ilstatehouse.com/1871.htm . 4 November 2013 .
42. Web site: An Obscure Exit . Greg . Ross . futilitycloset.com . 12 January 2011 . 19 March 2012.
43. Goodman, Kent. "The Real John Bozeman: with sneaky ways and low morals," February 1, 2015. https://bozemanmagazine.com/articles/2015/02/01/101576-the-real-john-bozeman-with-sneaky-ways-and-low.
44. Brown, A: Poisoned at the Priory: The death of Charles Bravo, featuring Agatha Christie's theory (Cold Case Jury: True Crime Collection, Band 4)
45. Book: Ames, John Edward. The Real Deadwood: True Life Histories of Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, Outlaw Towns, and Other Characters of the Lawless West. 2004. Penguin. 9781596090316. en.
46. Book: Congressional Record, V. 153, Part 19, October 1, 2007 to October 16, 2007. Government Printing Office. en.
47. Web site: A WESTCHESTER MYSTERY. The New York Times. June 5, 1878.
48. Web site: DeFoor. atlantasupperwestside.com. 29 June 2018.
49. News: Euston Square Mystery: Canterbury woman Matilda Hacker found murdered in cellar. Kent Online. 21 May 2022. 4 July 2023.
50. Web site: Canadian Mysteries, The Massacre of the "Black" Donnellys . 30 January 2012.
51. Web site: The Maamtrasna Murders, August 17 1882. Ronnie . O’Gorman . Galway Advertiser. 2019-09-12. January 28, 2010.
52. Web site: Johnny Ringo: The Wild West Outlaw Too Fearsome To Ever End Up In Prison. 2019-01-25. All That's Interesting. en-US. 2019-10-08.
53. Web site: Bell. Bob Boze. Billy the Kid & Pat Garrett vs. A Las Vegas Mob. True West Magazine. 22 July 2017.
54. Book: Avrich, Paul . Paul Avrich . The Haymarket Tragedy . 1984 . Princeton University Press . Princeton, NJ . 0-691-00600-8 . The Haymarket Tragedy.
55. Web site: History. 14 March 2015. Rahway Police Department. 17 June 2019.
56. Web site: 1211UFNJ. doenetwork.org. 17 June 2019.
57. Begg, Paul (2003). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education.
58. News: John Middleton Clayton (1840–1889) . Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . 6 October 2008.
59. Web site: Truth Dims the Legend of Outlaw Queen Belle Starr. 2002-02-17. Los Angeles Times. en-US. 2019-11-19.
60. Web site: FrontierTimes – Outlaws – Belle Starr. www.frontiertimes.com. 2019-11-19.
61. Web site: Chad South African History Online . 2022-05-19 . www.sahistory.org.za . en.
62. DeCosta-Willis, Miriam (March 1, 2018) [October 8, 2017]. "Ida B. Wells-Barnett". Tennessee Encyclopedia (online). Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
63. News: The Trial of Lizzie Borden . University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law . 6 October 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081009093131/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/LizzieBorden/bordenhome.html . 9 October 2008 .
64. Web site: Epilogue: A forgotten mystery of death and destruction . Lincoln Journal-Star . 2010-02-22.
65. Book: Lukas, J. Anthony. J. Anthony Lukas. . Simon and Schuster. 1998. 978-0-684-84617-0.
66. Finnegan, Terence (2013). A Deed So Accursed: Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881–1940. American South series. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 50–55. . Retrieved May 21, 2013.
67. Whiticker, Alan J. (2005). Twelve Crimes That Shocked the Nation.