List of universities in the United Kingdom by date of foundation explained

This is a list of Universities in the United Kingdom by the date of their foundation as universities.

In many cases the supposed date of foundation as a university is open to debate, particularly for the ancient universities. Modern universities have seen similar debate, with some universities having a heritage as educational institutions that pre-dates their current foundation or recognition as a university by over a hundred years, e.g. the use of 'Est 1824' on the University of Manchester logo, reflecting the initial foundations of the Manchester Mechanics' Institute and the Manchester Royal School of Medicine in that year, despite the current foundation having been established (by the merger of two existing universities) in 2004.[1] [2] For the modern (post 1800) universities, the date of achieving university status (by royal charter, act of parliament, order in council, or decision of Companies House) is given. Former universities with extant successor institutions in the UK are given in italics.

Ancient universities

See main article: Ancient university. Until the nineteenth century there were only two successful long-term university establishments in England and five in Scotland (including two in Aberdeen, see below). This excludes the original University of Northampton, which gained university status in 1261 before being abolished in 1265.

NameCountryDate of foundationMottoNotes
University of OxfordEngland1200–1214[3] Dominus illuminatio mea
(The Lord is my light)		The earliest record of teaching in Oxford is from the late 11th century,[4] with schools established by the mid-12th century. These organised into a university from, with statutes given by a legatine charter in 1214.
University by ancient usage. Earliest royal charter, sometimes referred to as the Magna Carta of the university, 1244.[5]
University of CambridgeEngland1209–1226[6] Hinc lucem et pocula sacra
(From here, light and sacred draughts)		University by ancient usage. Earliest royal charter (1231) of any UK university.
University of St AndrewsScotland1410 – 1413[7] ΑΙΕΝ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΥΕΙΝ
(Ever to Excel)		Foundation as a university by papal bull in 1413, after teaching began in 1410 and the institute was incorporated by a charter of Bishop Henry Wardlaw in 1411. The university uses 1413 as its date of foundation.[8] Royal Charter in 1532.[9] [10]
University of GlasgowScotland1451[11] Via, Veritas, Vita
(The way, the truth, the life)		Founded by papal bull issued 7 January 1451.[12] Note this is 1450 Old Style, which is the year given in some sources. Royal Charter 1453.[13]
University of AberdeenScotland1495–1505[14] [15] Initium sapientiae timor domini
(The beginning of wisdom is fear of the Lord)		Founded by papal bull in 1495 and a charter from Bishop William Elphinstone in 1505 as King's College, Aberdeen, with the status of a university. A royal charter was also issued in 1495.[16] The university uses 1495 as its date of foundation. Merged with Marischal College (founded 1593) by act of parliament to form the University of Aberdeen in 1860, explicitly maintaining the precedence of King's College.[17]
University of EdinburghScotland1583[18] Edinburgh Town Council granted a royal charter by James VI in April 1582 as the first college established by secular authorities in Scotland.[19] Instruction began in October 1583.[20] Attempts in the 17th century to gain a royal charter for the university itself (as opposed to the town council) failed due to the overthrow of James II and VII.[21] Incorporated and made independent by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858.[22]
Marischal CollegeScotland1593 to 1860Founded by George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal, later confirmed by act of parliament. Merged into the University of Aberdeen in 1860.

Nineteenth-century universities

No new universities were successfully founded in England or Scotland after 1600 until the nineteenth century, although the eighteenth century saw the establishment of a number of dissenting academies, medical schools such as St George's (1733) and the London Hospital Medical College (1785), and the Royal Veterinary College (1791).

NameUniversity statusMottoNotes
Durham University1832[23] Fundamenta eius super montibus sanctis
(Her foundations are upon the holy hills)		Given university status from act of parliament rather than the later 1837 Royal charter.[24]
University of London1836[25] First British university to be founded via a charter of incorporation, with King's College and University College as founding colleges.See below
Queen's University of Ireland1850 to 1882Founded as the university of the three "Queen's Colleges" of Belfast, Cork, and Galway, all established 1845. These colleges survive today as Queen's University Belfast, University College Cork and NUI Galway.
Royal University of Ireland1880 to 1909Established on the model of the University of London; the successor to the Queen's University of Ireland, comprising the three Queen's Colleges, as well as Magee College, University College Dublin, Catholic University Medical School, St. Patrick's College, Maynooth and Blackrock College. Dissolved in 1909, replaced by the National University of Ireland and Queen's University Belfast.
Victoria University1880 to 1903[26] Olim armis nunc studiis
(Formerly by weapons, now by studies)		Federal university with its seat in Manchester, comprising colleges in Manchester (1880–1903), Liverpool (1884–1903) and Leeds (1887–1903). Merged with Owen's College, Manchester to form the Victoria University of Manchester in 1903. Current successor institute is the University of Manchester
University of Wales1893[27] Goreu Awen Gwirionedd
(The best inspiration is truth)		See below

The University of Wales and the Victoria University were founded as federal universities incorporating earlier colleges and the University of London was founded as an examination board (becoming a federal university in 1900). The federal universities are discussed further below.

The Andersonian Institute, a precursor of the University of Strathclyde, was established in 1796 and used the title Anderson's University between 1828 and 1887, but the University of Strathclyde did not receive a royal charter granting university status until 1964.[28] Similarly, University College London used the title London University without being granted university status from 1826 to 1836.[29] Both St Patrick's College, Maynooth (from 1896) and theCatholic University of Ireland (1854–1911) were universities by Papal Bull but were never recognised as such by the British state.[30] [31]

Civic universities

These universities were distinguished by being non-collegiate (and thus, at the time, non-residential) institutions founded as university colleges that admitted men without reference to religion and concentrated on imparting to their students "real-world" skills, often linked to engineering. All were established as universities by royal charter, with an accompanying act of parliament to transfer the property and assets of the university college to the newly incorporated university. As this article lists universities by date of foundation, this section lists only the universities that gained their status in the period 1900–1959. There are some institutions generally regarded as civic universities and sharing many elements of common history with these universities that gained university status later than this (e.g. Newcastle in 1963 or Cardiff in 2005); these are listed under the appropriate time period.

First wave of civic universities

See main article: Red brick university.

The large civic "red brick" universities all gained official university status before the First World War. The term was first coined by a professor at the University of Liverpool to describe these universities, inspired by the university's Victoria Building which is built from a distinctive red pressed brick.[32] All of the red brick institutions in Great Britain have origins dating back to older medical or engineering colleges which prepared students for University of London external examination; many were also members of the federal Victoria University for a period.

NameUniversity statusMottoNotes
University of Birmingham1900[33] Per ardua ad alta
(Through efforts to heights)		The first civic university to be awarded full university status and the first unitary (not collegiate or federal) university in England. Formed following the merge of Mason Science College (founded 1875) and Queen's College, Birmingham (founded 1828).
Victoria University of Manchester1903Arduus ad solem
(Striving towards the sun)		From merger of Owen's College (constituent college of the Victoria University from 1880) and the Victoria University. Merged with UMIST in 2004 to form the University of Manchester.
University of Liverpool1903[34] Haec otia studia fovent
(These days of peace foster learning)		Formerly a constituent college of the Victoria University from 1884.
University of Leeds1904[35] Et augebitur scientia
(And knowledge will be increased)		Formerly a constituent college of the Victoria University from 1887.
University of Sheffield1905[36] Rerum cognoscere causas
(To discover the causes of things)
Queen's University Belfast1908[37] Pro tanto quid retribuamus
(For so much, what shall we give back?)		Founded in 1845–50 as Queen's College, Belfast; part of the Queen's University of Ireland 1850–1880 and the Royal University of Ireland 1880–1908.
University of Bristol1909[38] Vim promovet insitam
([Learning] promotes one's innate power)		Founded in 1876 as University College, Bristol and (from 1893) incorporating the Bristol Medical School, founded in 1833

Second wave of civic universities

The second wave of civic universities differed from the later "plate glass universities" in that they all evolved from local university colleges founded before the Second World War and all prepared students for external University of London examinations before being granted full university status. They are distinguished from the "red brick" universities only by their date of foundation as universities, and are often classed together.

NameUniversity statusMottoNotes
University of Reading1926[39] Developed from University College Reading, founded by Christ Church, Oxford as an extension college in 1892. Students could take Oxford degrees after completing their courses at Reading with only one year of residence.
University of Nottingham1948[40] Sapientia urbs conditur
(A city is built on wisdom)		Developed from University College Nottingham, founded in 1881.
University of Southampton1952[41] Strenuis ardua cedunt
(The heights yield to endeavour)		Developed from the Hartley Institute (Hartley University College from 1902).
University of Hull1954[42] Lampada ferens
(Bearing the torch [of learning])		Developed from University College Hull, which prepared students for University of London external examinations founded in 1927.
University of Exeter1955[43] Lucem sequimur
(We follow the light)		Developed from University College of the South West of England, founded in 1922, an external college of the University of London; traces its origins back to Exeter School of Art, founded in 1855.
University of Leicester1957[44] Ut vitam habeant
(So that they may have life)		Developed from Leicestershire and Rutland University College, founded in 1921 (University College, Leicester from 1927)

1960s universities

The 1960s saw the number of UK universities more than double from 22 to 45. Universities founded during the 1960s divide into two main groups: the plateglass universities, so called because of their dominant architectural style, and the former colleges of advanced technology that were converted to universities following the Robbins Report.[45]

The plate glass universities are differentiated from the civic universities by not having been university colleges submitting students for external examination, but instead being created ab initio as universities with their own degree-awarding powers (under the supervision of academic oversight councils). The decision to create the plateglass universities was taken prior to the Robbins Report, and the report mentions them as being in the process of being established (Chapter IV).[46] The approach of creating institutions with degree-awarding powers was pioneered by the University of Keele, which was established in 1949 as the University College of North Staffordshire with its own degree award powers, under the oversight of Oxford, Manchester and Birmingham.[47]

The status of college of advanced technology (CAT) was created in the 1950s, although many of the institutes so designated dated back much further. The CATs were distinct from university colleges (although like them they prepared students for London degrees) and, along with their Scottish counterparts, were recommended to be converted into universities by the Robbins Report (Chapter X).[46] They all entered the university sector in the 1960s, although some became colleges of federal universities rather than universities in their own right.

In addition to these, some civic universities (Dundee, Newcastle and, arguably, Keele) gained university status in this period. Dundee and Newcastle were, like the redbrick universities, recognised as university colleges from the start of the grant-in-aid programme in 1889,[48] making them the last of the English first-wave civic universities to become universities in their own right. Keele was founded as a university college, although (as mentioned above) with its own degree awarding powers, and was considered to be a second-wave civic university by Robbins.[46] The Open University is also unusual, being the UK's only public distance learning university.

NameUniversity statusMottoNotes
University of Sussex1961[49] Be still and know
University of Keele1962Thanke God for AllDeveloped from University College of North Staffordshire, founded in 1949 with degree awarding powers. Keele is not a plate glass university, not having been created as a university ab initio, and was considered a "younger civic university" by Robbins. It is listed here as it gained university status in the 1960s.
University of East Anglia1963[50] Do Different
University of York1963[51] In limine sapientiae
(On the threshold of wisdom)		York is a collegiate university and is made up of eleven colleges
Newcastle University1963[52] Mens agitat molem
(Mind moves matter)		Traces its origins back to medical school founded in 1834 and associated with Durham University from the mid 19th century. Part of the federal University of Durham from 1908 to 1963. Became an independent university in 1963 by act of parliament and does not have a royal charter. Its city-centre location, architecture, and history as a nineteenth century university college make Newcastle more similar to the redbricks than the plateglass universities, and it is often referred to as redbrick or a civic university.[53] [54] [55]
Lancaster University1964[56] Patet omnibus veritas
(Truth lies open to all)		Lancaster is a collegiate university and is made up of nine colleges
University of Strathclyde1964[57] The place of useful learningTraces its origins back to the Andersonian Institute founded in 1796; used the title Anderson's University between 1828 and 1887 but did not receive a royal charter as a university until 1964. As the Royal College of Science and Technology (1956–1964) it educated students for degrees awarded by the University of Glasgow.
University of Kent1965[58] Cui servire regnare est
(Whom to serve is to reign)		Kent is a collegiate university and is made up of six colleges
University of Essex1965[59] Thought the harder, heart the keener
University of Warwick1965[60] Mens agitat molem
(Mind moves matter)
Loughborough University1966[61] Veritate, scientia, labore
(By truth, wisdom, and labour)		Traces its origins back to 1909 as the Loughborough Technical Institute
Aston University1966[62] ForwardTraces its origins back to 1895 as the Birmingham Municipal Technical School
Brunel University London1966[63] Traces its origins to Acton Technical College, which was founded in 1928, as well as Borough Road College and Maria Grey College
University of Surrey1966[64] Traces its origins back to Battersea Polytechnic Institute which was founded in 1891
University of Bath1966[65] Generatim discite cultus
(Learn the culture proper to each after its kind)		Traces its origins to the Bristol Trade School of 1856
University of Bradford1966[66] Make Knowledge WorkTraces its origins back to the Bradford Mechanics Institute, founded in 1832
City University London1966 – 2016To serve mankindFounded in 1894 as the Northampton Institute. Joined the University of London in 2016, ceasing to be a university in its own right and becoming City, University of London (see listing of University of London colleges below).[67]
Heriot-Watt University1966[68] Originally established in 1821 as the School of Arts of Edinburgh but was not given a royal charter or university status
University of Salford1967[69] Altiora petamus
(Let us seek higher things)		Origins can be traced to 1896 with the opening of the Royal Technical Institute, Salford
University of Dundee1967[70] Magnificat anima mea dominum
(My soul doth magnify the Lord)		Traces its origins back to University College, Dundee founded in 1881; part of St Andrews from 1897 to 1967
University of Stirling1967[71]
New University of Ulster1968 to 1984Merged with Ulster Polytechnic to form University of Ulster in 1984
The Open University1969[72] Live and Learn

The New University of Ulster (NUU), which incorporated Magee College originating in 1865, was founded in 1968, but subsequently merged with the Ulster Polytechnic to form the University of Ulster (see below).

1980s universities

After the explosion in university numbers of the 1960s, no new universities were established until the 1980s. Both of the 1980s universities are unusual: the University of Buckingham was Britain's first private university since the creation of the University Grants Committee after the First World War extended state funding to Oxford, Cambridge and Durham, while Ulster University was formed from the merger of a plate glass university with a polytechnic.

NameUniversity statusMottoNotes
University of Buckingham1983[73] Flying on our own WingsFounded as the University College at Buckingham in 1973. First private university in the UK, and the only one established by royal charter
University of Ulster1984[74] Formed by the merger of the New University of Ulster (founded 1968) and Ulster Polytechnic; in 2014 it re-branded as Ulster University.

1990s universities

See main article: Post-1992 university. The passage of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allowed all polytechnics and Scottish central institutions to become universities and award their own degrees rather than degrees governed by the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA). Thirty-eight (including institutions later merged) took up the offer immediately, nearly doubling the number universities again from 46 to 84 (and 89 by 1994). While commonly referred to as "post-1992 universities" (or new universities), many of these institutions claim heritage back to the nineteenth century.

Cranfield and UMIST (now merged into Manchester) both achieved university status in this period via royal charter rather than under the provisions of the 1992 act and are not generally regarded as "new universities". They are listed here with the 1992 universities to reflect the date when they gained their status.

Due to the way in which these universities were created only days apart, all of the universities created in 1992 are listed alphabetically.

NameUniversity statusMottoNotes
Anglia Ruskin University1992A creative constellationFounded as Cambridge School of Art 1858; polytechnic 1991. Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005.[75]
Birmingham City University16 June 1992[76] Age quod agis
(Do what you are doing; attend to your business)		Founded as City of Birmingham Polytechnic 1971; until 2007 was called University of Central England
Bournemouth University27 November 1992Discere mutari est
(To learn is to change)
University of Brighton1992Founded as Brighton Polytechnic 1968
University of Central Lancashire1992Ex solo ad solem

Notes and References

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